一种大型齿轮组织缺陷及其开裂失效分析
|
摘要
两件大型渗碳齿轮在磨齿及静置的过程中发生开裂,现场检查发现两件齿轮的裂纹均出现在齿轮辐板圆孔。本论文以两件开裂的大型渗碳齿轮为研究对象,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光学电子显微镜(OPM)详细观察研究了齿轮的宏观及微观组织特征；利用发射光谱仪(OES)、X射线能谱仪(EDX)研究了齿轮材料的基体成分及微区成分。通过对开裂齿轮的宏观断口及微观断口的观察研究确定了两件齿轮的开裂机制及失效原因。论文主要结论如下：
(1)这两件齿轮的材质为20CrMnTi钢,正常区基体化学成分符合技术要求,齿轮表面进行了渗碳处理。
(2)这两件齿轮基体普遍存在冶金缺陷-宏观点状偏析,偏析等级为此类缺陷中最严重的4级,尤其在裂纹源区出现了较大尺寸的偏析区(24x47mm和27×12mm),在宏观点状偏析区的Si、Mn、P、S、Cr等元素含量均高于正常区基体。
(3)点状偏析区与正常区域的微观组织存在明显差异：辐板表层偏析区由淬火马氏体和残余奥氏体组成,正常区由回火马氏体组成；辐板心部偏析区组织为贝氏体和沿晶断续铁素体,正常区基体组织为细片状珠光体和沿晶粗网状铁素体。
(4)两件齿轮断口呈沿晶断裂形貌,其沿晶小刻面上存在韧性撕裂或“鸡爪”痕迹,表现出氢致开裂的断口特征,两件齿轮的失效形式均属于氢致沿晶开裂。
(5)辐板心部存在的点状偏析区为氢脆开裂提供了组织条件：偏析区存在过量的P、S元素、出现了对氢脆更为敏感的贝氏体组织,在齿轮辐板裂纹源区存在的较大尺寸的偏析缺陷成为吸氢的“陷阱”,随着偏析区氢含量的增加,界面强度降低,最终导致富氢区开裂。氢可能是在材料熔炼或铸造的过程中引入的。
Two large carburized gears cracked when grinding teeth and on a statically placed state. Inspection in site show that for the two gears the circumferential cracking occurr-ed on the spoke plate between the two holes of gear. The macrostructure and micro-structure of gear material were analyzed by SEM and OPM in detail. Chemical compo-sition of core and micro-composition were examined by OES and EDX. Macro and micro fractures were investigated by visual and SEM to determine the cracking mechanism and the failure causes of the two gears. The main results can be concluded as follows:
(1) Severe macro point-like segregation is present in the gear material. Content of Si, Mn, Cr, especially P, S in the segregation zones is much higher than in the non-segregation zones. The excessive alloying elements in the segregation zone result in the microstructure difference between the segregation and non-segregation zones.
(2) The cracks initiated from the larger size segregation zones in the core of spoke plate of gear and propagated toward the two hole surfaces on the spoke plate and the upper and low ends of gear. Failure in intergranular mode and the intergranular facets associated with ductile tearing was found. Evidences indicate that the failure of the gea-rs is due to hydrogen embrittlement. The possible source for hydrogen was introduced during melting and casting operating.
(3) The large segregation zones in the core of spoke plate of gear supply the favor-able metallurgical condition for hydrogen-induced fracture:presence of excessive impurities of S, P and microstructure of bainite susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, which became the trap of hydrogen. As the hydrogen content in the segregation zone increased, the strength of interfaces decreased to lead to cracking of the hydrogen-enriched zone.
