分子化石在洞穴沉积物中的分布特征及其潜在的古气候意义
|
摘要
长江中游地处北半球副热带，是东亚季风的必经之地。副热带附近东风与西风之间的能量交换和东南季风与西南季风的水汽辐合造就了该区环境的过渡带特征，使它灵敏地响应气候的变化。这里不仅受到东亚冬、夏季风“拉锯”作用的严重影响，而且也对夏季风系统内部东南季风和话南季风具有“翘翘板”特征的相互作用方式反应灵敏，是研究过去全球变化和区域海陆耦合系统的理想地点。
洞穴石笋是大气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩石圈等多圈层相互作用的产物。气候对其生长及组成的影响深刻，这使得石笋成为陆地古环境、古气候研究不可多得的理想材料。洞穴石笋记录的信息不仅时间序列准确，而且保真性好，受后期改造小。但是现有的石笋古气候学研究多偏重于其中碳酸盐的无机指标，对意义同样重要的痕量有机组分的研究却远未深入。
分子化石，也称生物标志物，是指那些地质体中保存的具有明确生物源意义的有机分子。利用分子化石进行过去全球变化的研究开展已经有三十多年的历史，尤其是从二十世纪九十年代以来，这一研究领域取得了很大的进展。但是这些研究主要集中在海相和湖相沉积物中，而对陆相材料如黄土、红土及泥炭的研究远未深入，对洞穴沉积物如石笋、石钟乳及钙华的研究还未见报道。
本文选取湖北清江沿岸洞穴-和尚洞中采集的一支石笋(HS-2)为研究对象，分离富积了石笋碳酸盐吸附保存的有机分子，应用分析化学的手段获得了保存的各种分子化石系列物在石笋剖面上的含量和碳数分布变化。在高精度的铀系定年法建立的时间框架下，根据分子化石的生物源指示意义，讨论了一些分子化石指标潜在的古气候意义，并与石笋碳酸盐碳氧同位素资料进行了相互对比和印证；通过长江中游地区与北大西洋中高纬度地区古气候记录的对比，我们尝试着去认识北半球不同纬度带古气候状况的异同，进而为全球气候变化的机制研究，特别是从末次冰期最盛期到全新世早明，最后一次冰消期的古气候变化机制及建模研究提供一些基础资料。
利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC／MS)从采自HS-2石笋的18个样品中检测出了种类众多的分子化石。既有滴水携带来的上覆土壤层中的有机分子，也有源于生长在碳酸盐
表面的微生物的有机分子。通过对比讨论不同种类分子化石分布特征以及含量变化之间
的相关性，大致可以区分出主要源自上覆土壤层的分子化石(正构烷烃和正构脂肪醇)和
指示洞穴内原地生长的微生物的分子化石(脂肪酸)。其中醇和烷烃通过记录土壤生态系
统中微生物的变化记录下了过去气候状况的变化;脂肪酸则通过微生物对温度的生理变
化记录下洞穴温度变化，也即洞外环境年平均温度变化。
这些有机分子指示的不同古气候状况与石笋碳酸盐碳氧同位素以及北半球高纬度地
区的古气候记录进行的对比研究表明，分子化石指示的古气候状况与石笋碳酸盐氧同位
素的指示可以很好的吻合，并有望为石笋中碳同位素记录的解释提供强有力的证据;与
北大西洋地区的对比表明热带一亚热带海洋的热力状况与格陵兰地区的温度同步变化，但
是该地区末次冰期最盛期的温度可能并没有我们想象的那么低。
Lying in the North Hemispheric Subtropical High, the middle reaches of the Yangtze, as a key passage of the East Asian monsoon, is climatologically characterized by the energy exchange between the trade wind and westerlies as well as water-vapor convergence of the Southeast and Southwest monsoons. This transitional belt may be highly susceptible to different climatic forcings. Not only has been the belt heavily effected by frequent reciprocation between the Asian winter and summer monsoons, it can also sensitively response to the interaction of seesaw-fashion shared by the Southeast monsoon and Southwest monsoon, both of which is part of the Asian summer monsoon system. As a result, it is an ideal location to study past global changes and regional sea-land coupling.
The stalagmites, as the products of interactive processes among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere, are the most valuable geological archive for investigating the continental paleoenvironments and paleoclimates with two advantages: (1) high resolution time scales available for secondary carbonate and (2) the least possibility of alteration after deposition because of the protection of carbonate minerals. In current research developed for stalagmites, most of them focused on the inorganic constituent, but know little about the trace constituents - organic materials although it is as important as inorganics.
Molecular fossils, or called biomarkers, refer to the organic compounds preserved in geological body, which have specific biological origins. This characteristic makes these compounds especially important to geochemical studies. With the progress of modern analytical technique, organic geochemists obtain much valuable information from the molecular fossils preserved in sediments in lakes or oceans, in contrast researches on molecular fossils in loess, read earth and peat are rare and no one reports his work on stalagmites.
Here in this paper, a stalagmite (HS-2) collected from Heshang cave in Qingjiang Hubei was studied for reconstruction of paleoclimatic condition during the period of ca 10-21 ka B.P. . Lipid compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis, and the abundance and distribution pattern of organic homologues were showed in mass chromatograms. The iipid extracts from this stalagmite present the mixed sources from autochthonous and allochthonous organisms. With the distribution parameters and coefficients of abundance, we attribute LMW alkanol to microbes lived in soil overlapping the cave, and HMW alkanol to land plants supported by the soil. However, the contribution to n-alkanes is too complicated to easily associate LMW series and HMW series with microbe and land plants repectively, although most of n-alkanes are transported from soil. Fatty acids, more sensitive to degradation and alteration than n?alkanol and n-alkane, are attributed to in situ microbes flourishing on stalagmite ca
rbonates and preserved through such a long geological time with the protection from carbonate minerals.
Because molecular fossils have strong ties with their biological precursors, we suggest the abundance of certain molecular fossils or the distribution pattern of organic homologues which are attributed to a common precursor can be used to distinguish different climatic condition on the basis of creature adjusting to climate. The correlation between paleoclimatic conditions indicated by organic records and those by oxygen isotopic signals prove the potential significance of the application of molecular fossils. Our work also revealed that the molecular signatures should be helpful to interpret 5 C data recovered from carbonate minerals.
With the high resolution time scale constrained by the TIMS U-Th dating, we establish the phase relation between subtropical and high-latitude climate variation. The synchroneity with Greenland warming during the last deglaciation, which support evidences from Southern South China Sea and tropical Indian Ocean, while conflict with evidences from the equatorial Pac
洞穴石笋是大气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩石圈等多圈层相互作用的产物。气候对其生长及组成的影响深刻，这使得石笋成为陆地古环境、古气候研究不可多得的理想材料。洞穴石笋记录的信息不仅时间序列准确，而且保真性好，受后期改造小。但是现有的石笋古气候学研究多偏重于其中碳酸盐的无机指标，对意义同样重要的痕量有机组分的研究却远未深入。
分子化石，也称生物标志物，是指那些地质体中保存的具有明确生物源意义的有机分子。利用分子化石进行过去全球变化的研究开展已经有三十多年的历史，尤其是从二十世纪九十年代以来，这一研究领域取得了很大的进展。但是这些研究主要集中在海相和湖相沉积物中，而对陆相材料如黄土、红土及泥炭的研究远未深入，对洞穴沉积物如石笋、石钟乳及钙华的研究还未见报道。
本文选取湖北清江沿岸洞穴-和尚洞中采集的一支石笋(HS-2)为研究对象，分离富积了石笋碳酸盐吸附保存的有机分子，应用分析化学的手段获得了保存的各种分子化石系列物在石笋剖面上的含量和碳数分布变化。在高精度的铀系定年法建立的时间框架下，根据分子化石的生物源指示意义，讨论了一些分子化石指标潜在的古气候意义，并与石笋碳酸盐碳氧同位素资料进行了相互对比和印证；通过长江中游地区与北大西洋中高纬度地区古气候记录的对比，我们尝试着去认识北半球不同纬度带古气候状况的异同，进而为全球气候变化的机制研究，特别是从末次冰期最盛期到全新世早明，最后一次冰消期的古气候变化机制及建模研究提供一些基础资料。
利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC／MS)从采自HS-2石笋的18个样品中检测出了种类众多的分子化石。既有滴水携带来的上覆土壤层中的有机分子，也有源于生长在碳酸盐
表面的微生物的有机分子。通过对比讨论不同种类分子化石分布特征以及含量变化之间
的相关性，大致可以区分出主要源自上覆土壤层的分子化石(正构烷烃和正构脂肪醇)和
指示洞穴内原地生长的微生物的分子化石(脂肪酸)。其中醇和烷烃通过记录土壤生态系
统中微生物的变化记录下了过去气候状况的变化;脂肪酸则通过微生物对温度的生理变
化记录下洞穴温度变化，也即洞外环境年平均温度变化。
这些有机分子指示的不同古气候状况与石笋碳酸盐碳氧同位素以及北半球高纬度地
区的古气候记录进行的对比研究表明，分子化石指示的古气候状况与石笋碳酸盐氧同位
素的指示可以很好的吻合，并有望为石笋中碳同位素记录的解释提供强有力的证据;与
北大西洋地区的对比表明热带一亚热带海洋的热力状况与格陵兰地区的温度同步变化，但
是该地区末次冰期最盛期的温度可能并没有我们想象的那么低。
Lying in the North Hemispheric Subtropical High, the middle reaches of the Yangtze, as a key passage of the East Asian monsoon, is climatologically characterized by the energy exchange between the trade wind and westerlies as well as water-vapor convergence of the Southeast and Southwest monsoons. This transitional belt may be highly susceptible to different climatic forcings. Not only has been the belt heavily effected by frequent reciprocation between the Asian winter and summer monsoons, it can also sensitively response to the interaction of seesaw-fashion shared by the Southeast monsoon and Southwest monsoon, both of which is part of the Asian summer monsoon system. As a result, it is an ideal location to study past global changes and regional sea-land coupling.
