公路边坡降雨灾害评价方法与指标研究
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摘要
我国每年汛期都发生大量公路边坡水毁,给公路交通和社会带来严重影响。为了提高公路减灾防灾水平,在公路设计、施工、养护及管理中全面体现以预防为主的减灾方针,本文研究了公路边坡降雨侵蚀和降雨引发边坡失稳的致灾、成灾、减灾防灾的过程,从致灾因子的危险性、承灾体的易损性、灾害的损失与风险四个方面论述了边坡降雨灾害的系统特征。将公路边坡防排水作为减灾工程措施,从灾害管理角度,对防排水措施进行易损性评价、降雨及洪水危险性评价、减灾效益评价及水灾害风险评价。根据公路网的结构,评价体系由工程点评价、路段评价和路网评价构成。
根据降雨在边坡侵蚀与边坡失稳中的作用机制,在降雨危险性评价中具体运用了重现期、有效降雨等概念。在易损性评价中全面总结了边坡侵蚀的计算方法,并结合边坡特点进行了改进;运用可靠性理论分析边坡在降雨条件下失稳的概率计算方法,同时提出边坡灾害的简易评价方法。在危险性和易损性评价的基础上,提出边坡降雨灾害的损失评价,并根据风险的构成进行风险评价。
分析了公路排水系统的结构及其功能,提出了新的排水系统划分方法;指出边坡排水系统是一种网格系统,纵、横向排水沟槽的功能有很大区别。运用灾害学理论,从孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体三个方面提出了新的公路水毁类型划分。根据四川、陕西等省的历史公路水毁统计资料,提出了较为实用的公路边坡灾害等级划分,划分方法有别于地质灾害等级。
公路边坡灾害中降雨是最活跃的致灾因子,本文将公路作为边坡降雨灾害的承灾体,并认为边坡也属于承灾体的一部分,边坡降雨灾害的危险性是指降雨危险性,这与地质灾害中将滑坡作为致灾因子、将滑坡危险区内的建筑、人口、财产等作为承灾体不同。根据边坡降雨侵蚀与稳定性问题的致灾过程,分析了工程中如何考虑降雨因素,与工程结合,用降雨侵蚀力反映侵蚀灾害的降雨危险性,用有效降雨量作为降雨边坡失稳的降雨危险性,从而考虑了灾害危险性与灾害类型的内在联系。
为了研究边坡降雨灾害的边坡易损性,研究了降雨侵蚀计算模型中各因子的取值方法。例如,考虑了公路边坡的特点,用自制崩解仪进行了相关实验,结合
There were too many roadside slope damages, which caused highway traffic and social economy influenced, during flood seasons year by year. In order to decrease loss in storm rainfall disaster, farther measures must be taken in road design, construction and maintain management to keep a lower level of the risk. The thesis has studied highway side slope rainfall erosion and rainfall instability disaster. The processes have been described from rainfall hazard, vulnerability of the objects at risk and loss or risks in side slope disaster. The assessment system was made up of a site, a highway and a highway net assessment.In the hazard evaluation process, concepts of frequency and efficient precipitation were introduced to exhibit the rainfall hazard of erosion and instability. Object vulnerability in erosion disaster was evaluated with some revised models based on soil erosion study in conservation field, while in instability disaster it was analyzed with reliability theory. Certainly a few simple methods were brought out in the dissertation. After all, risk assessment and loss evaluation of slope disaster caused by rainfall was discussed in chapter six and seven.At the first, drainage system was analyzed in its structure and functions. The system can be divided to series of subsystems which slope drainage is included. It was point out the slope drainage system is a net system composed of longitudinal and latitudinal ditches that play different roles. A new classification of rainfall disaster of highway is put forward by environment, key factor and object at risk. The dissertation discussed a practical grade classification according to investigated data of highway disaster in SICHUAN and SHAANXI province. The grade is distinguished with the current ones.Rainfall is the most important factor in slope disaster in which highway traffic is object at risk, and slope is a part of it. The hazard means rainfall hazard other than landslide hazard. When discuss hazard, the rainfall erosion intense was used to show the intense of slope scour, and the efficient former precipitation to show the cause of slope instability. The two indexes are related to highway engineering, and they were
connected to disaster grade classify.To study the vulnerability of roadside slope, the dissertation discussed each parameter in the erosion model. For an example, the erodibility of compacted soil was studied with a soil disintegration instrument developed by the author. After the experience it was pointed out that the disintegrating rate represented soil erodibility. Meanwhile, the exiting drainage and protection was considered in the erosion calculation model according to field investigation. Even though the reliability theory was employed to induct the probability of slope instability, how rainfall made slope slip or slide was still a problem. The seep changes rock or earth in physical and mechanical parameters which were utilized in reliability estimate. The landslide scale in highway can be estimated with weak layers in rock or column method. There was also a practice way to size-up slope slide and influence scope on pavement.Rainfall slope hazard risk, which was classified five grades, was equal to the loss multiplying its probability. The dissertation had analyzed the risk with several ways. The benefit of slope drainage and protection from preventing disaster was estimated in technique and economy. It was composed of basic, economical and environmental benefit.In a word, the dissertation tried to express a new hazard risk management in highway. The author expects that it can be a help in traffic disaster prevention.