(1)这两件齿轮的材质为20CrMnTi钢,正常区基体化学成分符合技术要求,齿轮表面进行了渗碳处理。
(2)这两件齿轮基体普遍存在冶金缺陷-宏观点状偏析,偏析等级为此类缺陷中最严重的4级,尤其在裂纹源区出现了较大尺寸的偏析区(24x47mm和27×12mm),在宏观点状偏析区的Si、Mn、P、S、Cr等元素含量均高于正常区基体。
(3)点状偏析区与正常区域的微观组织存在明显差异：辐板表层偏析区由淬火马氏体和残余奥氏体组成,正常区由回火马氏体组成；辐板心部偏析区组织为贝氏体和沿晶断续铁素体,正常区基体组织为细片状珠光体和沿晶粗网状铁素体。
(4)两件齿轮断口呈沿晶断裂形貌,其沿晶小刻面上存在韧性撕裂或“鸡爪”痕迹,表现出氢致开裂的断口特征,两件齿轮的失效形式均属于氢致沿晶开裂。
(5)辐板心部存在的点状偏析区为氢脆开裂提供了组织条件：偏析区存在过量的P、S元素、出现了对氢脆更为敏感的贝氏体组织,在齿轮辐板裂纹源区存在的较大尺寸的偏析缺陷成为吸氢的“陷阱”,随着偏析区氢含量的增加,界面强度降低,最终导致富氢区开裂。氢可能是在材料熔炼或铸造的过程中引入的。
Two large carburized gears cracked when grinding teeth and on a statically placed state. Inspection in site show that for the two gears the circumferential cracking occurr-ed on the spoke plate between the two holes of gear. The macrostructure and micro-structure of gear material were analyzed by SEM and OPM in detail. Chemical compo-sition of core and micro-composition were examined by OES and EDX. Macro and micro fractures were investigated by visual and SEM to determine the cracking mechanism and the failure causes of the two gears. The main results can be concluded as follows:
(1) Severe macro point-like segregation is present in the gear material. Content of Si, Mn, Cr, especially P, S in the segregation zones is much higher than in the non-segregation zones. The excessive alloying elements in the segregation zone result in the microstructure difference between the segregation and non-segregation zones.
(2) The cracks initiated from the larger size segregation zones in the core of spoke plate of gear and propagated toward the two hole surfaces on the spoke plate and the upper and low ends of gear. Failure in intergranular mode and the intergranular facets associated with ductile tearing was found. Evidences indicate that the failure of the gea-rs is due to hydrogen embrittlement. The possible source for hydrogen was introduced during melting and casting operating.
(3) The large segregation zones in the core of spoke plate of gear supply the favor-able metallurgical condition for hydrogen-induced fracture:presence of excessive impurities of S, P and microstructure of bainite susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, which became the trap of hydrogen. As the hydrogen content in the segregation zone increased, the strength of interfaces decreased to lead to cracking of the hydrogen-enriched zone.
引文
[1]王忠诚.热处理常见缺陷分析与对策.北京：化学工业出版社,2008.
[2]刘瑞堂.机械零件失效分析.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2003.
[3]褚武扬,乔利杰,陈奇志等.断裂与环境断裂.北京：科学出版社,2000.
[4]《金属机械性能》编写组.金属机械性能.北京：机械工业出版社,1982.
[5]张栋,钟培道,陶春虎等.失效分析.北京：国防工业出版社,2004.
[6]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei. Crack failure of gears used in generating electricity equipment by wind power. Engineering Failure analysis,2008,15(7):938-945.
[7]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of diesel engine rocker arms. Engineering Failure Analysis,2006,13(4):598-605.
[8]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of an idler gear of diesel engine gear box. Engineering Failure Analysis,2006,13(7):1092-1100.
[9]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei, Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear-shaft. Engineering Failure Analysis,2006,13(8):1351-1357.
[10]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of a diesel engine piston-pin. Engineering Failure analysis,2007,14:10-117.
[11]Yu Zhiwei,Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear system consisting of camshaft and crankshaft gears. Journal of Failure analysis and prevention,2007, 7(2):119-126.
[12]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis on fractured diesel engine camshafts. Journal of failure analysis and prevention,2009,9(1):39-42.