The stalagmites, as the products of interactive processes among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere, are the most valuable geological archive for investigating the continental paleoenvironments and paleoclimates with two advantages: (1) high resolution time scales available for secondary carbonate and (2) the least possibility of alteration after deposition because of the protection of carbonate minerals. In current research developed for stalagmites, most of them focused on the inorganic constituent, but know little about the trace constituents - organic materials although it is as important as inorganics.
Molecular fossils, or called biomarkers, refer to the organic compounds preserved in geological body, which have specific biological origins. This characteristic makes these compounds especially important to geochemical studies. With the progress of modern analytical technique, organic geochemists obtain much valuable information from the molecular fossils preserved in sediments in lakes or oceans, in contrast researches on molecular fossils in loess, read earth and peat are rare and no one reports his work on stalagmites.
Here in this paper, a stalagmite (HS-2) collected from Heshang cave in Qingjiang Hubei was studied for reconstruction of paleoclimatic condition during the period of ca 10-21 ka B.P. . Lipid compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis, and the abundance and distribution pattern of organic homologues were showed in mass chromatograms. The iipid extracts from this stalagmite present the mixed sources from autochthonous and allochthonous organisms. With the distribution parameters and coefficients of abundance, we attribute LMW alkanol to microbes lived in soil overlapping the cave, and HMW alkanol to land plants supported by the soil. However, the contribution to n-alkanes is too complicated to easily associate LMW series and HMW series with microbe and land plants repectively, although most of n-alkanes are transported from soil. Fatty acids, more sensitive to degradation and alteration than n?alkanol and n-alkane, are attributed to in situ microbes flourishing on stalagmite ca
rbonates and preserved through such a long geological time with the protection from carbonate minerals.
Because molecular fossils have strong ties with their biological precursors, we suggest the abundance of certain molecular fossils or the distribution pattern of organic homologues which are attributed to a common precursor can be used to distinguish different climatic condition on the basis of creature adjusting to climate. The correlation between paleoclimatic conditions indicated by organic records and those by oxygen isotopic signals prove the potential significance of the application of molecular fossils. Our work also revealed that the molecular signatures should be helpful to interpret 5 C data recovered from carbonate minerals.
With the high resolution time scale constrained by the TIMS U-Th dating, we establish the phase relation between subtropical and high-latitude climate variation. The synchroneity with Greenland warming during the last deglaciation, which support evidences from Southern South China Sea and tropical Indian Ocean, while conflict with evidences from the equatorial Pac
引文
Akiyama M., Hayashi M., Matsumoto G. et al., Plant remains and related substances in the past lacustrine sediments of the Riiser-Lasen area, Enderby Land, east Antarctic. Proceedings of the NIP R Symposium on Polar Biology, 1990 (3): 207-217
Ayliffe L. K., Marianelli P. C., Moriarty K. C.et al., 500 ka precipitation record from southeastern Australia: evidence for interglacial relative aridity. Geology, 1998; 26: 147-150
Baker A., Barnes W. L., Peter L. S., Speleothem luminescence intensity and spectral characteristics: Signal calibration and a record of Paleovegetation change. Chemical Geology, 1996, 130: 65-76
Baker A., Ito E., Smart P. L. et al., Elevated and variable values of ~(13)C in speleothems in a British cave system. Chemical Geology, 1997, 136: 263-270
Baker A., Genty D., Dreybrodt W. et al., Testing theoretically predicted stalagmite growth rate with Recent annually laminated samples: implications for past stalagmite deposition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1998a, 62: 393-404
Baker A., Genty D., Smart P. L., High-resolution records of soil humification and paleoclimate change from variations in speleothem luminescence excitation and emission wavelengths. Geology, 1998b, 26: 903-906
Baker A., Proctor C. J., Barnes W., Variations in stalagmite luminescence laminae structure at Poole's Cavern, England, AD1910-1996: Calibration of a paleoprecipitation proxy. The Holocene, 1999a, 9: 683-688
Baker A., Caseldine C. J., Gilmour M. A. et al., Stalagmite luminescence and peat humification records of palaeomoisture for the last 2500 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1999b, 165: 157-162.
Baker A., Mockler N. J., Barnes W. L. et al., Fluorescence intensity variations of speleothem forming groundwaters: Implications for paleoclimate reconstruction. Water Resources Research, 1999c, 35: 407-413
Baker R. G., Gonzalez L. A., Raymo M. et al., Comparison of multiple proxy records of Holocene environments in the Midwestern United States. Geology, 1998, 26(12): 1131-1134
Bard E., Rostek F., Sonzogni C., Inter hemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry. Nature, 1997, 385:707-710
Bard E., Rostek F., Turon J., Gendreau S., Hydrological Impact of Heinrich Events in the
Subtropical Northeast Atlantic. Science, 2000, 289:1321-1324
Blumer M., Guillard R. R. L., Chase T., Hydrocarbons of marine plankton. 1971, Marine Biology, 8, 183-189
Boon A. R. and Duineveld G. C. A., Phytopigments and fatty acids as molecular markers for the quality of near bottom particulate organic matter in the North Sea. Journal of sea research, 1996, 35: 279-291
Brassell S. C., Application of biomarkers for delineating marine paleoclimate fluctuations during the Pleistocene. In: Engel M. H., Macko S. A. (Eds.) Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, 699-738
Brecker W. S., Radiocarbon measurement and annual rings in cave formations. Nature, 1960, 185:93-94
Broecker W. S., Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate change. Nature, 1994, 372: 421-424
Bull I. D., van Bergen P. F., Nott C. J., Poulton P. R., Evershed R. R, Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments-V. The fate of lipids in different long-term experiments. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31: 389-408.
Burns S. J., Matter A., Frank N. et al., Speleothem-based paleoclimate record from northern Oman. Geology, 1998, 26:499-502
Burns S. J., Fleitmann D., Matter A. et al., Speleothem evidence from Oman for continental pluvial events during interglacial periods. Geology, 2001, 29: 623-626.
Carrie R. H., Mitchell L. and Black K. D., Fatty acids in surface sediments at the Hebridean shelf edge, west of Scotland. Organic Geochemistry, 1998, 29: 1583-1593
Cerling T. E., Wang Y., Quade J., Expansion of C4 ecosystems as indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene. Nature, 1993, 361:344-345
Claustre H., Marty J., Cassiani L. et al., Fatty acid dynamics in phytoplankton and microzooplankton communities during a spring bloom in the coastal Ligurian sea: ecological implications. Marine Microbial Food Webs, 1989, 3: 51-66
Cranwell P. A. Chain-length distribution of n-alkanes from lake sediments in relation to post-glacial environmental change. Freshwater Biol., 1973, 3:259-265
Cranwell P. A. Decomposition of aquatic biota and sediment formation: lipid components of two blue-green algal species and of detritus resulting from microbial attack. Freshwater Biology, 1976, 6:481-488
Cranwell P. A., Diagenesis of free and bound lipids in terrestrial detritus deposited in a lacustrine sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1981, 3:79-89
Cranwell P. A., Lipid of aquatic sediments and sedimenting particulates. Prog. Lipid Res., 1982, 21: 271-308
Cranwell P. A. Lipids of aquatic sediments from Upton Broad, a small productive lake. Organic Geochemistry, 1984, 7: 25-37
Cranwell P. A., Eglinton G. and Robinson N., Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments—Ⅱ Org. Geochem., 1987, 11:513-527
Collister J. W., Rieley G., Stern B., Eglinton T., Fry B., Compound specific d13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide mechanisms. Organic Geochemistry, 1994, 21: 619-627.
