摘要
信息社会正在以人们无法想象的速度发展,其日新月异的商业模式不断改变着人们的生活。人类每天的生活已经无法离开网络提供的新闻网页、邮件、搜索、微博、阅读、音乐等等,互联网已经成为如同公路、供电、供水、供气系统等一样的重要基础设施。互联网产业链可以分为三个部分:互联网骨干网运营商(IBP),互联网服务提供商(ISP)和互联网内容提供商(ICP),其中ICP是一个完全竞争的创新市场,也是一般理解的互联网的各种应用和服务,而前两者作为基础设施在产业竞争中具有重要意义。
国际学术界对互联网竞争的研究主要集中在网间的互联、接入定价和双边市场等方面,主要观点为:互联网的骨干网竞争主要表现为对互联的动机和结算的定价。从规制的角度而言国际普遍的观点认为互联网是一个创新的市场,不需要规制,或者应该实施“轻手规制”。但规制体系和市场结构的不同是国内外互联网产业现状的最大差异,寡头垄断、纵向一体化的市场结构、三网融合的困境是国内互联网产业不能回避的关键问题。
基于此,本文以互联网产业的竞争格局为核心,沿着网络互联、市场进入和产业变革的方向展开研究。本文基于对互联网的经济特性和技术特性比较研究,对骨干网的互联动机进行模型研究和经验分析,揭示骨干网垄断结构条件下互联激励和互联质量的困境,并根据双边市场特性下的出网定价模型揭示定价的原则;本文从纵向一体化和市场关闭的视角,揭开互联网骨干网瓶颈设施的垄断力量延伸特征,以经验数据和案例阐述在纵向一体化的成本优势支持下ISP接入定价的原理,也以数字融合理论为基础对三网融合的进程进行了比较研究;同时本文对于产业进一步发展趋势进行分析,即互联网永不停息的创新浪潮下OTT业务对互联网网络运营企业的冲击,通过网络中立立法和智能管道的抗争两方面研究提出对网络中立规制前沿的政策取向;本文还综合提出了互联网规制框架,从一体化的规制部门设计、互联互通的规制、结算价格管理等多方面对规制的设想和建议。本文的主要内容如下:
(一)互联网的经济特性
本文深入比较研究互联网的经济技术特性,认为尽力而为的技术特性和双边市场的经济特性是互联网和电信网的重要特性区别。互联网既被看作传统电信网的一部分,但又存在和电信网明显不同之处。互联网和电信网相同之处在于具有沉淀成本属性、自然垄断属性、范围经济属性和网络外部性,但其外部性强于电信网。互联网和电信特性存在差异之处在于:互联网的技术特性与其他电信网存在较大的区别,传统电信网强调业务的Qos,互联网表现为尽力而为,即由于互联网网络的组织形式和技术标准特点,业务的质量取决于相互竞争的业务对带宽的争夺,网络提供商无法保障严格的服务质量;同时互联网具有很强的双边市场特性,即互联网的用户群体可以分为用户和网站两个部分组成,互联网提供商作为平台运营商,用户群双方总价格不变时价格结构变化会影响到交易量。双边市场特性还表现在“鸡和蛋”的困境,如何启动一个双边市场平台,进入者可以通过提高优惠市场的用户受益程度,吸引该边市场用户加入平台,从而获得更多另一边市场用户(平台利润的主要来源方)的加入,但如果市场中存在一个强势的垄断者则“鸡和蛋”的困境将更加突出。
同时互联网的双线接入特性也使得对其竞争的研究视角发生变化,双线接入特性表现为一边用户能加入多个平台,为了能享受更大的另一边用户规模的网络效应。
(二)骨干网的互联和竞争(产业链上游)
本文通过建立以互联质量和市场份额为研究对象的竞争模型,认为在单线接入条件下,大的骨干网倾向于选择比小的骨干网更低的互联质量,并且大的骨干网随着用户基数份额越大,其选择的互联质量将下降。在中国市场数据的经验分析中得出只有在互联质量0=1时,新增用户的市场份额差保持为0,否则随着0的下降,新增用户市场份额差将逐步扩大到20%,大的骨干网通过控制互联互通提高网络差异化,提高了市场份额。并且互联质量降低了小骨干网的均衡价格,降低了消费者剩余和社会总福利。在多线接入的模型中多线接入并未改变大的骨干网倾向选择比较小骨干网更低的互联质量的情况,但在不增加用户成本的假设下,多线接入将扩展用户需求。