[13]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei. Failure analysis of cracked gear-shafts. Journal of failure analysis and prevention,2009,9(1):43-48.
[14]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei. Metallurgical investigation on cracked plunger-sleeves. Engineering Failure analysis,2009,5(16):1740-1748.
[15]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei, Liu Xuan etal. Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear-train used in a truck. Journal of failure analysis and prevention,2010,10:218-222.
[16]张峥.失效分析思路.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(3)：158-161.
[17]钟培道.断裂失效分析.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(7)：375-378.
[18]杨明波.金属材料实验基础.北京：化学工业出版社,2008.
[19]廖景娱.金属构件失效分析.北京：化学工业出版社,2003.
[20]陈南平,顾守仁,沈万慈.脆断失效分析.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[21]刘民治,钟明勋.失效分析的思路与诊断.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[22]陈南平,顾守仁,沈万慈.机械零件失效分析.北京：清华大学出版社,1988.
[23]褚武扬.氢损伤与滞后断裂.北京：冶金工业出版社,1988.
[24]《金属断口分析》编写组.金属断口分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1979.
[25]杨道明.金属力学性能与失效分析.北京：冶金工业出版社,1991.
[26]钟群鹏,赵子华.断口学.北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[27]钟群鹏.材料失效诊断、预测和预防.长沙：中南大学出版社,2009.
[28]程靳,赵树山.断裂力学.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[29]张栋.机械失效的痕迹分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1996.
[30]苏锡久,陈英.金属材料断口分析及图谱.北京：科学出版社,1991.
[31]刘民治,钟明勋.失效分析的思路与诊断.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[32]钟群鹏,田永江.失效分析基础知识.北京：机械工业出版社,1990.
[33]吴连生.失效分析技术.成都：四川科学技术出版社,1985.
[34]李炯辉.金属材料金相图谱.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[35]大型铸锻件行业协会,大型铸锻件缺陷分析图谱编委会.大型铸锻件缺陷分析图谱.北京：机械工业出版社,1990.
[36]冶金工业部钢铁研究院.钢的金相图谱.北京：冶金工业出版社,1975.
[37]殷光虹.现代轧辊材料金相图谱.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[38]崔约贤,王长利.金属断口分析.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1998.
[39]任怀亮.金相实验技术.北京：冶金工业出版社,1989.
[40]张德堂.钢中非金属夹杂物鉴别.北京：国防工业出版社,1991.
[41]张栋.机械失效的实用分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1997.
[42]乔利杰.应力腐蚀机理.北京：科学技术出版社,1993.
[43]G亨利,D豪斯特曼.宏观断口学及显微断口学.北京：机械工业出版社,1990.
[44]王运炎.金相图谱.北京：高等教育出版社,1994.
[45]金相图谱编写组.金相图谱.北京：水利电力出版社,1986.
[46]王英杰.金属材料及热处理.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[47]李代钟.钢中的非金属夹杂物.北京：科学出版社,1983.
[48]张栋,钟培道,陶春虎.机械失效的实用分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1996.
[49]中国腐蚀与防护学会.金属的局部腐蚀.北京：化学工业出版社,1995.
[50]孙茂才.金属力学性能.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2005.
[51]张庆军.材料现代分析检测试验.北京：化学工业出版社,2006.
[52]高建明.材料力学性能.武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2004.
[53]P. Cotterill. The hydrogen embrittlement of metals. Progress in Materials Science, 1961,9:205-250.
[54]高克玮,褚武扬.环境断裂的位错层次研究.材料研究学报.1999,13(4)：337-342.
[55]钟群鹏,宋光雄,张峥等.机械失效模式、原因和机理的诊断思路和主要依据.北京航空航天大学学报.2004,30(10)：913-918.
[56]T. Omura, T. Kudo and S. Fujimoto. Environmental Factors Affecting Hydrogen Entry into High Strength Steel due to Atmospheric Corrosion. Materials transaction, 2006,47(12):2956-2962.