Denniston R. F., Gonzalez L. A., Baker R. G. et al., Speleothem evidence for Holocene fluctuations of the prairie-forrest ecotone, north-central USA. The Holocene, 1999a, 9: 671-676
Denniston R. F., Gonzalez L. A., Semken H. A. et al., Integrating stalagmite, vertebrate, and pollen sequences to investigate Holocene vegetation and climate change in the Southern Midwestern United States. Quaternary Research, 1999b, 52: 381-387
Denniston R. F., Gonzalez L. A., Asmerom Y. et al., Evidence for increased cool season moisture during the middle Holocene. Geology, 1999c, 27: 815-818
Dennis P. F., Rowe P. J., Atkinson T. C. et al., The recovery and isotopic measurement of water from fluid inclusions in speleothems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, 65: 871-884
Desmarchelier J. M., Goede A., Ayliffe L. K. et al., Stable isotope record and its palaeo-environmental interpretation for a late Middle Pleistocene speleothem from Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19: 763-774
Dorale J. A., Edwards R. L., Ito E. et al., Climate and vegetation history of the midcontinent from 75 to 25 ka: A speleothem record from Crevice Cave, Missouri, USA. Science, 1998, 282:1871-1874
Dreybrodt W. Chemical kinetics, speleothem growth and climate. Boreas, 1999, 28:347-356
Duplessy J. C., Bard E., Arnold M. et al., How fast did the Ocean-atmosphere system run during the last deglaciation? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1991, 103:27-40
Edwards R. L. et al., 238U-234U-230Th-232Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over the past 500,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1986, 282:1871-1874
Eglinton G., Hamilton R. J., The distribution of alkanes. In: Swaine T.(Ed.), Chemical Plant Taxonomy. Academics, 1963, 87-127
Eglinton G., Hamilton R. J., Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science, 1967, 156:1322-1335
Evershed R. P., Dudd S. N., Charters S. et al., Lipids as carriers of anthropogenic signals from prehistory. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 1999, 354: 19-3
Fang Nianqiao, Chert Xuefang, Hu Chaoyong et al., Rapid climate change during past 60 ka recorded in NE Indian ocean and its correspondence from south china land. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2000,11:252-258
Finch A. A., Shaw P. A., Weedon G. P. et al., Trace element variation in speleothem aragonite:
potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2001, 186:255-267
Ficken K. J., Barber K. E., Eglinton G. Lipid biomarker, δ 13C and plant macrofossil stratigraphy of a Scottish montane peat bog over the last two millennia. Org. Geochem., 1998, 28:217-237
Ficken K. J., Li B., Swain D. L., Eglinton. G., An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31:745-749
Frappier A., Sahagian D., Gonzalez L. A. et al., El Nino events recorded by stalagmite carbon isotope. Science, 2002, 298:565-567
Freeman K. H., and Colarusso L. A., Molecular and isotopic records of C4 grassland expansion in the late Miocene. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2001 65, 1439-1454.
Frumkin A., Ford D. C., Schwarcz H. P. et al., Continental oxygen isotopic record of the last 170000 years in Jerusalem. Quaternary Research, 1999a, 51: 317-327
Frumkin A., Carmi I., Gopher A. et al., A Holocene millennial-scale climatic cycle from a speleothem in Nahal Qanah Cave, Israel. The Holocene, 1999b, 9:677-682
Fukushima H., Martin C., Iida H. et al., Changes in membrane lipid composition during temperature adaptation by a thermotolerant strain of Tetrahymena Pyriformis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1976, 431:169-179
Gascoyne M., Trace element partition coefficients in the calcite-water system and their paleoclimatic significance in cave studies. Journal of hydrology, 1983, 61:213-222
Gelpi E., Schneider H., Mann J., Oro T., Hydrocarbons of geochemical significance in microscopic algae. Phytochemistry, 1970, 9: 603-612.
Genty D., Quinif Y., Annually laminated sequences in the internal structure of some Belgian stalagmites importance for paleoclimatology. Journal of Sedimentary Research A: Sedimentary Petrology and Processes. 1996, 66:275-288
Genty D., Plagnes V., Causse C. et al., Fossil water in large stalagmite voids as a tool for paleoprecipitation stable isotope composition reconstitution and paleotemperature calculation. Chemical Geology, 2002, 184:83-95
Giger W., Schaffner C., Wakeham S. G., Aliphatic and olefinic hydrocarbons in recent sediments of Greifensee, Switzerland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1980, 44, 119-129
Goede A., Continuous early Last Glacial palaeoenvironmental record from a Tasmanian speleothem based on stable isotope and minor element variations. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1994, 13: 283-291
Goede A., McDermott F., Hawkesworth C. et al., Evidence of Younger Dryas and Neoglacial cooling in a late Quaternary palaeotemperature record from a speleothem in eastern Victoria, Australia. Journal of Quaternary Science, 1996, 11:1-7
Goossen H., Duren R. R., de Leeuw J. W., Schenck P. A., Lipids and their mode of occuerence in bacteria and sediments—Ⅱ, lipids in the sediments of a stratified, freshwater lake. Organic Geochemistry, 1989, 14:27-41
Grimalt J. O., Albaiges J., Sources and occurrence of C_(12)-C_(22) n-alkane distributions with even carbon-number preference in sedimentary environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1987, 51:1397-1384
Haddad R. I., Martens C. S., Farrington J. W. Quantifying early diagenesis of fatty acid in a rapidly accumulating coastal marine sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1992, 19: 205-216
Han J., Calvin M., Hydrocarbon distribution of algae and bacteria and microbiological activity in sediments. Proceeding National Academic Science, USA, 1969, 64:436-443
Han J., Mccarthy E. D., Van Hoeven W., Calvin M., Bradley W. H., Organic geochemical studies Ⅱ: a preliminary report on the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbon in algae, in bacteria and in recent lake sediments. Proceeding National Academic Science, USA, 1980, 59:29-37
Harris P. and James A. T., Effect of low temperature on fatty acid biosynthesis in seed. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1969, 187:13-18
Hatcher P. G., Simoneit B. R., and Gerchabov S. M., The organic geochemistry of a recent sapropelic environment: Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. In Advances in Organic Geochemistry, (Eds. R.Compos and J Goni), 1975, Enadimsa Madrid, 469-484
Hennig G. J. et al., Uranium-series dating of calcite formations in caves: Recent results and a comparative study of age determinations via ~(230)Th/~(234)U, 14C, TL and ESR. Revue de Archaeometric, 1980, 4:91-100
Holmgren K., Karlen W., Shaw P. A. et al., Paleoclimatic significance of the stable isotopic composition and petrology of a late Pleistocene stalagmite from Botswana. Quaternary Research, 1995, 43:320-328
Holmgren K., Karlen W., Lauritzen S. E. et al., A 3000-year high-resolution stalagmite-based record of palaeoclimate for northeastern South Africa. The Holocene, 1999, 9:295-309
Holton R. W., Blecker H. H., and Onore M., Effect of growth temperature on the fatty acids composition of a Blue-green algae. Phytochemistry, 1964, 3:595-602
Huang J., Hu C., Yuan D., Stable isotope and trace element record of a stalagmite in Heshang cave, Hubei and its palaeoclimatic significance. Science in China (Series E) 2001, 44: 123-128
Huang Y. M., Fairchild I. J., Borsato A. et al., Seasonal variations in Sr, Mg and P in modern speleothems (Grotta di Ernesto, Italy). Chemical Geology, 2001, 175:429-448
Huang Y., Lockheart M. J., Collister J. W., Eglinton G., Molecular and isotopic biogeochemistry of the Miocene Clarkia Formation: hydrocarbons and alcohols. Organic Geochemistry, 1995, 23: 785-801.
Huang Y, Bol R., Harkness D. D., Ineson P., Eglinton G., Post-glacial variations in distributions, 13C and 14C contents of aliphatic hydrocarbons and bulk organic matter in three types of Br. Acid upland soils. Organic Geochemistry, 1996, 24: 273-287
Huang Y., Street-Perrott F.A., Perrott F.A., Metzger P., Eglinton G. Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred from the molecular and compound-specific δ~(13)C analyses of sediments from Sacred Lake, Mt Kenya. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1999 63: 1383-1404
Ivannovich M. et al., Uranium series disequilibrium: Application to environmental problems. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982
James J M. Minor, trace, and ultra trace constituents of speleothems. PAGES, 1997, 236-237
Jambu P., Ambles A., Magnoux P., Parlanti, E., Effects of addition of clay minerals on the fatty acid fraction of a podzol soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 1995 46: 187-192
Johnson R. W., and Calder J. A., Early diagenesis of fatty acids and hydrocarbons in a salt marsh environment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1973, 37: 1943-1955
Jones J. E., Studies on lipids of soil micro-organisms with particular reference to hydrocarbons. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1969, 59: 145-152.