本文通过对互联网互联结算的出网定价(OFFNET)模型研究,提出在平衡流量模型、不存在网络差异性的骨干网之间的完美的竞争下,企业利润为零,企业不关心接入费水平,在实际中,骨干网通常选择Bill and Keep的方式来降低交易成本正是反映了这一结论。
骨干网的竞争策略研究认为主导运营商将采取阻碍互联、降低互联质量和提高互联价格等多方面的策略,并且从经验数据研究了中国互联网实际互联带宽严重不足的现状。
(三)ISP的接入和三网融合(产业链中游)
本文针对互联网产业链的IBP和ISP的上下游产业结构,参考Rey和Tirole(1997)及姜春海(2006)的一般性模型,开展对纵向一体化的古诺竞争模型研究,提出纵向一体化的IBP是否对寻求接入的ISP采取垂直排斥取决于纵向一体化的IBP在ISP产业环节是否有成本竞争优势。如果IBP在ISP产业环节成本处于优势,则IBP向ISP收取的接入费高于非纵向一体化的情况。从接入费的经验分析结果看,IBP实施了垂直排斥,并且垂直排斥的程度和成本优势的程度正相关。因此国内纵向一体化的市场结构延伸了主导企业在IBP环节的垄断优势,使得ISP环节的竞争趋于寡头垄断结构。
本文比较了三网融合的进程,开展基于产品组合需求模型的产业融合规制研究,认为部分放松形成的不对称进入规制不能形成有效的市场结构,可能会导致获得市场进入权的企业对在位企业的市场排斥,市场进入并不有效;完全放松的对称进入的数字融合规制能形成有效的全业务竞争格局,消费者的选择和企业的利润均能得到保证。并由此对国内三网融合和互联网进行经验分析。
(四)网络中立和智能管道(产业链下游)
在互联网的快速发展过程中,大量内容企业OTT业务快速渗透,在大量使用网络流量的情况下对基础运营商的网络形成巨大压力,且客户的价值也转向了应用和内容。站在产业发展的前沿,本文分别从互联网产业链发展趋势,网络中立的研究现状、网络中立和智能管道等方面对网络中立和互联网规制进行初步研究,并成为本文关于互联网网络竞争和规制的重要组成部分
(五)互联网的规制体系
本文通过对国内互联网规制现状和国际互联网规制借鉴的梳理,阐述了国内互联网规制存在的主要问题,提出了产业发展政策先导、以三网融合为契机对骨干网引入竞争、加大对骨干网互联的管理、对ISP接入价格纳入规制范围、开放驻地网接入市场和逐步引入网络中立思想等方面的规制设想。
The development of the information society in the express way is changing our life beyond our expectation. We can't live without the news webpage, mail, search, micro-blog (twitter), reading, music etc that provided on the internet. The Internet industry has become important infrastructure as highroad, electric power and water delivery system. The Internet industry can be divided into three segments:internet backbone network operators (IBP), internet service providers (ISP) and Internet content providers (ICP). The ICPs segment is a completely competitive innovative market just as the concept we usually understand. But the status and competition of the former two segments are in the core position of the internet industry.
