钙化性纳米微粒与草酸钙肾结石关系的初步研究
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摘要
目的通过对草酸钙肾结石患者肾结石、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化斑组织标本的钙化性纳米微粒检测,探讨钙化性纳米微粒与草酸钙肾结石形成的关系；通过肾乳头钙化组织的超微结构观察,阐述钙化性纳米微粒致草酸钙肾结石形成的可能机制。
方法1、收集20例草酸钙肾结石患者的肾结石、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本,分离和培养钙化性纳米微粒,并应用Von kossa染色、电镜、X线能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱等技术检测钙化性纳米微粒的存在,取6例肾脏肿瘤患者的肾盂尿液、肾乳头组织标本作为对照,RPMI 1640培养液作为空白对照。2、在光镜下观察钙化性纳米微粒检测阳性的草酸钙肾结石患者的肾乳头钙化组织中钙盐沉积的部位,并利用电镜对该组织的超微结构进行观察。3、在不同的时间段,利用扫描电镜对肾结石、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本来源的钙化性纳米微粒的形态变化进行观察。
结果草酸钙肾结石患者的肾结石核心、表面、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本中均检测到钙化性纳米微粒的存在,阳性率分别为75%、60%、55%、65%。扫描电镜观察发现肾乳头钙化组织内存在大量钙化性纳米微粒,这些微粒聚集成团,粘附于小管上皮,并被内吞。透射电镜下,在肾乳头钙化组织间质中也发现了类似钙化性纳米微粒的颗粒,髓攀间质中的钙化斑结构与钙化性纳米微粒在体外培养了40周的形态极为相似。
结论钙化性纳米微粒与草酸钙肾结石的形成存在密切联系：钙化性纳米微粒可能参与肾乳头钙化-草酸钙肾结石的形成过程。肾结石、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本来源的钙化性纳米微粒的形态在无血清的培养环境中具有多形性。
Objective To investigate the relationship between calcifying nanoparticles and calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.
Method Kidney stones, renal pelvis urine and renal papilla calcified tissue spices were collected from 20 patients who were suffered from calcium oxalate kidney stones. Electron microscopy, Von kossa staining, X ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technologies were applied for identifying these calcifying nanoparticles. RPMI 1640 medium was as blank control.6 cases of patients with kidney tumor were in control group.2 The renal papilla calcified tissue in which the detection of calcifying nanoparticles were positive were searched for calcium salts site by light microscope.The ultrastructure of renal papilla calcified tissue were observed by electron microscopy.3 The morphology of calcifying nanoparticles which were cultured under free-serum was observed by electron microscopy in different periods.
Results The calcifying nanoparticles positive rate in the spices of patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones was as follows:the core of kidney stone was 75%, surface was 60%, renal pelvis urine was 55%, and renal papillary calcifying tissue was 65%. A large number of calcifying nanoparticles were observed in renal papilla calcified tissue by scanning electron microscope, these particles adhered to the tubular epithelial cells. The particles which were similar to calcifying nanoparticles were also found in this tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The structure of calcifying nanoparticles under 40 weeks culture was similar to the Randall's plaque.
Conclusion Calcifying nanoparticles are in close contact with the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones:The appearance of these particles in calcified renal papillary tissue suggests that calcifying nanoparticles may play an important role in formation of calcified renal papilla-calcium oxalate kidney stones.The morphology of calcifying nanoparticles under free-serum culture is pleomorphic.