Katz A., The interaction of magnesium with calcite during crystal growth at 25-90□ and one atmosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1973, 37: 1563-1586
Kawamura K., Ishiwatari R., Yamazaki M., Identification of polyunsaturated fatty acids in surface lacustrine sediments. Chemical Geology, 1980, 28: 31-39
Kawamura K., Ishiwatari R. Polyunsaturated fatty acid in a lacustrine sediment as a possible indicator of paleoclimate. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta., 1981, 45: 149-155
Keeling C. D., Mook W. G., Jans P. P., Recent trend in the ~(13)C/~(12)C ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature, 1989, 277: 122-123
Kienast M., Steinke S., Stattegger K., Calvert S. E., Synchronous tropical South China Sea SST change and Greenland warming during deglaciation. Science, 2001, 291: 2132-2134
Lauritzen S. E., High-resolution paleotemperature proxy record for the last interglaciation based on Norwegian speleothems. Quaternary research, 1995, 43: 133-146
Lauritzen S. E. and Lundberg J. Calibration of the speleothem delta function: an absolute temperature record for the Holocene in northern Norway. The Holocene, 1999, 9: 659-669
Lea D. W., Pak D. K., Spero H. J., Climate impact of late Quaternary equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations. Science, 2000, 289(5486): 1719-1724
Li W. X., Lundberg J., Dickin A. P. et al., High-precision mass spectrometric uranium series dating of cave deposites and its applications for paleoclimate study. Nature, 1989, 339:534-535
Linge H., Lauritzen S. E., Lundberg J. et al., Stable isotope stratigraphy of Holocene speleothems: examples from a cave system in Rana, Northern Norway. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2001, 167: 209-224
Marr A. G. and Ingraham J. L., Effects of temperature on the composition of fatty acids in Escherichia Coli. J. Bacteriol., 1962, 84: 1260-1267
Matsuda H. and Koyama T. Early diagenesis of fatty acids in lacustrine sediments—Ⅰ Identification and distribution of fatty acids in recent sediments from a freshwater lake. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1977a, 41: 777-783
Matsuda H. and Koyama T. Early diagenesis of fatty acids in lacustrine sediments—Ⅱ A statistical approach to changes in fatty acid composition from recent sediments and source materials. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1977b, 41: 1825-1834
Marlowe I. T., Brassell S. C., Eglinton G. et al., Long chain unsaturated ketones and estersin living algae and marine sediment. Org Geochem., 1984,6:135～141
McDermott F., Frisia S., Huang Y. et al. Holocene climate variability in Europe: evidence from delta ~(18)O, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1999, 18: 1021-1038
Mcintosh R. P., An index of diversity and the relation of certain concepts to diversity. Ecology, 1967, 48: 392-404
Meyers P. A., Eadie B. J., Sources, degradation and recycles of organic matter associated with sinking particles in Lake Michigan. Organic Geochemistry, 1993, 20: 47-56
Meyers P. A. and Ishiwatari R. Lacustrine organic geochemistry: an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Org. Geochem., 1993, 20: 867-900
Moore G. W., Speleothem- A new cave term. Nat. Speleol. Soc. News, 1952, 10(6):2
Moore G. W., Aragonite speleothems and indicators of paleotemperature. American Journal of Science, 1956, 254:746-753
Neff U., Burns S. J., Mangini A. et al., Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature, 2001, 411:291-293
Nott C. J., Xie S., Avsejs L. A., et al., n-Alkane distributions in ombrotrophic mires as indicators of vegetation change related to climatic variation. Org. Geochem., 2000, 31: 231-235
Otto A., Walther H., Puttmann W., Molecular composition of a leaf- and root-bearing Oligocene Oxbow lake Clay in Weisselster Basin, Germany. Organic Geochemistry, 1994, 22: 275-286.
Paillard D., Labeyrie L. D., Role of the thermohaline circulation in the abrupt warming after Heinrich events. Nature, 1994, 372: 162-164
Pakes R. J., Analysis of microbial communities within sediments using biomarkers. In: Ecology of Microbial Communities. SGM41, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 147-177
Pazdur A., Pazdur M. F., Pawlyta J. et al., Paleoclimatic implications of radiocarbon dating of speleothems from the Krakow-Wielun Upland, Southern Poland. Radiocarbon, 1995, 37:
103-110
Pelejero C., Grimalt J.O., Heilig S., Kienast M., Wang L., High resolution U~K_(37)-temperature reconstructions in the South China Sea over the last 220kyrs. Paleoceanography, 1999, 14:224-231
Pielou E. C., Ecological Diversity. Wiley, 1975
Poynter J. G., Farrimond P., Robinson N., Eglinton G. Aeolian-derived higher plants lipids in the marine sedimentary record: links with paleoclimate. In: Leinen M., Sarnthein M., (Eds), Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 435-462
Proctor C., Baker A., Barnes W. L. et al., Annual resolution speleothem proxy records of North Atlantic climate for the last 3000 years from UAMH and Tartair, Scotland. Cave and Karst Science, 1999, 26: 133-139
Qin X G, Tan M, Liu T S et al. Spectral analysis of a 100-year stalagmite lamina-thickness record from Shihua Cave, Beijing, China, and its climatic significance. The Holocene, 1999, 9: 689-694
Richards D. A., Bottrell S. H., Cliff R. A. et al., U-Pb dating of a speleothem of Quaternary age. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1998, 62:3683-3688
Rieley G., Collier R. J., Jones D. M., Eglinton G., The biogeochemistry of Ellesmere Lake, U.K.-1: source correlation of leaf wax inputs to the sedimentary lipid record. Organic Geochemistry, 1991, 17: 901-912
Reddy C. M., Eglinton T. I., Palic R. er al., Even carbon number predominance of plant wax n-alkane: a correction. Organic Geochemistry, 2000 31: 331-336
Roberts M. S., Smart P. L., Baker A., Annual trace element variations in a Holocene speleothem. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 1998, 154:237-246
Roberts M. S., Smart P. L., Hawlesworth C. J. et al., Trace element variations in coeval Holocene speleothems from GB Cave, southwest England. The Holocene, 1999, 9: 707-713
Robinson N., Cranwell P. A., Finlay B. J., Eglinton G., Lipids of aquatic organism as potential contributor to lacustrine sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1984, 6:143-152
Robinson N., Cranwell P. A., Eglinton G. Sources of the lipids in the bottom sediments of an English oligo-mesotrophic lake. Freshwater Biol, 1987, 17:15-33
Rosell-Mele A., Englinton G., PtlaumannU, etal., Atlantic core-top calibration of the UK37 index as a sea-surface Paleo-temperature indicator. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta., 1995, 59(15): 3099-3107.
Rühlemann C., Mulitza S., Müller P. J. et al., Warming of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and slowdown of thermohaline circulation during the last deglaciation. Nature, 1999, 402: 511-514
Schwarcz H. P., Harmon R. S., Thompson P. et al., Stable Isotope studies of fluid inclusions in
speleothems and their paleoclimatic significance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1976, 40:657-665
Schwark L., Zink K., Lechterbeck J., Reconstruction of postglacial to early Holocene vegetation history in terrestrial Central Europe via cuticular lipid biomarkers and pollen records from lake sediments. Geology, 2002, 30: 463-466
Scribe P., Fillaux J., Laureillard J. et al., Fatty acids as biomarkers of planktonic inputs in the stratified estuary of the Krka river, Adriatic Sea: relationship with pigments. Marine Chemistry, 1991, 32: 299-312
Shen C. C., Edwards R. L., Cheng H. et al., Uranium and thorium isotopic and concentration measurements by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chemical Geology, 2002, 185:165-178
Shen Guanjun, ~(227)Th/~(230)Th dating method: methodology and application to Chinese speleothem samples. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1996, 15:699-707
Shopov Y. Y., Ford D. C., Schwarcz H. P., Luminescent microbanding in speleothems: High resolution chronology and paleoclimate. Geology, 1994, 22:407-410
Smith A. E. and Morris I., Synthesis of lipid during photosynthesis by phytoplankton of Southern Ocean. Science, 1980, 207:197-199
Stocker T.F., Past and future reorganizations in the climate system. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19(1-5): 301-319
Stute M., Forster M., Frischkorn H. et al., Cooling of tropical Brazil (5□) during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 1995a, 269:379-383
Stute M., Clark J. F., Schlosser P. et al., A 3000yr continential paleotemperature record derived from noble gases dissolved in groundwater from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Quaternary Research, 1995b, 43:209-220
Tan M., Liu D. S., Zhong H. et al., Preliminary study on climatic signals of stable isotopes from Holocene speleothems under monsoon condition. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1998, 43:506-509
Talma A. S. et al., Isotope contents of some Transvaalo speleothems and their paleoclimatic significance, South Africa. Journal of Science, 1974, 70:135-140
Tulloch A. P. Chemistry of waxes of higher plants. In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes (ed. P. E. Kolattukudy) Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1976 236-287
Thompson P. et al., Uranium-series dating of stalagmites from Blanchard Springs Cavern, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimi Acta, 1975, 39:1211-1218
Thompson P. et al., Stable isotope geochemistry, geothermometry and geochronology of speteothems from West Virginia, Geological Society of American Bulletin, 1976, 87:1730-1738
Verheyden S., Keppens E., Fairchild I. J. et al., Mg, Sr and Sr isotope geochemistry of a Belgian Holocene speleothem: implications for paleoclimate reconstructions. Chemical
Geology, 2000, 169:131-144
Volkman J. K., Barrett S. M., Blackburn S. I. et al., Alkenones in gephyrocapsa oceanica: implications for studies of paleoclimate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59: 513-520
Volkman J. K., Barrett S. M., Blackburn S. I., Eustigmatophyte microalgae are potential sources of C_(29) sterol, n-C_(23)-n-C_(28) n-alkanols and C_(28)-C_(32) n-alkyl diols in freshwater environments. Organic Geochemistry, 1999, 30:307-318
Wang Y. J., Chen H., Edwards R. L. et al., A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu cave, China. Science, 2001, 294:2345-2348
Weete J. D., Algal and fungal waxes. In: Kolattukudy, P. E. (Ed.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976, 349-418.
