可穿戴计算机软件体系结构的研究
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摘要
可穿戴计算机是近年来迅速兴起并迅猛发展的新概念个人移动计算系统，它是随着计算机不断向超微型化发展应运而生的，也是人们追求“计算机应以人为本”这一理念的必然产物,它为计算机科学与技术提出了新的课题和挑战，将使人机关系发生重大变革。传统的桌面计算模式和一般移动计算模式不能很好地支持可穿戴计算机的特征和功能，需要探索全新概念的可穿戴计算机运作模式和软件体系结构。研究和开发可穿戴计算机的软件体系结构具有重要意义。
本文设计了一种基于服务的可穿戴计算机软件体系结构模型，并提出了自己的创新。主要工作和结论如下：
（1） 详细分析了可穿戴计算机软件系统的特殊功能和特殊需求，总结了目前可穿戴计算机软件研究面临的特殊问题和主要内容；
（2） 深入剖析了现有的几种可穿戴计算机软件体系结构，并分析其优点和存在的不足；
（3） 设计了一种基于服务的可穿戴计算机软件体系结构模型，该软件体系结构具有动态性、自适应性和开放性等特点，支持服务的动态加载和导出，支持上下文感知交互，支持用户个性化管理和安全隐私保护等等；
（4） 提出了服务动态加载的体系结构和流程，并提出服务动态加载的CERP替换算法，实验结果表明CERP算法是一种很好的缓存替换算法，能够明显提高可穿戴计算机服务缓存的整体性能和效率；
（5） 提出了基于预测模型和预取门限的服务预取策略。在服务的预测模型中，提出了LINK图模型和矩阵模型（SCM+SPM）两种预测模型
Wearable Computer is a class of new conceptual personal mobile computing system，which spring up and develop rapidly recently. Wearable Computer's emergence is due to the fact that computer has increasingly become super-micromation, and is the inevitable outcome of the concept-"computer should fit humans". Wearable Computer will lead to a great change of human-computer relationship and will put forward new issues and challenge in computer science and technology field. Traditional paradigm of desk computing and mobile computing cannot support the characteristics and functions of Wearable Computer properly. It is of great necessary to explore a brand-new conceptual operation paradigm and software architecture for Wearable Computer. The research of software architecture of Wearable Computer is significant.
In this paper, we have designed a service based software architecture model of Wearable Computer and put forward our own innovation. The main works and conclusions are shown as follows:
(1) We analyze the special functions and requirements of Wearable Computer software detailedly, also summarize the difficulties and main matters of current research on software of Wearable Computer.
(2) We amply investigate several existing software architectures of Wearable Computer and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.
(3) We design a service based software architecture model for Wearable Computer with dynamic, adaptive and open properties. This software architecture supports dynamic load and export of service, context-aware interaction, customization and security & privacy protection etc.
(4) We provide the architecture and flow of dynamic load of service, and design the CERP replacement algorithm for service cache. The result of experiment shows CERP is a good algorithm which can evidently promote the general efficiency and performance of service cache of Wearable Computer.
(5) We also provide a prefetch algorithm for service cache, which is based on prediction model and prefetch threshold. We provide two prediction models: LINK model and Matrix model(SCM+SPM).
本文设计了一种基于服务的可穿戴计算机软件体系结构模型，并提出了自己的创新。主要工作和结论如下：
（1） 详细分析了可穿戴计算机软件系统的特殊功能和特殊需求，总结了目前可穿戴计算机软件研究面临的特殊问题和主要内容；
（2） 深入剖析了现有的几种可穿戴计算机软件体系结构，并分析其优点和存在的不足；
（3） 设计了一种基于服务的可穿戴计算机软件体系结构模型，该软件体系结构具有动态性、自适应性和开放性等特点，支持服务的动态加载和导出，支持上下文感知交互，支持用户个性化管理和安全隐私保护等等；
（4） 提出了服务动态加载的体系结构和流程，并提出服务动态加载的CERP替换算法，实验结果表明CERP算法是一种很好的缓存替换算法，能够明显提高可穿戴计算机服务缓存的整体性能和效率；
（5） 提出了基于预测模型和预取门限的服务预取策略。在服务的预测模型中，提出了LINK图模型和矩阵模型（SCM+SPM）两种预测模型
Wearable Computer is a class of new conceptual personal mobile computing system，which spring up and develop rapidly recently. Wearable Computer's emergence is due to the fact that computer has increasingly become super-micromation, and is the inevitable outcome of the concept-"computer should fit humans". Wearable Computer will lead to a great change of human-computer relationship and will put forward new issues and challenge in computer science and technology field. Traditional paradigm of desk computing and mobile computing cannot support the characteristics and functions of Wearable Computer properly. It is of great necessary to explore a brand-new conceptual operation paradigm and software architecture for Wearable Computer. The research of software architecture of Wearable Computer is significant.