[57]王允实,侯翠萍,王明贤.一种变形铁基高温合金中的点状偏析.金属学报.1980,16(1)：22-29.
[58]杨志康.钢的氢脆.化工炼油机械.1984,13(5)：5-14.
[59]Lunarska E. Hydrogen-induced degradation of low-carbon steel. (NJ)USA:Noyes Publication,1985,712-36.
[60]王蓬,王海舟.金属中氢的分析技术进展.冶金分析.2007,27(3)：37-44.
[61]张瑞锋,邵奎祥.碳偏析和氢脆共同作用产生的置裂.大型铸锻件.2008,(5)：15-20.
[62]钟群鹏,武淮生,张峥等.机电装备的失效分析、安全评定和无损检测.中国工程科学.1999,1(1)：43-48.
[63]钟群鹏,张峥,田永江.机械装备失效分析诊断技术.北京航空航天大学学报.2002,28(5)：497-502.
[64]吴连生.失效分析技术及其应用.理化检验-物理分册.1996,32(3)：56-60.
[65]A. L. Marcelo, R. C. Tokimatsu, I. Ferreira. Hydrogen embrittlement in an AISI 1045 steel component of the sugarcane industry,2009,16:468-474.
[66]朱晓红.40Cr钢轧辊断裂原因分析.理化检验-物理分册.2007,43(6)：314-321.
[67]孙盛玉,戴雅康.热处理裂纹分析图谱.大连：大连出版社,2002.
[68]潘川,褚武扬,李正邦等.氢和氢致马氏体导致不锈钢氢脆的定量研究.中国科学.2002,32(3)：343-349.
[69]方军,何英达,田党等.低碳齿轮钢中点状偏析及内部气泡缺陷的研究.特殊钢.1991,12(4)：31-37.
[70]陈训浩.中心偏析原因、危害、评定及预防(上).冶金标准化及质量.1998,(4)：12-17.
[71]张峥.失效分析思路.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(3)：158-161.
[72]钟群鹏.失效分析基础知识.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(1)：44-47.
[73]N. K. Mukhopadhyay, G. Sridhar, N. Parida etal. Hydrogen embrittlement failure of hot dip galvanized high tensile wires. Engineering failure analysis,1999,6:253-265.
[74]Abhay K. Jha, P. Ramesh Narayanan, K. Sreekumar, M. C. Mittal, K. N. Ninan. Hydrogen embrittlement of 3.5Ni-1.5Cr-0.5Mo steel fastener,2008,15:431-349.
[75]蔡铁庄,王文.70Cr3Mo钢支承辊热处理断裂的原因分析.大型铸锻件.2010,2：18-21.
[76]Ernest Villalba, Andrej Atrens. Hydrogen embrittlement and rock bolt stress corrosion cracking. Engineering Failure Analysis,2009,16:164-175.
[77]ASM Handbook. Fractography. ASM International,1990,12.
[78]褚武扬,乔利杰,高克玮等.Zr基块状非晶的氢损伤与氢致滞后断裂.金属学报.2005,41(1)：99-102.
[79]褚武扬,王燕斌,王胜等.塑性变形在氢致断裂中的作用.中国腐蚀与防护学报.2000,20(4)：248-252.
[80]N. Eliaz, A. Shachar, B. Tal, F. Eliezer. Characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion cracking and tempered martensite embrittlement in high-strength steels. Engineering Failure Analysis,2002,9:167-184
[2]刘瑞堂.机械零件失效分析.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2003.
[3]褚武扬,乔利杰,陈奇志等.断裂与环境断裂.北京：科学出版社,2000.
[4]《金属机械性能》编写组.金属机械性能.北京：机械工业出版社,1982.
[5]张栋,钟培道,陶春虎等.失效分析.北京：国防工业出版社,2004.
[6]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei. Crack failure of gears used in generating electricity equipment by wind power. Engineering Failure analysis,2008,15(7):938-945.