International academic research on internet competition mainly focused on the network interconnection, access pricing, two-sided market. It is considered that the backbone network competitive mainly included the motivation and settlement of interconnection pricing, and the internet is a innovation market that need not to be regulated or the internet should be regulated bu the "light-hand". But the regulation system and the market structures of internet are so different between china and foreign country, the oligopoly structure, vertical integration, digital convergence are the unavoidable key problems of domestic Internet industry.
Therefore, the paper centers on the internet industry competition structure, discusses the network interconnection, market entry and industrial change. Comparative study the economic characteristics and technological characteristics of the internet industry, the paper analyses the interconnect motivation of backbone network on a model and empirical research, and reveal the predicament of interconnect motivation and interconnection quality in the monopoly structure, and give the access pricing principles according the off-net stream model. From the perspective of vertical integration and foreclosure it reveals that the bottleneck facilities of Internet backbone will extend its market power, and it gives the ISP access pricing principles when the vertical integrated backbone has the cost advantage with empirical data and cases. The paper gives a comparative study on digital convergence with theory procedures. Then the paper analyses the trend of the internet industry, focuses on the impact that the creative OTT services conducted on the network operations, gives the policy guideline to network neutrality considered the network neutrality legislation and intelligent pipeline resistance of the carries. Based on the studies the paper gives a internet regulation framework, from the design of an integrated regulation department, internet interconnection regulation, access pricing regulation and other ideas and suggestions. The main contents are as follows:
(1) The economic characteristics of the Internet
The paper comparative studies the economic and technical characteristics of the Internet, it consider that the technical characteristic of "Do my best" and two-sided market economic characteristic are the most important differences between internet and telecom network. The Internet can be regarded as a part of traditional telecommunication network, but also be obvious different. The Internet and telecom network have the same characters of sunk cost, natural monopoly, economies of scope, network externalities which is stronger than telecommunication network. The characteristic difference between internet and telecommunications lies in:there is a great technical character difference is quality, which the traditional telecommunications services perform Qos and the internet perform "do my best". Because of the structure and the technique standard of internet network, quality of service depends on the competing for bandwidth, which is unpredictable. The internet industry has strong two-sided market character. As The customer groups can be divided into two sides: users and website, the internet provider plays the role as platform operators of the two-sided market. When the total price of two sides keep unchanged the price structure of two sides changes will affect the demand. The two-sided market characteristics is shown as the "chicken and egg " dilemma:how to start a two-sided market platform; entrants can improve the preferential market one side users benefit, attract another side users to join the platform; If there is a strong monopoly platform in the market,the " chicken and egg " dilemma will be more serious.
Multi-homing characteristics of Internet changes the perspective of our studies, in which case customers can join two platform in order to enjoy greater network effect.
(2) Interconnection and competition of backbone network (the upstream of the internet industry)
Through the establishment of competition model of interconnection quality and market share, we argue that large backbone networks tend to choose lower quality with the small internet backbone, and the higher share advantage the dominant backbone has, the low quality will be. The empirical study of Chinese market show that only when the interconnection quality is best (θ=1), the new user market share difference will be0. Otherwise with quality decrease, add user market share difference will gradually expand to20%and the dominant backbone keep quality advantage and get more share of the new users market through give a bad interconnection quality. And also the interconnection quality reduced the equilibrium price of the small backbone and reduced the consumer surplus and social welfare. Multi-homing access does not change the backbone quality choice of interconnection, but Multi-homing access increase the whole demand.
By studying the OFF-NET model of Internet interconnection settlement between backbone networks, when the competition is perfect and the stream is balanced, the profit will be zero, and the firms do not care about the price of access. In fact, backbones usually take Bill and Keep to reduce the transaction cost, in which the backbone of bills the access traffic without actual settlement.
Study on backbones'competitive strategy indicate that the dominant backbone will blocking the interconnection, reducing interconnection quality and increasing the interconnection price and etc. the empirical data of China prove that Internet Interconnection bandwidth is of serious shortage.