In this paper, we have designed a service based software architecture model of Wearable Computer and put forward our own innovation. The main works and conclusions are shown as follows:
(1) We analyze the special functions and requirements of Wearable Computer software detailedly, also summarize the difficulties and main matters of current research on software of Wearable Computer.
(2) We amply investigate several existing software architectures of Wearable Computer and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.
(3) We design a service based software architecture model for Wearable Computer with dynamic, adaptive and open properties. This software architecture supports dynamic load and export of service, context-aware interaction, customization and security & privacy protection etc.
(4) We provide the architecture and flow of dynamic load of service, and design the CERP replacement algorithm for service cache. The result of experiment shows CERP is a good algorithm which can evidently promote the general efficiency and performance of service cache of Wearable Computer.
(5) We also provide a prefetch algorithm for service cache, which is based on prediction model and prefetch threshold. We provide two prediction models: LINK model and Matrix model(SCM+SPM).
引文
[1] Edward O.Thorp(MIT). The Invention of the First Wearable Computer Proceedings of the 2ND. International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1998.
[2] Bradley Rhodes. A brief history of wearable computing.
[3] Mann, S.. An Historical Account of 'WearComp' and 'WearCam' Inventions Developed for Applications in 'Personal Imaging'. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1997,pp. 66-73, Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[4] Lori Valigra,Sceince & Technology:These Computer Were Made For Wearing ,Special to The Christian Science Monitor ,Thursday,December 18,1997,Edition.
[5] Steve Mann.Wearable Computing as means for Personal Empowerment . Keynote Address ,1998 International Conference on wearable Computing ICWC-98,Fairfax VA, May 1998. http://wearcam.crg/wearcompdf.html.
[6] Bass,L. Conveners report of CHI '97 Workshop on Wearable Computers, Personal Communication to attendees. CHI '97 Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers . http://www.media.mit.edu/project/wearable/chi.html.
[7] Steve Mann. Humanistic Computing: WearComp as a New Framework and Application for Intelligent Signal Processing .Proceedings of The IEEE. Vol. 86,NO.11 November 1998,pp.2123-2151.
[8] Dan Siewiorek( Carnegie Mellon University) . Hardware Breakout Session: Boeing Wearable Computer Workshop Breakout Session. Proceedings of the Boeing Wearable ComputerWorkshop,1996,pp.Online,Seattle,WA:Boeing. URL=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/vuman/www/boeing/index.html.
[9] 陈东义，可穿戴式计算机的发展与趋势（I）（II），重庆大学学报，2000，23（3）：119~124；23（4）：142~148，153。
[10] Ross, D. A., & Sanford, J. A.. The Wearable Computer as a Remote Interface for People with Disabilities [poster]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1997, pp. 161-162. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[11] Matias, E., MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W.. A Wearable Computer for Use in Microgravity Space and Other Non-Desktop Environments. In Proceedings of the CHI '96 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1996,pp. 69-70. New York, NY, USA: ACM.
[12] Smith, B., Bass, L., & Siegel, J.. On site maintenance using a wearable computer system. Proceedings of the CHI '95: Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1995 ,pp. 119-120. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press.
[13] Jennifer J. Ockerman and Amy R. Pritchett. Preliminary Investigation of Wearable Computers for Task Guidance in Aircraft Inspection. Proceedings of the 2ND.International Symposium on Wearable Computers ,1998.