方法1、收集20例草酸钙肾结石患者的肾结石、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本,分离和培养钙化性纳米微粒,并应用Von kossa染色、电镜、X线能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱等技术检测钙化性纳米微粒的存在,取6例肾脏肿瘤患者的肾盂尿液、肾乳头组织标本作为对照,RPMI 1640培养液作为空白对照。2、在光镜下观察钙化性纳米微粒检测阳性的草酸钙肾结石患者的肾乳头钙化组织中钙盐沉积的部位,并利用电镜对该组织的超微结构进行观察。3、在不同的时间段,利用扫描电镜对肾结石、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本来源的钙化性纳米微粒的形态变化进行观察。
结果草酸钙肾结石患者的肾结石核心、表面、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本中均检测到钙化性纳米微粒的存在,阳性率分别为75%、60%、55%、65%。扫描电镜观察发现肾乳头钙化组织内存在大量钙化性纳米微粒,这些微粒聚集成团,粘附于小管上皮,并被内吞。透射电镜下,在肾乳头钙化组织间质中也发现了类似钙化性纳米微粒的颗粒,髓攀间质中的钙化斑结构与钙化性纳米微粒在体外培养了40周的形态极为相似。
结论钙化性纳米微粒与草酸钙肾结石的形成存在密切联系：钙化性纳米微粒可能参与肾乳头钙化-草酸钙肾结石的形成过程。肾结石、肾盂尿液和肾乳头钙化组织标本来源的钙化性纳米微粒的形态在无血清的培养环境中具有多形性。
Objective To investigate the relationship between calcifying nanoparticles and calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.
Method Kidney stones, renal pelvis urine and renal papilla calcified tissue spices were collected from 20 patients who were suffered from calcium oxalate kidney stones. Electron microscopy, Von kossa staining, X ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technologies were applied for identifying these calcifying nanoparticles. RPMI 1640 medium was as blank control.6 cases of patients with kidney tumor were in control group.2 The renal papilla calcified tissue in which the detection of calcifying nanoparticles were positive were searched for calcium salts site by light microscope.The ultrastructure of renal papilla calcified tissue were observed by electron microscopy.3 The morphology of calcifying nanoparticles which were cultured under free-serum was observed by electron microscopy in different periods.
Results The calcifying nanoparticles positive rate in the spices of patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones was as follows:the core of kidney stone was 75%, surface was 60%, renal pelvis urine was 55%, and renal papillary calcifying tissue was 65%. A large number of calcifying nanoparticles were observed in renal papilla calcified tissue by scanning electron microscope, these particles adhered to the tubular epithelial cells. The particles which were similar to calcifying nanoparticles were also found in this tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The structure of calcifying nanoparticles under 40 weeks culture was similar to the Randall's plaque.
Conclusion Calcifying nanoparticles are in close contact with the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones:The appearance of these particles in calcified renal papillary tissue suggests that calcifying nanoparticles may play an important role in formation of calcified renal papilla-calcium oxalate kidney stones.The morphology of calcifying nanoparticles under free-serum culture is pleomorphic.
引文
1 Bushinsky DA. Nephrolithiasis:site of the initial solid phase.J Clin Invest, 2003, 111(5):602-605.
2 Kumar V, Farell G, Yu S, et al. Cell biology of pathologic renal calcification:contribution of crystal transcytosis,cell-mediated calcification, and nanoparticles. J Invest Med,2006,54(7):412-424.
3 Drancourt M, Jacomo V, Lepidi H,, et al. Attempted isolation of Nanobacterium sp. microorganisms from upper urinary tract stones. J Clin Microbiol,2003,41(1):368-372.
4任海林,颜东文,史葆光,等.上尿路结石中纳米细菌的检测.中华泌尿外科杂志,2006,27(9)：620.
5 Wen Y, Li YG, Yang ZL, et al. Detection of nanobacteria in serum, bile and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholecystolithiasis [J]. Chin Med J,2005, 118(5):421-424.
6 Tsurumoto T, Zhu D, Sommer AP. Identification of nanobacteria in human arthritic synovial fluid by method validated in human blood and urine using 200nm model nanoparticles [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2008,42(9):3324-3328.
7 Ciftcioglu N, Bjorklund M, Kuorikoski K, et al. Nanobacteria:an infectious cause for kidney stone formation [J].Kidney Int,1999,56:1893-1898.
8 Ciftcioglu N, Vejdani K, Lee O, et al. Association between Randall's plaque and calcifying nanoparticles [J].Int J Nanomedicine,2008,3(1):105-115.
9 Shiekh FA, Khullar M, Singh SK.Lithogenesis:induction of renal calcifications by nanobacteria [J]. Urol Res,2006,34(1):53-57.
10 Garcia Cuerpo E, Olavi Kajander E, Ciftcioglu N,et al.Nanobacteria; An experimental neo-litogenesis experimental [J]. Arch Esp Urol,2000,53(4): 291-303.