Winograd I. J., Coplen T. B., Landwehr J. M. et. at., Continuous 50k-year climate record from vein calcite in Devil hole Nevada. Science 1992, 258: 255-260
Xie S., Yao T., Kang S. et al., Geochemical analyses of a Himalayan snowpit profile: implications for atmospheric pollution and climate. Org. Geochem., 2000a,31: 15-23
Xie S., Nott C. J., Avsejs L. A., et al. Palaeoclimate records in compound-specific δ D values of a lipid biomarker in ombrotrophic peat. Org. Geochem., 2000b, 31: 1053-1057
Xie S., Lai X., Yi Y. et al., Molecular fossils in a Pleistocene river terrace in southern China related to paleoclimate variation. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34(6): 789-797
Yadava M. G., Ramesh R. Paleomonsoon record of the last 3400 years from speleothems of tropical India. Gondwana Geological Magazine, 1999a, 4: 141-156
Yadava M. G., Ramesh R. Speleothems-useful proxies for past monsoon rainfall. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1999b, 58: 339-348
Zhao J X, Xia Q, Collerson K D et al. Timing and duration of the last interglacial inferred from high resolution U-series chronology of stalagmite growth in Southern Hemisphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2001, 184:635-644
Zhao M., Beveridge N.A.S., Shackleton N.J., Sarnthein M. and Eglitnon, G., Molecular stratigraphy of cores off Northwest Africa: Sea surface temperature history over the last 80 ka. Paleoceanography, 1995, 10: 661-675.
蔡演军，安芷生，彭子成等．贵州七星洞全新世石笋的氧同位素记录及其指示的季风气候变化．科学通报，2001，46(16)：1398-1402
陈隆勋，朱乾根．东亚季风．北京：气象出版社．1991，1-362
段毅，文启彬，郑国东，等．南沙海洋现代沉积物中单体醇化合物碳同位素研究．中国科学(D)，1997，27(2)：164-167
方念乔，丁旋，陈学方等．孟加拉湾MD77190柱状样第3期的沉积韵律记录与快速气候变化．第四纪研究，1999，19：511-517
郭其蕴．东亚夏季风的变化与中国降水．热带气象，1985，1：44-51
胡超涌，湖北清江洞穴石笋沉积记录与长江中游近2万年以来的古气候研究。中国地质
大学博士学位论文，2002
黄荣辉，孙凤英．热带西太平洋暖池的热状态及其上空的对流活动对东亚夏季气候异常的影响．大气科学，1994a，18(2)：141-151
黄荣辉，孙凤英．热带西太平洋暖池上空对流活动对东亚季风季节内变化的影响．大气科学，1994b，18(4)：456-465
贾蓉芬，林本海．黄土与古土壤中生物标志物及其地质意义．见：刘东生，安芷生．黄土-第四纪地质-全球变化，第三集．北京：科学出版社，1992，79-83
李红春，顾德隆，L．D．Stott等．高分辨率洞穴石笋中稳定同位素应用之一：京津地区500年来的气候变化—δ~(18)O记录，中国科学(D辑)，1998a，28(2)：181-186
李红春，顾德隆，陈文寄等．高分辨率洞穴石笋中稳定同位素应用之二：北京元大都建立后对森林资源的破坏—δ~(13)C结果．地质论评，1998b，44(5)：456-463
李红春．洞穴碳酸盐测年与古气候、古环境研究．载：陈文寄等主编，年轻地质体系的年代测定(续)—新方法、新进展．北京：地震出版社，1999，P139
李红春，顾德隆．陕南石笋稳定同位素记录中的古气候和古季风信息．地震地质，2000，22：63-78
李彬，袁道先，林玉石等．洞穴次生化学沉积物中Mg、Sr、Ba及其比值的环境指代意义．中国岩溶，2000，19(2)：115-122
刘东生，谭明，秦小光等．洞穴碳酸钙微层理在中国的首次发现及其对全球变化研究的意义．第四纪研究，1997，1：41-49
林清，王国尚，耿安松，等．青藏高原多年冻土湖沼沉积中的有机质．沉积学报，1997，15：24-29
吕炯．北太平洋环流与中国之水旱．气象学报，1950，1：1-17
罗韶华，金组辉，陈烈庭．印度洋和南海海温与长江中下游夏季降水的相关分析．大气科学．1985，9(3)：314-320
罗韶华，金组辉．南海海温变化与初夏西太平洋副热带高压活动及长江中下游汛期降水关系的分析．大气科学．1986，10(4)：409-417
秦小光，刘东生，谭明，等北京石花洞石笋灰度变化特征及其古气候意义-Ⅱ灰度的年际变化．中国科学(D)，2000，30(3) 239-248
沈继方，李焰云，徐瑞春等．清江流域岩溶研究．北京：地质出版社，1996
谭明，潘根兴，王先锋等．石笋与环境——石笋纹层形成的环境机制初探．中国岩溶，1999，18(3)：198-205
王先锋，刘东生，梁汉东等．石笋微层物质组成的二次离子质谱初步分析及其气候意义．第四纪研究，1999，1：59-65
王兆荣，彭子成，孙卫东等．高精度热电离子质谱定年及其对第四纪环境研究的意义．地质地球化学，1999，27(4)：118-121
王增银，韩庆之．清江半峡神女洞形成环境及研究意义，中国岩溶，1998，17(3)：27-232
王增银，万军伟，姚长宏．清江流域溶洞发育特征，中国岩溶，1999，18(2)：151-157
谢树成，姚檀栋，康世昌，等．青藏高原希夏邦马峰地区雪冰有机质的气候与环境意义．
中国科学(D)，1999，29：457-465
谢树成，王志远等．末次间冰期以来黄土高原草原植被景观：来自分子化石的证据．中国科学(D)，2002，32(1)：28-35
谢树成，易轶等。中国南方更新世网纹红土对全球气候变化的响应：分子化石记录。中国科学(D)，2003，33(5)：411-417
叶笃正，黄荣辉等．长江黄河流域旱涝规律和成因研究．山东科技出版社，1996
张干，盛国英，傅家谟，等．固城湖GS-1孔11.87-12.28m古环境变更线的分子有机地球化学证据．科学通报，1999，44(7)：775-779
张长年，罗铸金，郭秀云编．有机地球化学概论．北京：地质出版社，1993
张干，盛国英，彭平安，等．南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛湖相沉积物的分子有机地球化学特征．科学通报，2000，45：2758-2762
Ayliffe L. K., Marianelli P. C., Moriarty K. C.et al., 500 ka precipitation record from southeastern Australia: evidence for interglacial relative aridity. Geology, 1998; 26: 147-150
Baker A., Barnes W. L., Peter L. S., Speleothem luminescence intensity and spectral characteristics: Signal calibration and a record of Paleovegetation change. Chemical Geology, 1996, 130: 65-76
Baker A., Ito E., Smart P. L. et al., Elevated and variable values of ~(13)C in speleothems in a British cave system. Chemical Geology, 1997, 136: 263-270
Baker A., Genty D., Dreybrodt W. et al., Testing theoretically predicted stalagmite growth rate with Recent annually laminated samples: implications for past stalagmite deposition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1998a, 62: 393-404
Baker A., Genty D., Smart P. L., High-resolution records of soil humification and paleoclimate change from variations in speleothem luminescence excitation and emission wavelengths. Geology, 1998b, 26: 903-906
Baker A., Proctor C. J., Barnes W., Variations in stalagmite luminescence laminae structure at Poole's Cavern, England, AD1910-1996: Calibration of a paleoprecipitation proxy. The Holocene, 1999a, 9: 683-688
Baker A., Caseldine C. J., Gilmour M. A. et al., Stalagmite luminescence and peat humification records of palaeomoisture for the last 2500 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1999b, 165: 157-162.
Baker A., Mockler N. J., Barnes W. L. et al., Fluorescence intensity variations of speleothem forming groundwaters: Implications for paleoclimate reconstruction. Water Resources Research, 1999c, 35: 407-413
Baker R. G., Gonzalez L. A., Raymo M. et al., Comparison of multiple proxy records of Holocene environments in the Midwestern United States. Geology, 1998, 26(12): 1131-1134
Bard E., Rostek F., Sonzogni C., Inter hemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry. Nature, 1997, 385:707-710
Bard E., Rostek F., Turon J., Gendreau S., Hydrological Impact of Heinrich Events in the
Subtropical Northeast Atlantic. Science, 2000, 289:1321-1324
Blumer M., Guillard R. R. L., Chase T., Hydrocarbons of marine plankton. 1971, Marine Biology, 8, 183-189
Boon A. R. and Duineveld G. C. A., Phytopigments and fatty acids as molecular markers for the quality of near bottom particulate organic matter in the North Sea. Journal of sea research, 1996, 35: 279-291
Brassell S. C., Application of biomarkers for delineating marine paleoclimate fluctuations during the Pleistocene. In: Engel M. H., Macko S. A. (Eds.) Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications, Plenum Press, New York, 1993, 699-738
Brecker W. S., Radiocarbon measurement and annual rings in cave formations. Nature, 1960, 185:93-94
Broecker W. S., Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate change. Nature, 1994, 372: 421-424
Bull I. D., van Bergen P. F., Nott C. J., Poulton P. R., Evershed R. R, Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted classical experiments-V. The fate of lipids in different long-term experiments. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31: 389-408.