[7]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of diesel engine rocker arms. Engineering Failure Analysis,2006,13(4):598-605.
[8]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of an idler gear of diesel engine gear box. Engineering Failure Analysis,2006,13(7):1092-1100.
[9]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei, Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear-shaft. Engineering Failure Analysis,2006,13(8):1351-1357.
[10]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of a diesel engine piston-pin. Engineering Failure analysis,2007,14:10-117.
[11]Yu Zhiwei,Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear system consisting of camshaft and crankshaft gears. Journal of Failure analysis and prevention,2007, 7(2):119-126.
[12]Yu Zhiwei, Xu Xiaolei. Failure analysis on fractured diesel engine camshafts. Journal of failure analysis and prevention,2009,9(1):39-42.
[13]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei. Failure analysis of cracked gear-shafts. Journal of failure analysis and prevention,2009,9(1):43-48.
[14]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei. Metallurgical investigation on cracked plunger-sleeves. Engineering Failure analysis,2009,5(16):1740-1748.
[15]Xu Xiaolei, Yu Zhiwei, Liu Xuan etal. Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear-train used in a truck. Journal of failure analysis and prevention,2010,10:218-222.
[16]张峥.失效分析思路.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(3)：158-161.
[17]钟培道.断裂失效分析.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(7)：375-378.
[18]杨明波.金属材料实验基础.北京：化学工业出版社,2008.
[19]廖景娱.金属构件失效分析.北京：化学工业出版社,2003.
[20]陈南平,顾守仁,沈万慈.脆断失效分析.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[21]刘民治,钟明勋.失效分析的思路与诊断.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[22]陈南平,顾守仁,沈万慈.机械零件失效分析.北京：清华大学出版社,1988.
[23]褚武扬.氢损伤与滞后断裂.北京：冶金工业出版社,1988.
[24]《金属断口分析》编写组.金属断口分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1979.
[25]杨道明.金属力学性能与失效分析.北京：冶金工业出版社,1991.
[26]钟群鹏,赵子华.断口学.北京：高等教育出版社,2006.
[27]钟群鹏.材料失效诊断、预测和预防.长沙：中南大学出版社,2009.
[28]程靳,赵树山.断裂力学.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[29]张栋.机械失效的痕迹分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1996.
[30]苏锡久,陈英.金属材料断口分析及图谱.北京：科学出版社,1991.
[31]刘民治,钟明勋.失效分析的思路与诊断.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[32]钟群鹏,田永江.失效分析基础知识.北京：机械工业出版社,1990.
[33]吴连生.失效分析技术.成都：四川科学技术出版社,1985.
[34]李炯辉.金属材料金相图谱.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[35]大型铸锻件行业协会,大型铸锻件缺陷分析图谱编委会.大型铸锻件缺陷分析图谱.北京：机械工业出版社,1990.
[36]冶金工业部钢铁研究院.钢的金相图谱.北京：冶金工业出版社,1975.
[37]殷光虹.现代轧辊材料金相图谱.北京：机械工业出版社,1993.
[38]崔约贤,王长利.金属断口分析.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1998.
[39]任怀亮.金相实验技术.北京：冶金工业出版社,1989.
[40]张德堂.钢中非金属夹杂物鉴别.北京：国防工业出版社,1991.
[41]张栋.机械失效的实用分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1997.
[42]乔利杰.应力腐蚀机理.北京：科学技术出版社,1993.
[43]G亨利,D豪斯特曼.宏观断口学及显微断口学.北京：机械工业出版社,1990.
[44]王运炎.金相图谱.北京：高等教育出版社,1994.
[45]金相图谱编写组.金相图谱.北京：水利电力出版社,1986.
[46]王英杰.金属材料及热处理.北京：机械工业出版社,2006.
[47]李代钟.钢中的非金属夹杂物.北京：科学出版社,1983.
[48]张栋,钟培道,陶春虎.机械失效的实用分析.北京：国防工业出版社,1996.