(3) The access between IBP and ISP, digital convergence,(the middlestream of the internet industry)
The IBP and ISP are the upstream and downstream segment of the internet industry. The paper studies vertical integration and market foreclosure based on the model of Rey and Tirole (1997) and Jiang (2006), Put forward that whether the vertical integrated IBP foreclosure in the ISP segment depends on the IBP's cost advantage. If the IBP has cost advantage in the ISP segment, IBP intend to charge the ISP higher access price than the price without vertical integration. As the result of empirical analysis, we prove that IBP implement access price for vertical foreclosure and the intensity of vertical foreclosure is positively related to the degree of IBP's cost advantage in ISP segment of. Therefore, the vertical structure of market extends the monopoly power to ISP segment, and the ISP segment seems to be more oligopoly structure.
After discussed on the comparison of digital convergence, the paper studies product mix model of industry convergence and regulation policy. It proves that partial relaxation regulation of entry cannot form workable market structure, and the convergence firm will exclude the in cabinet firm without convergence. The entry is not efficient. Completely relax of entry regulation can form a competition pattern effectively, in which the consumer choice and the profit of the firms can be guaranteed. A empirical study on the convergence of domestic market is carried out at the last.
(4) Network neutrality and smart pipe convergence (the downstream of the internet industry)
As the rapid development of Internet, lots of OTT services are booming, the network traffic compact to frustrations network, and the customer value transfer to the application and content. The paper studies the forefront of industry trend, network neutrality, smart pipe, and give some viewpoint on regulation of network neutrality. This part on net neutrality is also an important part of the Internet network competition and regulation policy.
(5) Regulation framework in Internet industry
The paper points out main problems of domestic Internet regulation based on the regulation theory studying and the domestic Internet regulation analysising. It gives some suggestions on Internet regulation:industry development policy guidance; introduce competition to the backbone segment as the digital convergence being implemented; regulate the interconnection of backbone; regulate the access price of ISP; open loop access market; and gradually introduce network neutrality thoughts.
引文
[1]Rohlfs J. A Theory of Interdependent Dedmand for a Commmunications Service[J].Bell Journal of Economics and Managerial Science 5(Sring),1974,p16-37.
[2]Katz, M. and C.Shapiro. Network Externalities, Competition and Compatibility [J]. The American Economic Review,Vol.75, No.3 (Jun.,1985), p.424-440.
[3]Michael L. Katz and Carl Shapiro. Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities[J]. Journal of Political Economy,Vol.94, No.4 (Aug.,1986), pp.822-841.
[4]Farrell J,and G.Saloner. Converters,compatibility and the control of interfaces [J]. Journal of Economic of industrial Economics,1985,40,p.55-83.
[5]Joseph Farrell and Garth Saloner. Installed Base and Compatibility:Innovation, Product Preannouncements, and Predation[J]. The American Economic Review, Vol.76, No.5 (Dec.,1986), pp.940-955.
[6]Rochet,J.,J.Tirole.Defining two'sided markets [J]. Working paper,IDEI University of Toulouse,2004a.
[7]Rochetd.,J.Tirole. Two-sided Markets:an overview[J].Working paper,IDEI University of Toulouse,2004b.
[8]Armstrong M.Competition in Two-sided Markets[J].RAND Journal of Economics,2006,37(3),p.668-691.
[9]Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J. Two-sided markets:a progress report[J]. The RAND Journal of Economics,Volume 37, Issue 3,September 2006,p645-667.
[10]Rochet, J.-C. and Tirole, J. Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets[J]. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol.1 (2003), pp.990-1029.
[11]Caillaud,B. and Jullien,B. Competing C ybermediaries[J]. European Economic Review,Vol.45 (2001), pp.797-808.
[12]Armstrong,Mark,and Wright,Julian. Two-Sided Markets,Competitive Bottlenecks and Exclusive Contracts[J],Working Paper,November,2004.