[14] Bruce Thomas, Wayne Piekarski, David Hepworth and Bernard Gunther (University of South Australia ), Victor Demczuk (Defence Science and Technology Organisation),A Wearable Computer System with Augmented Reality to Support Terrestrial Navigation. Proceedings of the 2ND. International Symposium on Wearable Computers ,1998.
[15] Segall,Z.,Curry,M..Wearable Computing Research-Summary (Report)1996: Eugene, OR: University of Oregon.
[16] Kortuem, G.. Software Architecture and Wearable Computing. (Internal Report),1996: University of Oregon, Department of Computer & Information Science: Wearable Computing Research Group.
[17] J. Lehikoinen, J. Holopainen, M. Salmimaa, and A. Al-drovandi.Mex: A distributed software architecture for wearable computers.In Proceedings of The Third In-ternational. Symposium on Wearable Computers, pages 52-57, October 1999.
[18] Henk Muller Cliff Randell,An Event-Driven Sensor Architecture for Low Power Wearables,Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, UK.
[19] S. Fickas, G. Kortuem, and Z. Segall, "Software Organization for Dynamic and Adaptable Wearable Systems", Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC) 1997, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997, pp. 56-63.
[20] Neill J. Newman, Adrian F.Clark,An Intelligent User Interface Framework for Ubiquitous Mobile Computing, VASE Laboratory Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,Essex,CO4 3SQ,UK.
[21] Nikos Drakos,A Software Architecture for Interactive Wearable Systems, University of Leeds,UK.
[22] Hobbs, J. & Kortuem, G.. Functionality On-Demand Software Architecture for Wearable Computers. 1995 (online report): Eugene, OR: Computer Science Department, University of Oregon. URL=http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/~kortuem/Papers/fod.
[23] Gerd Kortuem, Steve Fickas, Zary Segall, On-Demand Delivery of Software in Mobile Environments, Nomadic Computing Workshop, 11th International Parallel Processing Symposium, April 1-5, 1997, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at http//www.cs.uoregon.edu/wearables/Papers/nomadic.ps.
[24] T Fallmyr. Adaptable Mobile Systems. In IEEE Workshop on Future Trends in Distributed Computing, August 1995.
[25] J.J. Kistler and M. Satyanarayanan. Disconnected Operation in the Coda File System, Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Pages 213-225,1991.
[26] Steve Fickas, Gerd Kortuem, Zary Segall, Software Issue in Wearable Computing.Position Paper for the HCI Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers,March23-24,1997,Atlanta,GA.(at http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/wearables/ papers/).
[27] Gerd Kortuem,Zary Segall,and Martin Bauer,Context-aware,adaptive wearable computing as remote interfaces to 'intelligent'environments. In Second IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers. University of Oregon, Oct 1998.
[28] Kiciman E. & Fox, A. (2000). Using dynamic mediation to integrate COTS entities in a ubiquitous computing environment. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitious Computing (HUC2K), Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag.
[29] Mark Weiser. Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):74-83, July 1993. In Special Issue on Computer-Augmented Environments.
[30] Rhodes, B., Minar, N., and Weaver, J. Wearable Computing Meets Ubiquitous Computing:Reaping the best of both worlds. In Proceedings of ISWC'99, pp. 141-149, IEEE Computer Society, 1999.
[31] Want, R., Schilit, B.N., Adams, N.I., et al. The Parctab Ubiquitous Computing Experiment,Technical Report, CSL-95-1, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1995.
[32] Roy, D., Sawhney, N., Schmandt, C., & Pentland, A.. Wearable Audio Computing: A Survey of Interaction Techniques.(Perceptual Computing Technical Report #434), 1997: Cambridge, MA: MIT Perceptual Computing.
[33] Nitin Sawhney , Chris Schmandt. Speaking and Listening on the Run: Design for Wearable Audio Computing .Proceedings of the 2ND International Symposium on Wearable Computing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 19-20 October 1998, pp. 108-115.
Starner, T., Weaver, J., & Pentland, A.. A Wearable Computer Based American Sign Language Recognizer. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1997 ,pp.
[34] 130-137. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[35] 葛列众，三义强，计算机的自适应界面——人-计算机界面设计的新思路，人类工效学，1996年9月第2卷第3期。
[36] 普建涛，陈文广，王衡，董士海，多通道用户界面关键技术和未来发展趋势研究，计算机研究与发展，第38卷第6期，2001年6月。
[37] R.L.Rivest,Shamir A.,and L.M.Adleman.A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Comm.ACM,21:120-126,1978.