根据降雨在边坡侵蚀与边坡失稳中的作用机制,在降雨危险性评价中具体运用了重现期、有效降雨等概念。在易损性评价中全面总结了边坡侵蚀的计算方法,并结合边坡特点进行了改进;运用可靠性理论分析边坡在降雨条件下失稳的概率计算方法,同时提出边坡灾害的简易评价方法。在危险性和易损性评价的基础上,提出边坡降雨灾害的损失评价,并根据风险的构成进行风险评价。
分析了公路排水系统的结构及其功能,提出了新的排水系统划分方法;指出边坡排水系统是一种网格系统,纵、横向排水沟槽的功能有很大区别。运用灾害学理论,从孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体三个方面提出了新的公路水毁类型划分。根据四川、陕西等省的历史公路水毁统计资料,提出了较为实用的公路边坡灾害等级划分,划分方法有别于地质灾害等级。
公路边坡灾害中降雨是最活跃的致灾因子,本文将公路作为边坡降雨灾害的承灾体,并认为边坡也属于承灾体的一部分,边坡降雨灾害的危险性是指降雨危险性,这与地质灾害中将滑坡作为致灾因子、将滑坡危险区内的建筑、人口、财产等作为承灾体不同。根据边坡降雨侵蚀与稳定性问题的致灾过程,分析了工程中如何考虑降雨因素,与工程结合,用降雨侵蚀力反映侵蚀灾害的降雨危险性,用有效降雨量作为降雨边坡失稳的降雨危险性,从而考虑了灾害危险性与灾害类型的内在联系。
为了研究边坡降雨灾害的边坡易损性,研究了降雨侵蚀计算模型中各因子的取值方法。例如,考虑了公路边坡的特点,用自制崩解仪进行了相关实验,结合
There were too many roadside slope damages, which caused highway traffic and social economy influenced, during flood seasons year by year. In order to decrease loss in storm rainfall disaster, farther measures must be taken in road design, construction and maintain management to keep a lower level of the risk. The thesis has studied highway side slope rainfall erosion and rainfall instability disaster. The processes have been described from rainfall hazard, vulnerability of the objects at risk and loss or risks in side slope disaster. The assessment system was made up of a site, a highway and a highway net assessment.In the hazard evaluation process, concepts of frequency and efficient precipitation were introduced to exhibit the rainfall hazard of erosion and instability. Object vulnerability in erosion disaster was evaluated with some revised models based on soil erosion study in conservation field, while in instability disaster it was analyzed with reliability theory. Certainly a few simple methods were brought out in the dissertation. After all, risk assessment and loss evaluation of slope disaster caused by rainfall was discussed in chapter six and seven.At the first, drainage system was analyzed in its structure and functions. The system can be divided to series of subsystems which slope drainage is included. It was point out the slope drainage system is a net system composed of longitudinal and latitudinal ditches that play different roles. A new classification of rainfall disaster of highway is put forward by environment, key factor and object at risk. The dissertation discussed a practical grade classification according to investigated data of highway disaster in SICHUAN and SHAANXI province. The grade is distinguished with the current ones.Rainfall is the most important factor in slope disaster in which highway traffic is object at risk, and slope is a part of it. The hazard means rainfall hazard other than landslide hazard. When discuss hazard, the rainfall erosion intense was used to show the intense of slope scour, and the efficient former precipitation to show the cause of slope instability. The two indexes are related to highway engineering, and they were
connected to disaster grade classify.To study the vulnerability of roadside slope, the dissertation discussed each parameter in the erosion model. For an example, the erodibility of compacted soil was studied with a soil disintegration instrument developed by the author. After the experience it was pointed out that the disintegrating rate represented soil erodibility. Meanwhile, the exiting drainage and protection was considered in the erosion calculation model according to field investigation. Even though the reliability theory was employed to induct the probability of slope instability, how rainfall made slope slip or slide was still a problem. The seep changes rock or earth in physical and mechanical parameters which were utilized in reliability estimate. The landslide scale in highway can be estimated with weak layers in rock or column method. There was also a practice way to size-up slope slide and influence scope on pavement.Rainfall slope hazard risk, which was classified five grades, was equal to the loss multiplying its probability. The dissertation had analyzed the risk with several ways. The benefit of slope drainage and protection from preventing disaster was estimated in technique and economy. It was composed of basic, economical and environmental benefit.In a word, the dissertation tried to express a new hazard risk management in highway. The author expects that it can be a help in traffic disaster prevention.
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