[13]Gabszewicz, Jean J. and Wauthy, Xavier. Two-Sided Markets and Price Competition With Multi-Homing[J], CORE Discussion Paper No.2004/30.
[14]Benjamin E. Hermalin and Michael L. Katz. Sender or Receiver:Who Should Pay to Exchange an Electronic Message? [J]. The RAND Journal of Economics,Vol.35, No. 3 (Autumn,2004), pp.423-448.
[15]Roberto Roson. Two-Sided Markets:A Tentative Survey [J]. Review of Network Economics. Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages-, ISSN (Online) 1446-9022, June 2005.
[16]Caillaud, B., B. Jullien.2003. Chicken & egg:Competing match makers[J]. RAND J. Economics.34(2) 309-328.American Economic Review,1985, vol.75 (3).
[17]Laffont J, Rey,P, and Tirole,J.. Network Competition:Ⅰ. Overview and Nondiscriminatory Pricing[J]. RAND Journal of Economics, Vol.29 (1998a), pp.1-37., AND. "NetworkC ompetition:Ⅱ. Price Discrimination."RANDJ ournal of Economics, Vol.29 (1998b), pp.38-56.
[18]Carlo Cambini. Competition between vertically integrated networks[J]. Information Economics and Policy, Volume 13, Issue 2, June 2001, Pages 137-165.
[19]Deseein, W. Network Competition in Nonlinear Pricing [J]. RAND Journal of Economics, forthcoming. Vol.34, No.4, Winter,2003,Page 593 of 593-611.
[20]Joshua S. Gans and Stephen P. King. Using'bill and keep'interconnect arrangements to soften network competition [J]. Economics Letters,Volume 71, Issue 3, June 2001, Pages 413-420.
[21]A rmstrong,M. Network Interconnection in Telecommunications[J]. Economic Journal, Vol.108 (1998), pp.545-564.
[22]Joshua S. Gans and Stephen P. King. Mobile network competition, customer ignorance and fixed-to-mobile call prices [J]. Information Economics and olicy, Volume 12, Issue 4, December 2000, Pages 301-327.
[23]Armstrong, M. Network interconnection with asymmetric networks and heterogeneous calling patterns [J]. Information Economics and Policy, Volume 16, Issue 3, September 2004, Pages 375-390.
[24]Wright, Julian. Access Pricing under Competition:An Application to Cellular Networks [J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, (2002) L,289-315.
[25]Stennek, Johan and Thomas Tangeras. Competition vs. Regulation in Mobile Telecommunications [J]. NET Institute Working Paper No.08-09.
[26]Nicholas Economides, Broadband Openness Rules are Fully Justified by Economic Research [J]. Law & Economics Research Paper Seeries Working Paper No.10-31.
[27]Wesley W. Wilson and Yimin Zhou. Telecommunications deregulation and subadditive costs:Are local telephone monopolies unnatural? [J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization,Volume 19, Issue 6, May 2001, Pages 909-930.
[28]Heli A. Koski and Sumit K. Majumdar. Paragons of virtue? Competitor entry and the strategies of incumbents in the U.S. local telecommunications industry [J]. Information Economics and Policy,Volume 14, Issue 4, December 2002, P 453-480.
[29]Maria Michalis. Local competition and the role of regulation:the EU debate and Britain's experience [J]. Telecommunications Policy, Volume 25, Issues 10-11, October-November 2001, Pages 759-776.
[30]Cremer, J.; Rey, P. and Tirole, J. Connectivity in the Commercial Internet[J].The Journal of Industrial Economics, (2000)vol. XLVIII, no.4, pp.433-472.
[31]Foros,Φ, Hans Jarle Kind and Jan Yngve Sand. Do Incumbents Have Incentives to Degrade Interconnection Quality in the Internet? [J].2003,NCFS Working Paper Series in Economics andMangement No.10/03.
[32]Laffont, J.J.; Marcus, S.; Rey, P. and Tirole, J. Internet Interconnection and the Off-Net-Cost Pricing Principle [J]. (2001), mimeo.
