地方性材料在建筑可持续营建中的应用研究
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摘要
在建筑建造的过程当中,地点、材料以及营建方法三个要素缺一不可。因地制宜地采用地方性材料建造适合典型气候地区的特定建筑形式,可以充分体现可持续营建的生态效应。更重要的是,建筑师首先要具备可持续的建筑意识,了解、寻求与推广如何解决建筑问题的方式,倡导建筑、自然环境、社会经济三者相协调发展的理念。在确立了地方环境的可持续效益、建筑的功能以及使用者的使用需要与心理需求三者之间相互协调的核心目标之后,建筑师才能懂得如何推广利用地方性材料、怎样做才是可持续的营建方法以及如何使公众充分参与其中。
本文通过对地方性材料在内蒙古中部地区建筑可持续营建中的应用情况的调查研究,对泥土、砖石以及毡帐等当地传统地方性材料的应用现状进行了分析总结,并提出了相应的改进对策。由此,我们充分了解到对房屋的可持续改造首先要从居住使用者的切身利益出发,在控制建房成本的基础上充分利用地方性材料,这样的可持续营建理念才能够被公众真正接受。建筑师要运用专业知识动员社会公众共同参与推广地方性材料的可持续应用,建设高效节能的村镇住宅,才能加快建筑的可持续发展。
尽管从目前来看,大量推广地方性材料的可持续利用还存在着一定的障碍。但是，只要广大建筑师建立起这样一种观念,共同努力,相信在不久的将来,我们会寻找到真正意义上的以“低能耗”为核心、可持续营建为手段的建筑可持续发展方向,并开创出一套有自主性、具有地方特点、适合地方气候的可持续营建方法。
There are three elements including the location, materials and construction methods are indispensable in the process of building construction. To build particular architectural forms in the typical climate in using suitable measures to local conditions and the local materials, you can fully reflect the ecological effects of sustainable construction. More important is that, in order to advocate building harmonized with the natural environment and the social-economic development, architects first need to have sustainable construction awareness, understanding, seeking and promoting the resolution of construction issues. In establishing local environmental sustainable benefits, building function and the need for consumer use and psychological demands of coordination between the three core objectives only if architects know how to promote the use of local materials, what is sustainable construction methods, as well as know how to make the full participation of the public.
According to the investigation and research of the application of the local materials in sustainable construction in middle Inner Mongolia region, the article made the analysis of the application status for local traditional local materials, such as earth, brick and yurt, and proposed a corresponding improvement measures. Thus, we fully aware of the sustainable reconstruction of housing first to proceed from the immediate interests of residential users, control of building costs on the basis of the full use of local materials, so that sustainable building concept can be the public really accept. In order to speed up the building of sustainable development, architects should use the expertise to mobilize community participation in promoting the sustainable application of local materials, and to construct high efficiency and energy saving construction of the rural house.
Even though, there are certain obstacles in promoting the sustainable use of local materials in far-ranging. As long as the majority of architects to build up such a concept, to work together, we will find the true meaning of "low energy" as the core, sustainable construction as a means of building sustainable development in the near future. It also tries to create a set of method in independent, local culture and suitable climate for sustainable construction methods.
本文通过对地方性材料在内蒙古中部地区建筑可持续营建中的应用情况的调查研究,对泥土、砖石以及毡帐等当地传统地方性材料的应用现状进行了分析总结,并提出了相应的改进对策。由此,我们充分了解到对房屋的可持续改造首先要从居住使用者的切身利益出发,在控制建房成本的基础上充分利用地方性材料,这样的可持续营建理念才能够被公众真正接受。建筑师要运用专业知识动员社会公众共同参与推广地方性材料的可持续应用,建设高效节能的村镇住宅,才能加快建筑的可持续发展。
尽管从目前来看,大量推广地方性材料的可持续利用还存在着一定的障碍。但是，只要广大建筑师建立起这样一种观念,共同努力,相信在不久的将来,我们会寻找到真正意义上的以“低能耗”为核心、可持续营建为手段的建筑可持续发展方向,并开创出一套有自主性、具有地方特点、适合地方气候的可持续营建方法。
There are three elements including the location, materials and construction methods are indispensable in the process of building construction. To build particular architectural forms in the typical climate in using suitable measures to local conditions and the local materials, you can fully reflect the ecological effects of sustainable construction. More important is that, in order to advocate building harmonized with the natural environment and the social-economic development, architects first need to have sustainable construction awareness, understanding, seeking and promoting the resolution of construction issues. In establishing local environmental sustainable benefits, building function and the need for consumer use and psychological demands of coordination between the three core objectives only if architects know how to promote the use of local materials, what is sustainable construction methods, as well as know how to make the full participation of the public.