11 Khullar M, Sharma SK, Singh SK, et al Morphological and immunological characteristics of nanobacteria from human renal stones of a north Indian population. Urol Res 2004,32(3):190-195.
12 Puskas LG, Tiszlavicz L, Razga Z,et al Detection of nanobacteria-like particles in human atherosclerotic plaques Acta Biol Hung, 2005,56(3-4):233-245.
13沈学成,杨杰,饶贤才等.前列腺结石患者结石中纳米细菌的分离和16SrRNA基因的鉴定.第三军医大学学报,2008,30(2)：124-126.
14 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N, Aho K, et al. Characteristics of nanobacteria and their possible role in stone formation. Urol Res,2003,31:47-54.
15 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N. Nanobacteria:An alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra-and extracellular calcification and stone formation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998,95(14):8274-8279.
16叶章群,邓耀良,董诚,主编.泌尿系结石.北京：人民卫生出版社,2003,224.
17 Matlaga BR, Williams JC Jr, Evan AP, et al. Endoscopic evidence of calculus attachment to Randall's plaque. J Urol.2006; 175(5):1720-1724
18 Kim SC, Coe FL, Tinmouth WW, et al. Stone formation is proportional to papillary surface coverage by Randall's plaque. J Urol.2005,173(1):117-119
19 Miller NL, Gillen DL, Evan AP, et al A formal test of the hypothesis that idiopathic calcium oxalate stones grow on Randall's plaque. BJU Int.2009, 103(7):966-971.
20邓耀良.Randall斑的历史、现状和未来.广西医学,2005,27(1),10-12.
21黎承杨,邓耀良.草酸和草酸钙晶体损伤肾脏的机制研究进展.中华实验外科杂志：2007：24(12)：1616-1618.
22 Stejskal D, Karpisek M, Vrtal R,et al. Urine fetuin-A values in relation to the presence of urolithiasis. BJU Int,2008,101(9):1151-1154.
23 Pedraza CE, Chien YC, McKee MD. Calcium oxalate crystals in fetal bovine serum: Implications for cell culture, phagocytosis and biomineralization studies in vitro.J Cell Biochem,2008,103(5):1379-1393.
24 Bratos-Perez MA, Sanchez PL, Garcia de Cruz S, et al. Association between self-replicating calcifying nanoparticles and aortic stenosis:a possible link to valve calcification. Eur Heart J.2008,29(3):371-376.
25 Escobar C, Byer KJ, Khan SR, et al.Apatite induced renal epithelial injury: insight into the pathogenesis of kidney stones J Urol.2008; 180(1):379-87.
26关晓峰,邓耀良,黎承杨等,巨噬细胞对肾结石晶体转运机制的初步研究,中华泌尿外科杂志,2010,31(2),88-91.
27 Martel J, Young JD. Purported nanobacteria in human blood as carbonate nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(14):5549-5554.
28 Young JD, Martel J, Young L et al. Putative nanobacteria represent physiological remnants and culture by-products of normal calcium homeostasis PLoS One.2009; 4(2):e4417.
29 Mathew G, Mckay DS, Ciftcioglu N. Do blood-borne calcifying nanoparticles self-propagate? Int J Nanomedicine.2008; 3(2):265-275.
30 Cisar JO, Xu DQ, Thompson J, et al.An alternative interpretation of nanobacteria-induced biomineralization [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000,97 (21):11511-11515.
31 Martel J, Young JD. Purported nanobacteria in human blood as carbonate nanoparticles [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(14):5549-5554.
32 Raoult D, Drancourt M, Azza S, Nappez C, Guieu R, et al. (2008) Nanobacteria are mineralo fetuin complexes. PLoS Pathog.2008 Feb 8; 4(2):e41.
33 Young JD, Martel J, Young D et al. Characterization of granulations of calcium and apatite in serum as pleomorphic mineralo-protein complexes and as precursors of putative nanobacteria PLoS One.2009; 4(5):e54
1 Ciftcioglu N, Bjorklund M, Kuorikoski K, et al. Nanobacteria:an infectious cause for kidney stone formation [J].Kidney Int,1999,56:1893-1898.