Burns S. J., Matter A., Frank N. et al., Speleothem-based paleoclimate record from northern Oman. Geology, 1998, 26:499-502
Burns S. J., Fleitmann D., Matter A. et al., Speleothem evidence from Oman for continental pluvial events during interglacial periods. Geology, 2001, 29: 623-626.
Carrie R. H., Mitchell L. and Black K. D., Fatty acids in surface sediments at the Hebridean shelf edge, west of Scotland. Organic Geochemistry, 1998, 29: 1583-1593
Cerling T. E., Wang Y., Quade J., Expansion of C4 ecosystems as indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene. Nature, 1993, 361:344-345
Claustre H., Marty J., Cassiani L. et al., Fatty acid dynamics in phytoplankton and microzooplankton communities during a spring bloom in the coastal Ligurian sea: ecological implications. Marine Microbial Food Webs, 1989, 3: 51-66
Cranwell P. A. Chain-length distribution of n-alkanes from lake sediments in relation to post-glacial environmental change. Freshwater Biol., 1973, 3:259-265
Cranwell P. A. Decomposition of aquatic biota and sediment formation: lipid components of two blue-green algal species and of detritus resulting from microbial attack. Freshwater Biology, 1976, 6:481-488
Cranwell P. A., Diagenesis of free and bound lipids in terrestrial detritus deposited in a lacustrine sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1981, 3:79-89
Cranwell P. A., Lipid of aquatic sediments and sedimenting particulates. Prog. Lipid Res., 1982, 21: 271-308
Cranwell P. A. Lipids of aquatic sediments from Upton Broad, a small productive lake. Organic Geochemistry, 1984, 7: 25-37
Cranwell P. A., Eglinton G. and Robinson N., Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments—Ⅱ Org. Geochem., 1987, 11:513-527
Collister J. W., Rieley G., Stern B., Eglinton T., Fry B., Compound specific d13C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide mechanisms. Organic Geochemistry, 1994, 21: 619-627.
Denniston R. F., Gonzalez L. A., Baker R. G. et al., Speleothem evidence for Holocene fluctuations of the prairie-forrest ecotone, north-central USA. The Holocene, 1999a, 9: 671-676
Denniston R. F., Gonzalez L. A., Semken H. A. et al., Integrating stalagmite, vertebrate, and pollen sequences to investigate Holocene vegetation and climate change in the Southern Midwestern United States. Quaternary Research, 1999b, 52: 381-387
Denniston R. F., Gonzalez L. A., Asmerom Y. et al., Evidence for increased cool season moisture during the middle Holocene. Geology, 1999c, 27: 815-818
Dennis P. F., Rowe P. J., Atkinson T. C. et al., The recovery and isotopic measurement of water from fluid inclusions in speleothems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, 65: 871-884
Desmarchelier J. M., Goede A., Ayliffe L. K. et al., Stable isotope record and its palaeo-environmental interpretation for a late Middle Pleistocene speleothem from Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19: 763-774
Dorale J. A., Edwards R. L., Ito E. et al., Climate and vegetation history of the midcontinent from 75 to 25 ka: A speleothem record from Crevice Cave, Missouri, USA. Science, 1998, 282:1871-1874
Dreybrodt W. Chemical kinetics, speleothem growth and climate. Boreas, 1999, 28:347-356
Duplessy J. C., Bard E., Arnold M. et al., How fast did the Ocean-atmosphere system run during the last deglaciation? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1991, 103:27-40
Edwards R. L. et al., 238U-234U-230Th-232Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over the past 500,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1986, 282:1871-1874
Eglinton G., Hamilton R. J., The distribution of alkanes. In: Swaine T.(Ed.), Chemical Plant Taxonomy. Academics, 1963, 87-127
Eglinton G., Hamilton R. J., Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science, 1967, 156:1322-1335
Evershed R. P., Dudd S. N., Charters S. et al., Lipids as carriers of anthropogenic signals from prehistory. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 1999, 354: 19-3
Fang Nianqiao, Chert Xuefang, Hu Chaoyong et al., Rapid climate change during past 60 ka recorded in NE Indian ocean and its correspondence from south china land. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2000,11:252-258
Finch A. A., Shaw P. A., Weedon G. P. et al., Trace element variation in speleothem aragonite:
potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2001, 186:255-267
Ficken K. J., Barber K. E., Eglinton G. Lipid biomarker, δ 13C and plant macrofossil stratigraphy of a Scottish montane peat bog over the last two millennia. Org. Geochem., 1998, 28:217-237
Ficken K. J., Li B., Swain D. L., Eglinton. G., An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31:745-749
Frappier A., Sahagian D., Gonzalez L. A. et al., El Nino events recorded by stalagmite carbon isotope. Science, 2002, 298:565-567
Freeman K. H., and Colarusso L. A., Molecular and isotopic records of C4 grassland expansion in the late Miocene. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2001 65, 1439-1454.
Frumkin A., Ford D. C., Schwarcz H. P. et al., Continental oxygen isotopic record of the last 170000 years in Jerusalem. Quaternary Research, 1999a, 51: 317-327
Frumkin A., Carmi I., Gopher A. et al., A Holocene millennial-scale climatic cycle from a speleothem in Nahal Qanah Cave, Israel. The Holocene, 1999b, 9:677-682
Fukushima H., Martin C., Iida H. et al., Changes in membrane lipid composition during temperature adaptation by a thermotolerant strain of Tetrahymena Pyriformis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1976, 431:169-179
Gascoyne M., Trace element partition coefficients in the calcite-water system and their paleoclimatic significance in cave studies. Journal of hydrology, 1983, 61:213-222
Gelpi E., Schneider H., Mann J., Oro T., Hydrocarbons of geochemical significance in microscopic algae. Phytochemistry, 1970, 9: 603-612.
Genty D., Quinif Y., Annually laminated sequences in the internal structure of some Belgian stalagmites importance for paleoclimatology. Journal of Sedimentary Research A: Sedimentary Petrology and Processes. 1996, 66:275-288
Genty D., Plagnes V., Causse C. et al., Fossil water in large stalagmite voids as a tool for paleoprecipitation stable isotope composition reconstitution and paleotemperature calculation. Chemical Geology, 2002, 184:83-95
Giger W., Schaffner C., Wakeham S. G., Aliphatic and olefinic hydrocarbons in recent sediments of Greifensee, Switzerland. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1980, 44, 119-129
Goede A., Continuous early Last Glacial palaeoenvironmental record from a Tasmanian speleothem based on stable isotope and minor element variations. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1994, 13: 283-291
Goede A., McDermott F., Hawkesworth C. et al., Evidence of Younger Dryas and Neoglacial cooling in a late Quaternary palaeotemperature record from a speleothem in eastern Victoria, Australia. Journal of Quaternary Science, 1996, 11:1-7
Goossen H., Duren R. R., de Leeuw J. W., Schenck P. A., Lipids and their mode of occuerence in bacteria and sediments—Ⅱ, lipids in the sediments of a stratified, freshwater lake. Organic Geochemistry, 1989, 14:27-41
Grimalt J. O., Albaiges J., Sources and occurrence of C_(12)-C_(22) n-alkane distributions with even carbon-number preference in sedimentary environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1987, 51:1397-1384
Haddad R. I., Martens C. S., Farrington J. W. Quantifying early diagenesis of fatty acid in a rapidly accumulating coastal marine sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1992, 19: 205-216
Han J., Calvin M., Hydrocarbon distribution of algae and bacteria and microbiological activity in sediments. Proceeding National Academic Science, USA, 1969, 64:436-443
Han J., Mccarthy E. D., Van Hoeven W., Calvin M., Bradley W. H., Organic geochemical studies Ⅱ: a preliminary report on the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbon in algae, in bacteria and in recent lake sediments. Proceeding National Academic Science, USA, 1980, 59:29-37
Harris P. and James A. T., Effect of low temperature on fatty acid biosynthesis in seed. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1969, 187:13-18
Hatcher P. G., Simoneit B. R., and Gerchabov S. M., The organic geochemistry of a recent sapropelic environment: Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. In Advances in Organic Geochemistry, (Eds. R.Compos and J Goni), 1975, Enadimsa Madrid, 469-484
Hennig G. J. et al., Uranium-series dating of calcite formations in caves: Recent results and a comparative study of age determinations via ~(230)Th/~(234)U, 14C, TL and ESR. Revue de Archaeometric, 1980, 4:91-100
Holmgren K., Karlen W., Shaw P. A. et al., Paleoclimatic significance of the stable isotopic composition and petrology of a late Pleistocene stalagmite from Botswana. Quaternary Research, 1995, 43:320-328
Holmgren K., Karlen W., Lauritzen S. E. et al., A 3000-year high-resolution stalagmite-based record of palaeoclimate for northeastern South Africa. The Holocene, 1999, 9:295-309
Holton R. W., Blecker H. H., and Onore M., Effect of growth temperature on the fatty acids composition of a Blue-green algae. Phytochemistry, 1964, 3:595-602
Huang J., Hu C., Yuan D., Stable isotope and trace element record of a stalagmite in Heshang cave, Hubei and its palaeoclimatic significance. Science in China (Series E) 2001, 44: 123-128
Huang Y. M., Fairchild I. J., Borsato A. et al., Seasonal variations in Sr, Mg and P in modern speleothems (Grotta di Ernesto, Italy). Chemical Geology, 2001, 175:429-448
Huang Y., Lockheart M. J., Collister J. W., Eglinton G., Molecular and isotopic biogeochemistry of the Miocene Clarkia Formation: hydrocarbons and alcohols. Organic Geochemistry, 1995, 23: 785-801.