[38] W.N. Schilit, A System Architecture for Context-Aware Mobile Computing, Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY,1995.
[39] 周莹新，艾波，软件体系结构建模研究，软件学报，第9卷第11期，1998年11月。
[40] 付长冬，孟庆余，潘清，基于微内核的操作系统综述，计算机工程与科学，第19卷第3期，1997年8月。
[41] Dey A. K. & Abowd, G. D. (2000a). Towards a better understanding of context and context-awareness.Proceedings of the Workshop on the What, Who, Where, When and How of Context-Awareness, affiliated with the CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, New York, NY: ACM Press.
[42] Dey A. K., Salber, D. & Abowd, G. D. (1999). A context-based infrastructure for smart environments. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Managing Interactions in Smart Environments (MANSE '99), 114-128. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag.
[43] T. Starner, S. Mann, B. Rhodes, J. Healey, K. Russell, J. Levine, and A. Pentland. Wearable Computing and Augmented Reality, Technical Report,1995. Media Lab Vision and Modeling Group RT-355, MIT.
[44] Starner, T., Mann, S., Rhodes, B., Levine, J., Healey, J., Kirsch, D., Picard, R. W., & Pentland, A.. Augmented Reality Through Wearable Computing. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 1997,pp. 386-398.
[45] Bradley J. Rhodes. The Wearable Remembrance Agent: A system for augmented memory, Personal Technologies Journal Special Issue on Wearable Computing , Personal Technologies, 1(4), 1997,pp. 218-224.
[46] Steve Fickas, Gerd Kortuem, Zary Segall, "NETMAN: Collaborative Network Maintenance with Wearable Computers", submitted to GROUP97, available online at http//www.cs.uoregon.edu/wearables/Papers/group97.ps.
M. Abrams and R. Wooster, "Proxy Caching that estimates page load delays", Technical Paper 24061-0106, Virginia tech Network Research Group, Computer Science Dept,Blacksburg, VA,
[47] December 1999.
[48] J.Shim, P. Scheumermann and R. Vingralek,"Proxy Cache Algorithms: Design, Implementation, and Performance", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 4, July/August 1999.
[49] P. Cao and S. Irani, "Cost-Aware Proxy Caching Algorithm", Proceedings of the 1997 SENIX Symposium on Internet Technology and Systems, December 1997.
[50] Paul Barford, Azer Bestavros, Adam Bradley, and Mark Crovella. Changes in Web client access patterns: characteristics and caching implications. WWW Journal, 2(1): 3-16, 1999.
[51] Elizabeth J. O'Neil, Patrick E. O'Neil, Gerhard Weikum. The LRU-K page replacement algorithm for database disk buffering. In Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD, May, 1993.
[2] Bradley Rhodes. A brief history of wearable computing.
[3] Mann, S.. An Historical Account of 'WearComp' and 'WearCam' Inventions Developed for Applications in 'Personal Imaging'. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1997,pp. 66-73, Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[4] Lori Valigra,Sceince & Technology:These Computer Were Made For Wearing ,Special to The Christian Science Monitor ,Thursday,December 18,1997,Edition.
[5] Steve Mann.Wearable Computing as means for Personal Empowerment . Keynote Address ,1998 International Conference on wearable Computing ICWC-98,Fairfax VA, May 1998. http://wearcam.crg/wearcompdf.html.
[6] Bass,L. Conveners report of CHI '97 Workshop on Wearable Computers, Personal Communication to attendees. CHI '97 Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers . http://www.media.mit.edu/project/wearable/chi.html.
[7] Steve Mann. Humanistic Computing: WearComp as a New Framework and Application for Intelligent Signal Processing .Proceedings of The IEEE. Vol. 86,NO.11 November 1998,pp.2123-2151.
[8] Dan Siewiorek( Carnegie Mellon University) . Hardware Breakout Session: Boeing Wearable Computer Workshop Breakout Session. Proceedings of the Boeing Wearable ComputerWorkshop,1996,pp.Online,Seattle,WA:Boeing. URL=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/vuman/www/boeing/index.html.