2 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N. Nanobacteria:An alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra-and extracellular calcification and stone formation [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998,95(14):8274-8279.
3 Cisar JO, Xu DQ, Thompson J, et al.An alternative interpretation of nanobacteria-induced biomineralization [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000,97 (21):11511-11515.
4 Kajander EO. Nanobacteria-propagating calcifying nanoparticles [J]. Lett Appl Microbiol,2006,42(6):549-552.
5 Wen Y, Li YG, Yang ZL, et al. Detection of nanobacteria in serum, bile and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholecystolithiasis[J]. Chin Med J,2005, 118(5):421-424.
6 Akerman KK, Kuikka JT,Ciftcioglu N, et al Radiolabling and in vivo distribution of nanobacteria in rabbit[J].Proc SPIE,1997,3111:436-442.
7 Mathew G, Mckay DS, Ciftcioglu N. Do blood-borne calcifying nanoparticles self-propagate [J]? Int J Nanomedicine.2008,3(2):265-275.
8 Bjorklund M, Ciftcioglu N, Kajander EO. Extraordinary survival of nanobacteria under extreme conditions [J]. Proc SPIE,1998,3441:123-129.
9 Ciftcioglu N, Haddad RS, Golden DC, et al. A potential cause for kidney stone formation during space flights:enhanced growth of nanobacteria in microgravity [J]. Kidney Int,2005,67(2):483-491.
10 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N, Aho K, et al. Characteristics of nanobacteria and their possible role in stone formation [J]. Urol Res,2003,31:47-54.
11 Ciftcioglu N, Miller-Hjelle MA, Hjelle JT, et al. Inhibition of nanobacteria by antimicrobial drugs as measured by a modified microdilution method [J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemotherapy,2002,46(7):2077-2086.
12 Silay YS, Altundag K, Altundag O, et al. Bisphosphonates may inhibit development of atherosclerosis formation through its bactericidal effect on nanobacteria [J]. Med Hypotheses,2005,64:1239-1240.
13 Maniscalco BS, Taylor KA. Calcification in coronary artery disease can be reversed by EDTA-tetracycline long-term chemotherapy [J]. Pathophysiology, 2004,11(2):95-101.
14 Shoskes DA, Thomas KD, Gomez E. Anti-nanobacterial therapy for men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostatic stones: preliminary experience [J]. J Urol 2005,173:474-477.
15 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N, Miller-Hjelle MA, et al. Nanobacteria: controversial pathogens in nephrolithiasis and polycystic kidney disease [J].Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens,2001,10(3):445-452.
16 Tsurumoto T, Zhu D, Sommer AP. Identification of nanobacteria in human arthritic synovial fluid by method validated in human blood and urine using 200nm model nanoparticles [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2008,42(9):3324-3328.
17 Puskas LG, Tiszlavicz L, Razga Z,et al.Detection of nanobacteria-like particles in human atherosclerotic plaques[J].Acta Biol Hung, 2005,56(3-4):233-245.
18 Jelic TM, Chang HH, Roque R, et al.Nanobacteria-associated calcific aortic valve stenosis [J]. J Heart Valve Dis,2007,16(1):101-105.
19 Demir T. Is there any relation of nanobacteria with periodontal diseases [J]? Med Hypotheses,2008,70(1):36-39.
20 Agababov R M, Abashina T N, Suzina N E, et al. Link between the early calcium deposition in placenta and its nanobacterial-like infection [J] J Biosci, 2007,32(6):1163-1168.
21 Tomislav M J, Rod R, Yasar U, et al. Calcifying nanoparticles associated encrusted urinary bladder cystitis [J]. Int J Nanomedicine,2008:3(3) 385-390.
22 Wang L, Shen W, Wen J, et al. An animal model of black pigment gallstones caused by nanobacteria [J]. Dig Dis Sci,2006,51(6):1126-1132.
23 Miller VM, Rodgers G, Charlesworth JA, et al. Evidence of nanobacterial-like structures in calcified human arteries and cardiac valves [J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2004,287(3):H 1115-H 1124.
24 Bratos-Perez MA, Sanchez PL, Garcia de Cruz S, et al. Association between self-replicating calcifying nanoparticles and aortic stenosis:a possible link to valve calcification [J]. Eur Heart J,2008,29(3):371-376.