[33]Gerald R. Faulhaber and Christiaan Hogendorn. The Market Structure of Broadband Telecommunications [J]. The Journal of Industrial Economics,Volume 48, Issue 3, pages 305-329, September 2000.
[34]Rysman,M.Competition Between Networks:A Study of the Market for Yellow Pages [J]. Boston University,Working Papers(2003).
[35]Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole. Access pricing and competition [J]. European Economic Review, Volume 38, Issue 9, December 1994, Pages 1673-1710.
[36]Robert D. Willig. Multiproduct Technology and Market Structure [J]. The American Economic ReviewVol.69, No.2, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-First Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May,1979), pp.346-351.
[37]Baunnol.W.J.1983.Coniestable Markets:Industry Structure [J]. Ameriean Economic Review 72(2), pp.1-15.
[38]HausmanJ.Taxation By Telecommunications Regulation[J].September30,1997(mimeo).
[39]JJ Laffont, S Marcus, P Rey, J Tirole. Internet interconnection and the off-net-cost pricing principle[J]. RAND Journal of Economics, Vol.34, No.2 (Summer,2003), pp. 370-390.
[40]Posner and Michael I. Visual Dominance:An Information-Processing Account of its Origins and Significance [J]. Psychological Review,83,2,157-71, Mar 76.
[41]Michael L. Katz and Janusz A. Ordover. R and D Cooperation and Competition [J]. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics.Vol.1990, (1990), pp. 137-203.
[42]Michael A. Salinger. Vertical Mergers and Market Foreclosure [J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1988) 103 (2):345-356.
[43]Oliver Hart and Jean Tirole. Vertical Integration and Market Foreclosure[J]. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics,Vol.1990, pp.205-286.
[44]Patrick Rey and Jean Tirole. Analyse economique de la notion de prix de predation [J]. Revue francaise d'economie,1997.
[45]Paul de Bijl, Martin Peitz,吴洪译.电信市场的规制和进入[M].北京邮电大学出版社,2006年12月.
[46]M Mueller. Telecom policy and digital convergence [M]. City University of Hong Kong Press,1997.
[47]奥兹·谢依著.张磊等译.《网络产业经济学》[M].上海,上海财经大学出版社,2002.
[48]Ono,R. and Aoki,K..Convergence and New Regulatory Frameworks [J]. Telecommounications Policy,22(10),1998.p817-838.
[49]植草益.产业组织理论,卢东斌译[M].中国人民大学出版社,1988年
[50]Adam D. Thierer. "Net Neutrality", Digital Discrimination or Regulatory Gamesmanship in Cyberspace? [J]. Policy Analysis,2004,No.507,pp.1-3.
[51]Tim Wu. Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination[J]. Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law,2003, (2) pp.141-180.
[52]Jr. John Windhausen. Good Fences Make Bad Broadband:Preserving an Open Internet through Net Neutrality [J]. A Public Knowledge White Paper. February 6, 2006.6. pp.1-51.
[53]Sascha D. Meinrath,Victor W. Pickard.The New Network Neutrality:Criteria for Internet Freedom[J]. International Journal of Communications Law and Policy,2008, 12,pp.225-243.
[54]J. Scott Marcus,Network neutrality:The roots of the debate in the united states, Intereconomics, January/February 2008,pp.30-37.
[55]Bruce Harpham. Net neutrality in the United States and the future of information policy [J].Faculty of Information Quarterly,2009,1(2):pp.1-16.
[56]Preserving the Open Internet, GN Docket No.09-191, WC Docket No.07-52, Report and Order,25 FCC Rcd 17905 (2010), pp.43-112. available at http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-201A1_Rcd.pdf.
[57]Lemley, Mark A. and Lessig, Lawrence. The End of End-to-End:Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era[J]. UCLA Law Review, Vol. 48(October 1,2000), pp.925-988,2001; Stanford Law and Economics Olin Working Paper No.207; UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No.37. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=247737.