According to the investigation and research of the application of the local materials in sustainable construction in middle Inner Mongolia region, the article made the analysis of the application status for local traditional local materials, such as earth, brick and yurt, and proposed a corresponding improvement measures. Thus, we fully aware of the sustainable reconstruction of housing first to proceed from the immediate interests of residential users, control of building costs on the basis of the full use of local materials, so that sustainable building concept can be the public really accept. In order to speed up the building of sustainable development, architects should use the expertise to mobilize community participation in promoting the sustainable application of local materials, and to construct high efficiency and energy saving construction of the rural house.
Even though, there are certain obstacles in promoting the sustainable use of local materials in far-ranging. As long as the majority of architects to build up such a concept, to work together, we will find the true meaning of "low energy" as the core, sustainable construction as a means of building sustainable development in the near future. It also tries to create a set of method in independent, local culture and suitable climate for sustainable construction methods.
引文
[1]中国城市科学研究会.绿色建筑[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2010.
[2]冷红,郭恩章,袁青.气候城市设计对策研究[J].城市规划,2009(5)：p49-54
[3]国家住宅与居住环境工程中心.健康住宅建设技术要点[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.21.
[4]国家住宅与居住环境工程技术研究中心.健康住宅建设技术规程(CEES179:2005)[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2005.
[5]李道增.环境行为学概论[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999.
[6]常怀生.环境心理学与室内设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[7][美]G·泰勒·米勒.营造可持续地球家园的整体设计[M].李天骄,蒋丕彦译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[8]中华人民共和国国家标准城市居住区规划设计规范GB 50180-93.第7.0.4.1条.
[9]顾震弘.两种瑞典可持续住区模式的研究——以默哈比湖城和生态村为例[J].世界建筑,2007,(07)：p45.
[10][西]莫斯塔第.低技术策略的住宅[M].韩林飞,刘虹超译.北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[11]柯林·罗,费瑞德·科特.拼贴城市[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[12]吴良镛.人居环境科学导论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[13]卢山.中国制造的德式小镇——安亭新镇[J].新建筑.2005(04)：p83-85.
[14][美]麦克哈格.设计结合自然[M].黄经纬译.天津：天津大学出版社,2006.
[15][美]西蒙兹,斯塔克.景观设计学一场地规划与设计手册[M].朱强等译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009.
[16][美]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯,卡罗琳·弗朗西斯.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].俞孔坚译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[17][德]赫尔诺特·明克,弗里德曼·马尔克.秸秆建筑[M].刘婷婷,余自若,杨雷译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[18][德]罗伯特·贡萨洛,卡尔·J·赫伯曼.建筑节能设计——从规划到施工[M].马琴,万志斌译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[19]林宪德.绿色建筑——生态、节能、减废、健康[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[20]绿色建筑评价标准GB/T 50378-2006.
[21]林铧,郁勇,王颖等.生态建筑的全生命周期技术经济评价方法HTTP://top-energy.org/show.fp?news-id=250
[22]李辉.城市公共空间的绿色建筑体系研究[D]：[博士学位论文].长春：东北师范大学,2006.
[23]米歇尔·迪尔.后现代都市状况[M].李小科译.上海：上海教育出版社,2004.
[24]林箐,王向荣.地域特征与景观形式[J].中国园林,2005(06)：p16-24.
[25]孔宪青,郭崇绪.玻璃钢蒙古包设计及制作[J].玻璃钢/复合材料.1994,5,p20
[26]蒙古包：草原上好打点的家[J].森林与人类.2008,06,p78
[27]李雪铭,刘敬华.我国主要城市人居环境适宜居住的气候因子综合和评价[J].经济地理,2003(9)：p656-659.
[28]吴良镛.论城市文化.吴良镛城市研究论文集——迎接新世纪的来临[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1996： p166-167.
[29]陈易.生态与人居[D].同济大学博士学位论文,1996：p62-85.
[30]张晓东.蒙古包——古老的毡帐建筑艺术[J].古建园林技术,1998(2)：p35-36.
[31]傅黎.师法自然的太阳能土坯房[J].山西建筑,2000(3)：p25-26.
[32]金虹.北方农村生态屋设计实践[J].建筑学报,2005(9)：p24-26.
[33]Architectural Record [J],2003.02.03.