[9] 陈东义，可穿戴式计算机的发展与趋势（I）（II），重庆大学学报，2000，23（3）：119~124；23（4）：142~148，153。
[10] Ross, D. A., & Sanford, J. A.. The Wearable Computer as a Remote Interface for People with Disabilities [poster]. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1997, pp. 161-162. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[11] Matias, E., MacKenzie, I. S., & Buxton, W.. A Wearable Computer for Use in Microgravity Space and Other Non-Desktop Environments. In Proceedings of the CHI '96 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1996,pp. 69-70. New York, NY, USA: ACM.
[12] Smith, B., Bass, L., & Siegel, J.. On site maintenance using a wearable computer system. Proceedings of the CHI '95: Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1995 ,pp. 119-120. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press.
[13] Jennifer J. Ockerman and Amy R. Pritchett. Preliminary Investigation of Wearable Computers for Task Guidance in Aircraft Inspection. Proceedings of the 2ND.International Symposium on Wearable Computers ,1998.
[14] Bruce Thomas, Wayne Piekarski, David Hepworth and Bernard Gunther (University of South Australia ), Victor Demczuk (Defence Science and Technology Organisation),A Wearable Computer System with Augmented Reality to Support Terrestrial Navigation. Proceedings of the 2ND. International Symposium on Wearable Computers ,1998.
[15] Segall,Z.,Curry,M..Wearable Computing Research-Summary (Report)1996: Eugene, OR: University of Oregon.
[16] Kortuem, G.. Software Architecture and Wearable Computing. (Internal Report),1996: University of Oregon, Department of Computer & Information Science: Wearable Computing Research Group.
[17] J. Lehikoinen, J. Holopainen, M. Salmimaa, and A. Al-drovandi.Mex: A distributed software architecture for wearable computers.In Proceedings of The Third In-ternational. Symposium on Wearable Computers, pages 52-57, October 1999.
[18] Henk Muller Cliff Randell,An Event-Driven Sensor Architecture for Low Power Wearables,Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, UK.
[19] S. Fickas, G. Kortuem, and Z. Segall, "Software Organization for Dynamic and Adaptable Wearable Systems", Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC) 1997, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997, pp. 56-63.
[20] Neill J. Newman, Adrian F.Clark,An Intelligent User Interface Framework for Ubiquitous Mobile Computing, VASE Laboratory Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,Colchester,Essex,CO4 3SQ,UK.
[21] Nikos Drakos,A Software Architecture for Interactive Wearable Systems, University of Leeds,UK.
[22] Hobbs, J. & Kortuem, G.. Functionality On-Demand Software Architecture for Wearable Computers. 1995 (online report): Eugene, OR: Computer Science Department, University of Oregon. URL=http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/~kortuem/Papers/fod.
[23] Gerd Kortuem, Steve Fickas, Zary Segall, On-Demand Delivery of Software in Mobile Environments, Nomadic Computing Workshop, 11th International Parallel Processing Symposium, April 1-5, 1997, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at http//www.cs.uoregon.edu/wearables/Papers/nomadic.ps.
[24] T Fallmyr. Adaptable Mobile Systems. In IEEE Workshop on Future Trends in Distributed Computing, August 1995.
[25] J.J. Kistler and M. Satyanarayanan. Disconnected Operation in the Coda File System, Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Pages 213-225,1991.
[26] Steve Fickas, Gerd Kortuem, Zary Segall, Software Issue in Wearable Computing.Position Paper for the HCI Workshop on Research Issues in Wearable Computers,March23-24,1997,Atlanta,GA.(at http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/wearables/ papers/).
[27] Gerd Kortuem,Zary Segall,and Martin Bauer,Context-aware,adaptive wearable computing as remote interfaces to 'intelligent'environments. In Second IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers. University of Oregon, Oct 1998.
[28] Kiciman E. & Fox, A. (2000). Using dynamic mediation to integrate COTS entities in a ubiquitous computing environment. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitious Computing (HUC2K), Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag.
[29] Mark Weiser. Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing. Communications of the ACM, 36(7):74-83, July 1993. In Special Issue on Computer-Augmented Environments.