25 Matlaga BR, Coe FL, Evan AP, et al. The role of Randall's plaques in the pathogenesis of calcium stones [J]. J Urol,2007,177:31-38
26 Ciftcioglu N, Vejdani K, Lee O, et al. Association between Randall's plaque and calcifying nanoparticles [J].Int J Nanomedicine,2008,3(1):105-115.
27 Ciftcioglu N, Kajander EO. Interaction of nanobacteria with cultured mammalian cells [J]. Pathophysiology,1998,4:259-270.
28 Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, et al. Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders [M].The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 2006,18(4):304.
29 Shiekh FA, Khullar M, Singh SK.Lithogenesis:induction of renal calcifications by nanobacteria [J]. Urol Res,2006,34(1):53-57.
30 Garcia Cuerpo E, Olavi Kajander E, Ciftcioglu N,et al.Nanobacteria; An experimental neo-litogenesis experimental [J]. Arch Esp Urol,2000,53(4): 291-303.
31 Kumar V, Farell G, Yu S, et al. Cell biology of pathologic renal calcification: contribution of crystal transcytosis, cell mediated calcification, and nanoparticles [J]. J Investig Med,2006,54(7):412-424.
32 Martel J, Young JD. Purported nanobacteria in human blood as carbonate nanoparticles [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(14):5549-5554.
2 Kumar V, Farell G, Yu S, et al. Cell biology of pathologic renal calcification:contribution of crystal transcytosis,cell-mediated calcification, and nanoparticles. J Invest Med,2006,54(7):412-424.
3 Drancourt M, Jacomo V, Lepidi H,, et al. Attempted isolation of Nanobacterium sp. microorganisms from upper urinary tract stones. J Clin Microbiol,2003,41(1):368-372.
4任海林,颜东文,史葆光,等.上尿路结石中纳米细菌的检测.中华泌尿外科杂志,2006,27(9)：620.
5 Wen Y, Li YG, Yang ZL, et al. Detection of nanobacteria in serum, bile and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholecystolithiasis [J]. Chin Med J,2005, 118(5):421-424.
6 Tsurumoto T, Zhu D, Sommer AP. Identification of nanobacteria in human arthritic synovial fluid by method validated in human blood and urine using 200nm model nanoparticles [J]. Environ Sci Technol,2008,42(9):3324-3328.
7 Ciftcioglu N, Bjorklund M, Kuorikoski K, et al. Nanobacteria:an infectious cause for kidney stone formation [J].Kidney Int,1999,56:1893-1898.
8 Ciftcioglu N, Vejdani K, Lee O, et al. Association between Randall's plaque and calcifying nanoparticles [J].Int J Nanomedicine,2008,3(1):105-115.
9 Shiekh FA, Khullar M, Singh SK.Lithogenesis:induction of renal calcifications by nanobacteria [J]. Urol Res,2006,34(1):53-57.
10 Garcia Cuerpo E, Olavi Kajander E, Ciftcioglu N,et al.Nanobacteria; An experimental neo-litogenesis experimental [J]. Arch Esp Urol,2000,53(4): 291-303.
11 Khullar M, Sharma SK, Singh SK, et al Morphological and immunological characteristics of nanobacteria from human renal stones of a north Indian population. Urol Res 2004,32(3):190-195.
12 Puskas LG, Tiszlavicz L, Razga Z,et al Detection of nanobacteria-like particles in human atherosclerotic plaques Acta Biol Hung, 2005,56(3-4):233-245.
13沈学成,杨杰,饶贤才等.前列腺结石患者结石中纳米细菌的分离和16SrRNA基因的鉴定.第三军医大学学报,2008,30(2)：124-126.
14 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N, Aho K, et al. Characteristics of nanobacteria and their possible role in stone formation. Urol Res,2003,31:47-54.
15 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N. Nanobacteria:An alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra-and extracellular calcification and stone formation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998,95(14):8274-8279.
16叶章群,邓耀良,董诚,主编.泌尿系结石.北京：人民卫生出版社,2003,224.