[34]Elaine S.J.,1994, Simplify Your Life, Hyperion Book? [M]
[35]Wines J., Italy, 2000, Green Architecture[M]
[36]'Architecture Exhibition Hall'in Detail [J],1996.11:p1204-1274.
[37]Davies, Colin. The Prefabricated Home[M], Reaction Books, Trowbridge, 2005
[38]'Hot Air'in Metropolis[J],1998. 10:p45-47
[39]'House and Air crafts built with Air'in Monthly Design[J],1999.01: p122-125
[2]冷红,郭恩章,袁青.气候城市设计对策研究[J].城市规划,2009(5)：p49-54
[3]国家住宅与居住环境工程中心.健康住宅建设技术要点[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004.21.
[4]国家住宅与居住环境工程技术研究中心.健康住宅建设技术规程(CEES179:2005)[S].北京：中国计划出版社,2005.
[5]李道增.环境行为学概论[M].北京：清华大学出版社,1999.
[6]常怀生.环境心理学与室内设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
[7][美]G·泰勒·米勒.营造可持续地球家园的整体设计[M].李天骄,蒋丕彦译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[8]中华人民共和国国家标准城市居住区规划设计规范GB 50180-93.第7.0.4.1条.
[9]顾震弘.两种瑞典可持续住区模式的研究——以默哈比湖城和生态村为例[J].世界建筑,2007,(07)：p45.
[10][西]莫斯塔第.低技术策略的住宅[M].韩林飞,刘虹超译.北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[11]柯林·罗,费瑞德·科特.拼贴城市[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[12]吴良镛.人居环境科学导论[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[13]卢山.中国制造的德式小镇——安亭新镇[J].新建筑.2005(04)：p83-85.
[14][美]麦克哈格.设计结合自然[M].黄经纬译.天津：天津大学出版社,2006.
[15][美]西蒙兹,斯塔克.景观设计学一场地规划与设计手册[M].朱强等译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009.
[16][美]克莱尔·库珀·马库斯,卡罗琳·弗朗西斯.人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M].俞孔坚译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[17][德]赫尔诺特·明克,弗里德曼·马尔克.秸秆建筑[M].刘婷婷,余自若,杨雷译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[18][德]罗伯特·贡萨洛,卡尔·J·赫伯曼.建筑节能设计——从规划到施工[M].马琴,万志斌译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[19]林宪德.绿色建筑——生态、节能、减废、健康[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007.
[20]绿色建筑评价标准GB/T 50378-2006.
[21]林铧,郁勇,王颖等.生态建筑的全生命周期技术经济评价方法HTTP://top-energy.org/show.fp?news-id=250
[22]李辉.城市公共空间的绿色建筑体系研究[D]：[博士学位论文].长春：东北师范大学,2006.
[23]米歇尔·迪尔.后现代都市状况[M].李小科译.上海：上海教育出版社,2004.
[24]林箐,王向荣.地域特征与景观形式[J].中国园林,2005(06)：p16-24.
[25]孔宪青,郭崇绪.玻璃钢蒙古包设计及制作[J].玻璃钢/复合材料.1994,5,p20
[26]蒙古包：草原上好打点的家[J].森林与人类.2008,06,p78
[27]李雪铭,刘敬华.我国主要城市人居环境适宜居住的气候因子综合和评价[J].经济地理,2003(9)：p656-659.
[28]吴良镛.论城市文化.吴良镛城市研究论文集——迎接新世纪的来临[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1996： p166-167.
[29]陈易.生态与人居[D].同济大学博士学位论文,1996：p62-85.
[30]张晓东.蒙古包——古老的毡帐建筑艺术[J].古建园林技术,1998(2)：p35-36.
[31]傅黎.师法自然的太阳能土坯房[J].山西建筑,2000(3)：p25-26.
[32]金虹.北方农村生态屋设计实践[J].建筑学报,2005(9)：p24-26.
[33]Architectural Record [J],2003.02.03.
[34]Elaine S.J.,1994, Simplify Your Life, Hyperion Book? [M]
[35]Wines J., Italy, 2000, Green Architecture[M]
[36]'Architecture Exhibition Hall'in Detail [J],1996.11:p1204-1274.
[37]Davies, Colin. The Prefabricated Home[M], Reaction Books, Trowbridge, 2005
[38]'Hot Air'in Metropolis[J],1998. 10:p45-47
[39]'House and Air crafts built with Air'in Monthly Design[J],1999.01: p122-125