[30] Rhodes, B., Minar, N., and Weaver, J. Wearable Computing Meets Ubiquitous Computing:Reaping the best of both worlds. In Proceedings of ISWC'99, pp. 141-149, IEEE Computer Society, 1999.
[31] Want, R., Schilit, B.N., Adams, N.I., et al. The Parctab Ubiquitous Computing Experiment,Technical Report, CSL-95-1, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1995.
[32] Roy, D., Sawhney, N., Schmandt, C., & Pentland, A.. Wearable Audio Computing: A Survey of Interaction Techniques.(Perceptual Computing Technical Report #434), 1997: Cambridge, MA: MIT Perceptual Computing.
[33] Nitin Sawhney , Chris Schmandt. Speaking and Listening on the Run: Design for Wearable Audio Computing .Proceedings of the 2ND International Symposium on Wearable Computing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 19-20 October 1998, pp. 108-115.
Starner, T., Weaver, J., & Pentland, A.. A Wearable Computer Based American Sign Language Recognizer. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1997 ,pp.
[34] 130-137. Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[35] 葛列众，三义强，计算机的自适应界面——人-计算机界面设计的新思路，人类工效学，1996年9月第2卷第3期。
[36] 普建涛，陈文广，王衡，董士海，多通道用户界面关键技术和未来发展趋势研究，计算机研究与发展，第38卷第6期，2001年6月。
[37] R.L.Rivest,Shamir A.,and L.M.Adleman.A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Comm.ACM,21:120-126,1978.
[38] W.N. Schilit, A System Architecture for Context-Aware Mobile Computing, Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY,1995.
[39] 周莹新，艾波，软件体系结构建模研究，软件学报，第9卷第11期，1998年11月。
[40] 付长冬，孟庆余，潘清，基于微内核的操作系统综述，计算机工程与科学，第19卷第3期，1997年8月。
[41] Dey A. K. & Abowd, G. D. (2000a). Towards a better understanding of context and context-awareness.Proceedings of the Workshop on the What, Who, Where, When and How of Context-Awareness, affiliated with the CHI 2000 Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, New York, NY: ACM Press.
[42] Dey A. K., Salber, D. & Abowd, G. D. (1999). A context-based infrastructure for smart environments. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Managing Interactions in Smart Environments (MANSE '99), 114-128. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag.
[43] T. Starner, S. Mann, B. Rhodes, J. Healey, K. Russell, J. Levine, and A. Pentland. Wearable Computing and Augmented Reality, Technical Report,1995. Media Lab Vision and Modeling Group RT-355, MIT.
[44] Starner, T., Mann, S., Rhodes, B., Levine, J., Healey, J., Kirsch, D., Picard, R. W., & Pentland, A.. Augmented Reality Through Wearable Computing. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 1997,pp. 386-398.
[45] Bradley J. Rhodes. The Wearable Remembrance Agent: A system for augmented memory, Personal Technologies Journal Special Issue on Wearable Computing , Personal Technologies, 1(4), 1997,pp. 218-224.
[46] Steve Fickas, Gerd Kortuem, Zary Segall, "NETMAN: Collaborative Network Maintenance with Wearable Computers", submitted to GROUP97, available online at http//www.cs.uoregon.edu/wearables/Papers/group97.ps.
M. Abrams and R. Wooster, "Proxy Caching that estimates page load delays", Technical Paper 24061-0106, Virginia tech Network Research Group, Computer Science Dept,Blacksburg, VA,
[47] December 1999.
[48] J.Shim, P. Scheumermann and R. Vingralek,"Proxy Cache Algorithms: Design, Implementation, and Performance", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 4, July/August 1999.
[49] P. Cao and S. Irani, "Cost-Aware Proxy Caching Algorithm", Proceedings of the 1997 SENIX Symposium on Internet Technology and Systems, December 1997.
[50] Paul Barford, Azer Bestavros, Adam Bradley, and Mark Crovella. Changes in Web client access patterns: characteristics and caching implications. WWW Journal, 2(1): 3-16, 1999.
[51] Elizabeth J. O'Neil, Patrick E. O'Neil, Gerhard Weikum. The LRU-K page replacement algorithm for database disk buffering. In Proceedings of ACM SIGMOD, May, 1993.