Huang Y, Bol R., Harkness D. D., Ineson P., Eglinton G., Post-glacial variations in distributions, 13C and 14C contents of aliphatic hydrocarbons and bulk organic matter in three types of Br. Acid upland soils. Organic Geochemistry, 1996, 24: 273-287
Huang Y., Street-Perrott F.A., Perrott F.A., Metzger P., Eglinton G. Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred from the molecular and compound-specific δ~(13)C analyses of sediments from Sacred Lake, Mt Kenya. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1999 63: 1383-1404
Ivannovich M. et al., Uranium series disequilibrium: Application to environmental problems. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982
James J M. Minor, trace, and ultra trace constituents of speleothems. PAGES, 1997, 236-237
Jambu P., Ambles A., Magnoux P., Parlanti, E., Effects of addition of clay minerals on the fatty acid fraction of a podzol soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 1995 46: 187-192
Johnson R. W., and Calder J. A., Early diagenesis of fatty acids and hydrocarbons in a salt marsh environment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1973, 37: 1943-1955
Jones J. E., Studies on lipids of soil micro-organisms with particular reference to hydrocarbons. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1969, 59: 145-152.
Katz A., The interaction of magnesium with calcite during crystal growth at 25-90□ and one atmosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1973, 37: 1563-1586
Kawamura K., Ishiwatari R., Yamazaki M., Identification of polyunsaturated fatty acids in surface lacustrine sediments. Chemical Geology, 1980, 28: 31-39
Kawamura K., Ishiwatari R. Polyunsaturated fatty acid in a lacustrine sediment as a possible indicator of paleoclimate. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta., 1981, 45: 149-155
Keeling C. D., Mook W. G., Jans P. P., Recent trend in the ~(13)C/~(12)C ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature, 1989, 277: 122-123
Kienast M., Steinke S., Stattegger K., Calvert S. E., Synchronous tropical South China Sea SST change and Greenland warming during deglaciation. Science, 2001, 291: 2132-2134
Lauritzen S. E., High-resolution paleotemperature proxy record for the last interglaciation based on Norwegian speleothems. Quaternary research, 1995, 43: 133-146
Lauritzen S. E. and Lundberg J. Calibration of the speleothem delta function: an absolute temperature record for the Holocene in northern Norway. The Holocene, 1999, 9: 659-669
Lea D. W., Pak D. K., Spero H. J., Climate impact of late Quaternary equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations. Science, 2000, 289(5486): 1719-1724
Li W. X., Lundberg J., Dickin A. P. et al., High-precision mass spectrometric uranium series dating of cave deposites and its applications for paleoclimate study. Nature, 1989, 339:534-535
Linge H., Lauritzen S. E., Lundberg J. et al., Stable isotope stratigraphy of Holocene speleothems: examples from a cave system in Rana, Northern Norway. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2001, 167: 209-224
Marr A. G. and Ingraham J. L., Effects of temperature on the composition of fatty acids in Escherichia Coli. J. Bacteriol., 1962, 84: 1260-1267
Matsuda H. and Koyama T. Early diagenesis of fatty acids in lacustrine sediments—Ⅰ Identification and distribution of fatty acids in recent sediments from a freshwater lake. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1977a, 41: 777-783
Matsuda H. and Koyama T. Early diagenesis of fatty acids in lacustrine sediments—Ⅱ A statistical approach to changes in fatty acid composition from recent sediments and source materials. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1977b, 41: 1825-1834
Marlowe I. T., Brassell S. C., Eglinton G. et al., Long chain unsaturated ketones and estersin living algae and marine sediment. Org Geochem., 1984,6:135～141
McDermott F., Frisia S., Huang Y. et al. Holocene climate variability in Europe: evidence from delta ~(18)O, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1999, 18: 1021-1038
Mcintosh R. P., An index of diversity and the relation of certain concepts to diversity. Ecology, 1967, 48: 392-404
Meyers P. A., Eadie B. J., Sources, degradation and recycles of organic matter associated with sinking particles in Lake Michigan. Organic Geochemistry, 1993, 20: 47-56
Meyers P. A. and Ishiwatari R. Lacustrine organic geochemistry: an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Org. Geochem., 1993, 20: 867-900
Moore G. W., Speleothem- A new cave term. Nat. Speleol. Soc. News, 1952, 10(6):2
Moore G. W., Aragonite speleothems and indicators of paleotemperature. American Journal of Science, 1956, 254:746-753
Neff U., Burns S. J., Mangini A. et al., Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature, 2001, 411:291-293
Nott C. J., Xie S., Avsejs L. A., et al., n-Alkane distributions in ombrotrophic mires as indicators of vegetation change related to climatic variation. Org. Geochem., 2000, 31: 231-235
Otto A., Walther H., Puttmann W., Molecular composition of a leaf- and root-bearing Oligocene Oxbow lake Clay in Weisselster Basin, Germany. Organic Geochemistry, 1994, 22: 275-286.
Paillard D., Labeyrie L. D., Role of the thermohaline circulation in the abrupt warming after Heinrich events. Nature, 1994, 372: 162-164
Pakes R. J., Analysis of microbial communities within sediments using biomarkers. In: Ecology of Microbial Communities. SGM41, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 147-177
Pazdur A., Pazdur M. F., Pawlyta J. et al., Paleoclimatic implications of radiocarbon dating of speleothems from the Krakow-Wielun Upland, Southern Poland. Radiocarbon, 1995, 37:
103-110
Pelejero C., Grimalt J.O., Heilig S., Kienast M., Wang L., High resolution U~K_(37)-temperature reconstructions in the South China Sea over the last 220kyrs. Paleoceanography, 1999, 14:224-231
Pielou E. C., Ecological Diversity. Wiley, 1975
Poynter J. G., Farrimond P., Robinson N., Eglinton G. Aeolian-derived higher plants lipids in the marine sedimentary record: links with paleoclimate. In: Leinen M., Sarnthein M., (Eds), Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 435-462
Proctor C., Baker A., Barnes W. L. et al., Annual resolution speleothem proxy records of North Atlantic climate for the last 3000 years from UAMH and Tartair, Scotland. Cave and Karst Science, 1999, 26: 133-139
Qin X G, Tan M, Liu T S et al. Spectral analysis of a 100-year stalagmite lamina-thickness record from Shihua Cave, Beijing, China, and its climatic significance. The Holocene, 1999, 9: 689-694
Richards D. A., Bottrell S. H., Cliff R. A. et al., U-Pb dating of a speleothem of Quaternary age. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1998, 62:3683-3688
Rieley G., Collier R. J., Jones D. M., Eglinton G., The biogeochemistry of Ellesmere Lake, U.K.-1: source correlation of leaf wax inputs to the sedimentary lipid record. Organic Geochemistry, 1991, 17: 901-912
Reddy C. M., Eglinton T. I., Palic R. er al., Even carbon number predominance of plant wax n-alkane: a correction. Organic Geochemistry, 2000 31: 331-336
Roberts M. S., Smart P. L., Baker A., Annual trace element variations in a Holocene speleothem. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 1998, 154:237-246
Roberts M. S., Smart P. L., Hawlesworth C. J. et al., Trace element variations in coeval Holocene speleothems from GB Cave, southwest England. The Holocene, 1999, 9: 707-713
Robinson N., Cranwell P. A., Finlay B. J., Eglinton G., Lipids of aquatic organism as potential contributor to lacustrine sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1984, 6:143-152
Robinson N., Cranwell P. A., Eglinton G. Sources of the lipids in the bottom sediments of an English oligo-mesotrophic lake. Freshwater Biol, 1987, 17:15-33
Rosell-Mele A., Englinton G., PtlaumannU, etal., Atlantic core-top calibration of the UK37 index as a sea-surface Paleo-temperature indicator. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta., 1995, 59(15): 3099-3107.