[58]Lawrence Lessig. The Internet under Siege. Foreign Policy[J]. No.127 (Nov.-Dec., 2001), pp.56-65. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3183294.
[59]George J. Stigler. The Theory of Economic Regulation[J]. The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science,Vol.2, No.1 (Spring,1971), pp.3-21.
[60]Thomas O. Bayard, Joseph Pelzman and Jorge Perez-Lopez. Stakes and Risks in Economic Sanctions[J]. The World Economy Volume 6, Issue 1, March 1983,p 73-88.
[61]Fred S. McChesney. Rent Extraction and Rent Creation in the Economic Theory of Regulation[J]. The Journal of Legal Studies,Vol.16, No.1 (Jan.,1987), pp.101-118.
[62]J. M. Clark. Toward a Concept of Workable Competition[J]. The American Economic Review,Vol.30, No.2, Part 1 (Jun.,1940), pp.241-256.
[63]Edward S. Mason. The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States[J]. Harvard Law Review,Vol.62, No.8 (Jun.,1949), pp.1265-1285.
[64]Stephen H, Sosnick. A Critique of Concepts of Workable Competition[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1958) 72 (3):380-423.
[65]Adam D. Thierer, Net Neutrality Digital Discrimination or Regulatory Gamesmanship in Cyberspace? [J]. Policy Analysis, January 12,2004,No.507 pp.1-28.
[66]Gerald R. Faulhaber. The economics of network neutrality [J]. Regulation, Winter 2011-2012, pp.18-25.
[67]Musacchio, Schwartz, Walrand. A two-sided market analysis of provider investment incentives with an application to the net-neutrality issue[J]. Review of Network Ecomonics, Vol 8 Issue 1-March 2009,pp.1168-1186.
[68]Paul Njoroge, Asuman Ozdaglar, Nicolas E. Stier-Moses, Gebriel Y Weinstrwub. Investment in Two-sided Markets and the Net Neutrality Debate[J]. working paper,2012, http://ssrn.com/abstract-1641359 pp.1-60.
[69]Yoo, Christopher S.. Network Neutrality after Comcast:Toward a Case-by-Case Approach to Reasonable Network Management[J]. Scholarship at Penn Law. Paper 298.http://lsr.nellco.org/upenn_wps/298(2009)pp.55-85.
[70]Yoo, Christopher S.. Innovations in the Internet's Architecture that Challenge the Status Quo[J]. Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law, Vol.8, pp. 79-101,2010. U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No.09-32; U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper No.09-25. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1472074.
[71]Gaye Tuchman, Stephen Ostertag. Blogs and News Processes:Net Neutrality and Digital Inequality. In Participation and Media Production:Critical Reflection on Content Creation(2008) Nico Carpentier and Benjamin De Cleen (Eds.). Cambridge Scholars Press. pp.E9-E12.
[72]Rey, Patrick, and Jean Tirole. A Primer on Foreclosure[J]. Handbook of Industrial Organization, Volume 3,2007, Pages 2145-2220.