17 Matlaga BR, Williams JC Jr, Evan AP, et al. Endoscopic evidence of calculus attachment to Randall's plaque. J Urol.2006; 175(5):1720-1724
18 Kim SC, Coe FL, Tinmouth WW, et al. Stone formation is proportional to papillary surface coverage by Randall's plaque. J Urol.2005,173(1):117-119
19 Miller NL, Gillen DL, Evan AP, et al A formal test of the hypothesis that idiopathic calcium oxalate stones grow on Randall's plaque. BJU Int.2009, 103(7):966-971.
20邓耀良.Randall斑的历史、现状和未来.广西医学,2005,27(1),10-12.
21黎承杨,邓耀良.草酸和草酸钙晶体损伤肾脏的机制研究进展.中华实验外科杂志：2007：24(12)：1616-1618.
22 Stejskal D, Karpisek M, Vrtal R,et al. Urine fetuin-A values in relation to the presence of urolithiasis. BJU Int,2008,101(9):1151-1154.
23 Pedraza CE, Chien YC, McKee MD. Calcium oxalate crystals in fetal bovine serum: Implications for cell culture, phagocytosis and biomineralization studies in vitro.J Cell Biochem,2008,103(5):1379-1393.
24 Bratos-Perez MA, Sanchez PL, Garcia de Cruz S, et al. Association between self-replicating calcifying nanoparticles and aortic stenosis:a possible link to valve calcification. Eur Heart J.2008,29(3):371-376.
25 Escobar C, Byer KJ, Khan SR, et al.Apatite induced renal epithelial injury: insight into the pathogenesis of kidney stones J Urol.2008; 180(1):379-87.
26关晓峰,邓耀良,黎承杨等,巨噬细胞对肾结石晶体转运机制的初步研究,中华泌尿外科杂志,2010,31(2),88-91.
27 Martel J, Young JD. Purported nanobacteria in human blood as carbonate nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(14):5549-5554.
28 Young JD, Martel J, Young L et al. Putative nanobacteria represent physiological remnants and culture by-products of normal calcium homeostasis PLoS One.2009; 4(2):e4417.
29 Mathew G, Mckay DS, Ciftcioglu N. Do blood-borne calcifying nanoparticles self-propagate? Int J Nanomedicine.2008; 3(2):265-275.
30 Cisar JO, Xu DQ, Thompson J, et al.An alternative interpretation of nanobacteria-induced biomineralization [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000,97 (21):11511-11515.
31 Martel J, Young JD. Purported nanobacteria in human blood as carbonate nanoparticles [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2008,105(14):5549-5554.
32 Raoult D, Drancourt M, Azza S, Nappez C, Guieu R, et al. (2008) Nanobacteria are mineralo fetuin complexes. PLoS Pathog.2008 Feb 8; 4(2):e41.
33 Young JD, Martel J, Young D et al. Characterization of granulations of calcium and apatite in serum as pleomorphic mineralo-protein complexes and as precursors of putative nanobacteria PLoS One.2009; 4(5):e54
1 Ciftcioglu N, Bjorklund M, Kuorikoski K, et al. Nanobacteria:an infectious cause for kidney stone formation [J].Kidney Int,1999,56:1893-1898.
2 Kajander EO, Ciftcioglu N. Nanobacteria:An alternative mechanism for pathogenic intra-and extracellular calcification and stone formation [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998,95(14):8274-8279.
3 Cisar JO, Xu DQ, Thompson J, et al.An alternative interpretation of nanobacteria-induced biomineralization [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000,97 (21):11511-11515.
4 Kajander EO. Nanobacteria-propagating calcifying nanoparticles [J]. Lett Appl Microbiol,2006,42(6):549-552.
5 Wen Y, Li YG, Yang ZL, et al. Detection of nanobacteria in serum, bile and gallbladder mucosa of patients with cholecystolithiasis[J]. Chin Med J,2005, 118(5):421-424.
6 Akerman KK, Kuikka JT,Ciftcioglu N, et al Radiolabling and in vivo distribution of nanobacteria in rabbit[J].Proc SPIE,1997,3111:436-442.
7 Mathew G, Mckay DS, Ciftcioglu N. Do blood-borne calcifying nanoparticles self-propagate [J]? Int J Nanomedicine.2008,3(2):265-275.
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