Rühlemann C., Mulitza S., Müller P. J. et al., Warming of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and slowdown of thermohaline circulation during the last deglaciation. Nature, 1999, 402: 511-514
Schwarcz H. P., Harmon R. S., Thompson P. et al., Stable Isotope studies of fluid inclusions in
speleothems and their paleoclimatic significance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1976, 40:657-665
Schwark L., Zink K., Lechterbeck J., Reconstruction of postglacial to early Holocene vegetation history in terrestrial Central Europe via cuticular lipid biomarkers and pollen records from lake sediments. Geology, 2002, 30: 463-466
Scribe P., Fillaux J., Laureillard J. et al., Fatty acids as biomarkers of planktonic inputs in the stratified estuary of the Krka river, Adriatic Sea: relationship with pigments. Marine Chemistry, 1991, 32: 299-312
Shen C. C., Edwards R. L., Cheng H. et al., Uranium and thorium isotopic and concentration measurements by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chemical Geology, 2002, 185:165-178
Shen Guanjun, ~(227)Th/~(230)Th dating method: methodology and application to Chinese speleothem samples. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1996, 15:699-707
Shopov Y. Y., Ford D. C., Schwarcz H. P., Luminescent microbanding in speleothems: High resolution chronology and paleoclimate. Geology, 1994, 22:407-410
Smith A. E. and Morris I., Synthesis of lipid during photosynthesis by phytoplankton of Southern Ocean. Science, 1980, 207:197-199
Stocker T.F., Past and future reorganizations in the climate system. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2000, 19(1-5): 301-319
Stute M., Forster M., Frischkorn H. et al., Cooling of tropical Brazil (5□) during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 1995a, 269:379-383
Stute M., Clark J. F., Schlosser P. et al., A 3000yr continential paleotemperature record derived from noble gases dissolved in groundwater from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Quaternary Research, 1995b, 43:209-220
Tan M., Liu D. S., Zhong H. et al., Preliminary study on climatic signals of stable isotopes from Holocene speleothems under monsoon condition. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1998, 43:506-509
Talma A. S. et al., Isotope contents of some Transvaalo speleothems and their paleoclimatic significance, South Africa. Journal of Science, 1974, 70:135-140
Tulloch A. P. Chemistry of waxes of higher plants. In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes (ed. P. E. Kolattukudy) Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1976 236-287
Thompson P. et al., Uranium-series dating of stalagmites from Blanchard Springs Cavern, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimi Acta, 1975, 39:1211-1218
Thompson P. et al., Stable isotope geochemistry, geothermometry and geochronology of speteothems from West Virginia, Geological Society of American Bulletin, 1976, 87:1730-1738
Verheyden S., Keppens E., Fairchild I. J. et al., Mg, Sr and Sr isotope geochemistry of a Belgian Holocene speleothem: implications for paleoclimate reconstructions. Chemical
Geology, 2000, 169:131-144
Volkman J. K., Barrett S. M., Blackburn S. I. et al., Alkenones in gephyrocapsa oceanica: implications for studies of paleoclimate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59: 513-520
Volkman J. K., Barrett S. M., Blackburn S. I., Eustigmatophyte microalgae are potential sources of C_(29) sterol, n-C_(23)-n-C_(28) n-alkanols and C_(28)-C_(32) n-alkyl diols in freshwater environments. Organic Geochemistry, 1999, 30:307-318
Wang Y. J., Chen H., Edwards R. L. et al., A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu cave, China. Science, 2001, 294:2345-2348
Weete J. D., Algal and fungal waxes. In: Kolattukudy, P. E. (Ed.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976, 349-418.
Winograd I. J., Coplen T. B., Landwehr J. M. et. at., Continuous 50k-year climate record from vein calcite in Devil hole Nevada. Science 1992, 258: 255-260
Xie S., Yao T., Kang S. et al., Geochemical analyses of a Himalayan snowpit profile: implications for atmospheric pollution and climate. Org. Geochem., 2000a,31: 15-23
Xie S., Nott C. J., Avsejs L. A., et al. Palaeoclimate records in compound-specific δ D values of a lipid biomarker in ombrotrophic peat. Org. Geochem., 2000b, 31: 1053-1057
Xie S., Lai X., Yi Y. et al., Molecular fossils in a Pleistocene river terrace in southern China related to paleoclimate variation. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34(6): 789-797
Yadava M. G., Ramesh R. Paleomonsoon record of the last 3400 years from speleothems of tropical India. Gondwana Geological Magazine, 1999a, 4: 141-156
Yadava M. G., Ramesh R. Speleothems-useful proxies for past monsoon rainfall. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1999b, 58: 339-348
Zhao J X, Xia Q, Collerson K D et al. Timing and duration of the last interglacial inferred from high resolution U-series chronology of stalagmite growth in Southern Hemisphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2001, 184:635-644
Zhao M., Beveridge N.A.S., Shackleton N.J., Sarnthein M. and Eglitnon, G., Molecular stratigraphy of cores off Northwest Africa: Sea surface temperature history over the last 80 ka. Paleoceanography, 1995, 10: 661-675.
蔡演军，安芷生，彭子成等．贵州七星洞全新世石笋的氧同位素记录及其指示的季风气候变化．科学通报，2001，46(16)：1398-1402
陈隆勋，朱乾根．东亚季风．北京：气象出版社．1991，1-362
段毅，文启彬，郑国东，等．南沙海洋现代沉积物中单体醇化合物碳同位素研究．中国科学(D)，1997，27(2)：164-167
方念乔，丁旋，陈学方等．孟加拉湾MD77190柱状样第3期的沉积韵律记录与快速气候变化．第四纪研究，1999，19：511-517
郭其蕴．东亚夏季风的变化与中国降水．热带气象，1985，1：44-51
胡超涌，湖北清江洞穴石笋沉积记录与长江中游近2万年以来的古气候研究。中国地质
大学博士学位论文，2002
黄荣辉，孙凤英．热带西太平洋暖池的热状态及其上空的对流活动对东亚夏季气候异常的影响．大气科学，1994a，18(2)：141-151
黄荣辉，孙凤英．热带西太平洋暖池上空对流活动对东亚季风季节内变化的影响．大气科学，1994b，18(4)：456-465
贾蓉芬，林本海．黄土与古土壤中生物标志物及其地质意义．见：刘东生，安芷生．黄土-第四纪地质-全球变化，第三集．北京：科学出版社，1992，79-83
李红春，顾德隆，L．D．Stott等．高分辨率洞穴石笋中稳定同位素应用之一：京津地区500年来的气候变化—δ~(18)O记录，中国科学(D辑)，1998a，28(2)：181-186
李红春，顾德隆，陈文寄等．高分辨率洞穴石笋中稳定同位素应用之二：北京元大都建立后对森林资源的破坏—δ~(13)C结果．地质论评，1998b，44(5)：456-463
李红春．洞穴碳酸盐测年与古气候、古环境研究．载：陈文寄等主编，年轻地质体系的年代测定(续)—新方法、新进展．北京：地震出版社，1999，P139
李红春，顾德隆．陕南石笋稳定同位素记录中的古气候和古季风信息．地震地质，2000，22：63-78
李彬，袁道先，林玉石等．洞穴次生化学沉积物中Mg、Sr、Ba及其比值的环境指代意义．中国岩溶，2000，19(2)：115-122
刘东生，谭明，秦小光等．洞穴碳酸钙微层理在中国的首次发现及其对全球变化研究的意义．第四纪研究，1997，1：41-49
林清，王国尚，耿安松，等．青藏高原多年冻土湖沼沉积中的有机质．沉积学报，1997，15：24-29
吕炯．北太平洋环流与中国之水旱．气象学报，1950，1：1-17
罗韶华，金组辉，陈烈庭．印度洋和南海海温与长江中下游夏季降水的相关分析．大气科学．1985，9(3)：314-320
罗韶华，金组辉．南海海温变化与初夏西太平洋副热带高压活动及长江中下游汛期降水关系的分析．大气科学．1986，10(4)：409-417
秦小光，刘东生，谭明，等北京石花洞石笋灰度变化特征及其古气候意义-Ⅱ灰度的年际变化．中国科学(D)，2000，30(3) 239-248
沈继方，李焰云，徐瑞春等．清江流域岩溶研究．北京：地质出版社，1996
谭明，潘根兴，王先锋等．石笋与环境——石笋纹层形成的环境机制初探．中国岩溶，1999，18(3)：198-205
王先锋，刘东生，梁汉东等．石笋微层物质组成的二次离子质谱初步分析及其气候意义．第四纪研究，1999，1：59-65
王兆荣，彭子成，孙卫东等．高精度热电离子质谱定年及其对第四纪环境研究的意义．地质地球化学，1999，27(4)：118-121
王增银，韩庆之．清江半峡神女洞形成环境及研究意义，中国岩溶，1998，17(3)：27-232
王增银，万军伟，姚长宏．清江流域溶洞发育特征，中国岩溶，1999，18(2)：151-157
谢树成，姚檀栋，康世昌，等．青藏高原希夏邦马峰地区雪冰有机质的气候与环境意义．
中国科学(D)，1999，29：457-465
谢树成，王志远等．末次间冰期以来黄土高原草原植被景观：来自分子化石的证据．中国科学(D)，2002，32(1)：28-35
谢树成，易轶等。中国南方更新世网纹红土对全球气候变化的响应：分子化石记录。中国科学(D)，2003，33(5)：411-417
叶笃正，黄荣辉等．长江黄河流域旱涝规律和成因研究．山东科技出版社，1996
张干，盛国英，傅家谟，等．固城湖GS-1孔11.87-12.28m古环境变更线的分子有机地球化学证据．科学通报，1999，44(7)：775-779
张长年，罗铸金，郭秀云编．有机地球化学概论．北京：地质出版社，1993
张干，盛国英，彭平安，等．南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛湖相沉积物的分子有机地球化学特征．科学通报，2000，45：2758-2762