[73]纪汉霖.用户部分多归属条件下的双边市场定价策略[J].系统工程理论与实践,2011年1月,第31卷第1期,p 75-83\
[74]张听竹.电信反垄断案反思:产权改革是难以逾越鸿沟[J].东方早报,2011年12月13日,http://www.dfdaily.com/html/113/2011/12/13/713393.shtml
[75]姜春海.网络产业接入定价、一般理论和政策设计[M].东北财经大学出版社,2011年11月
[76]胡凯.自然垄断产业规制改革的本质与市场化攻坚[J].四川理工学院学报(社会科学版),2010年08月,第25卷第4期,p 85-90
[77]方斌,孙大跃.三网融合的构想[J].现代电子技术,2003年22期总第165期,p 24-26
[78]邹文英.三网融合态势下电信竞争与管制的新取向[J].未来与发展,2005年03期,p 36-39
[79]蒋林涛.IPTV三网融合的开端[J].四川省通信学会2006年学术年会本文集(一),2006年09月,p 75-80
[80]刘韵洁.三网融合的发展和机遇[J].网络融合高层论坛本文集,p 02-10
[81]张睿.三网融合普遍接入技术和市场及政策选择[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2008年09月
[82]胡智海.三网融合下的广电、电信和互联网企业竞合分析[J].信息网络,第68-71页
[83]顾成彦,胡汉辉.网络型产业的渗透与融合——以上海市三网融合为例[J].《产业经济研究》,2008(34),p13-19
[84]王琦.互联网骨干网网间竞争及互联互通博弈研究[D].北京邮电大学,2005
[85]王琦,吕廷杰.互联网骨干网连接方式的最优选择博弈[J].中国管理科学, 2006年4月,p90-93
[86]王琦,吕廷杰.互联网骨干网网间直联博弈对管制政策的影响[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2005年第2期,p74-86
[87]杜武恭,吕廷杰.不同质量的互联网ISP之间的直联动机及选择[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2005年第6期,p125-134
[88]杜武恭等.互联网骨干网间公共直联及公平奖励结算模型[J].北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005年8月,p55-60
[89]杨庆丰.互联网骨干网互联互通研究[D].北京邮电大学,2007
[90]徐强.我国互联网骨干网网间结算方案探讨[J].电信网技术,2007年2月第2期,p18-21
[91]裴玮.浅析互联网互联互通现状与监管[J].电信网技术2007年2月第2期,p2-4
[92]赵亮、杨桦.我国互联网骨干网网间互联问题分析及建议[J].通信世界,2005年8月,p40-41
[93]张彬等.互联风骨干网--互联互通国际通用模式[J].通信世界,2007年6月,p25-26
[94]纪汉霖、王小芳.双边市场视角下平台互联互通问题的研究,南方经济,2007年第11期,p72-82
[95]白让让,王光伟.结构重组、规制滞后与纵向圈定—中国电信、联通“反垄断”案例的若干思考[J].中国工业经济,2012年10月(总295期),p135-147
[96]张昕竹,马源,冯永晟.电信广电应分业规制还是统一规制——基于跨国数据的实证研究[J].当代财经,2011年第8期总第321期,p92-101;
[97]陈富良,王林.网络规制背景的网络中立及互联网产业链变革[J].改革,2013年第2期,总第228期,p 37-46
[98]科斯塔斯·库康贝茨,理查德·韦伯著,张静译.通信网络定价-经济、技术和模型[M].北京邮电大学出版社,2007年7月
[99]陈富良.规制政策分析-规制均衡的视角[M].中国社会科学出版社,2007年10月
[100]干春晖编.企业策略性行为研究[M].经济管理出版社,2005年3月
[101]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海人民出版社,2004年11月
[102]泰勒尔著,张维迎总校译.产业组织理论[M].中国人民大学出版社,1997年8月
[103]忻展红主编.现代信息经济和产业规制[M].北京邮电大学出版社,2008年 11月
[104]罗昕.美国网络中立规制研究:脉络、实质和启示[D].华中科技大学,2012年5月,p 7-89
[105]董媛媛.论美国“网络中立”及其立法价值[J].新闻大学,2011年第2期总第108期,p 57-64
[106]付玉辉.美国“网络中立”论争的实质及其影响[J].国际新闻界,2009年07期,p91-94
[107]李泉.双边市场价格理论及其产业应用研究:以软件产业为例[D].上海交通大学,2008年12月
[108]廖进球,陈富良.政府规制俘虏理论与对规制者的规制[J].江西财经大学学报,2001年第5期,p10-12
[109]姜春海,网络产业接入定价与垂直排斥[J],产业经济研究,2006年第6期,p 15-22