[49]中国腐蚀与防护学会.金属的局部腐蚀.北京：化学工业出版社,1995.
[50]孙茂才.金属力学性能.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2005.
[51]张庆军.材料现代分析检测试验.北京：化学工业出版社,2006.
[52]高建明.材料力学性能.武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2004.
[53]P. Cotterill. The hydrogen embrittlement of metals. Progress in Materials Science, 1961,9:205-250.
[54]高克玮,褚武扬.环境断裂的位错层次研究.材料研究学报.1999,13(4)：337-342.
[55]钟群鹏,宋光雄,张峥等.机械失效模式、原因和机理的诊断思路和主要依据.北京航空航天大学学报.2004,30(10)：913-918.
[56]T. Omura, T. Kudo and S. Fujimoto. Environmental Factors Affecting Hydrogen Entry into High Strength Steel due to Atmospheric Corrosion. Materials transaction, 2006,47(12):2956-2962.
[57]王允实,侯翠萍,王明贤.一种变形铁基高温合金中的点状偏析.金属学报.1980,16(1)：22-29.
[58]杨志康.钢的氢脆.化工炼油机械.1984,13(5)：5-14.
[59]Lunarska E. Hydrogen-induced degradation of low-carbon steel. (NJ)USA:Noyes Publication,1985,712-36.
[60]王蓬,王海舟.金属中氢的分析技术进展.冶金分析.2007,27(3)：37-44.
[61]张瑞锋,邵奎祥.碳偏析和氢脆共同作用产生的置裂.大型铸锻件.2008,(5)：15-20.
[62]钟群鹏,武淮生,张峥等.机电装备的失效分析、安全评定和无损检测.中国工程科学.1999,1(1)：43-48.
[63]钟群鹏,张峥,田永江.机械装备失效分析诊断技术.北京航空航天大学学报.2002,28(5)：497-502.
[64]吴连生.失效分析技术及其应用.理化检验-物理分册.1996,32(3)：56-60.
[65]A. L. Marcelo, R. C. Tokimatsu, I. Ferreira. Hydrogen embrittlement in an AISI 1045 steel component of the sugarcane industry,2009,16:468-474.
[66]朱晓红.40Cr钢轧辊断裂原因分析.理化检验-物理分册.2007,43(6)：314-321.
[67]孙盛玉,戴雅康.热处理裂纹分析图谱.大连：大连出版社,2002.
[68]潘川,褚武扬,李正邦等.氢和氢致马氏体导致不锈钢氢脆的定量研究.中国科学.2002,32(3)：343-349.
[69]方军,何英达,田党等.低碳齿轮钢中点状偏析及内部气泡缺陷的研究.特殊钢.1991,12(4)：31-37.
[70]陈训浩.中心偏析原因、危害、评定及预防(上).冶金标准化及质量.1998,(4)：12-17.
[71]张峥.失效分析思路.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(3)：158-161.
[72]钟群鹏.失效分析基础知识.理化检验-物理分册.2005,41(1)：44-47.
[73]N. K. Mukhopadhyay, G. Sridhar, N. Parida etal. Hydrogen embrittlement failure of hot dip galvanized high tensile wires. Engineering failure analysis,1999,6:253-265.
[74]Abhay K. Jha, P. Ramesh Narayanan, K. Sreekumar, M. C. Mittal, K. N. Ninan. Hydrogen embrittlement of 3.5Ni-1.5Cr-0.5Mo steel fastener,2008,15:431-349.
[75]蔡铁庄,王文.70Cr3Mo钢支承辊热处理断裂的原因分析.大型铸锻件.2010,2：18-21.
[76]Ernest Villalba, Andrej Atrens. Hydrogen embrittlement and rock bolt stress corrosion cracking. Engineering Failure Analysis,2009,16:164-175.
[77]ASM Handbook. Fractography. ASM International,1990,12.
[78]褚武扬,乔利杰,高克玮等.Zr基块状非晶的氢损伤与氢致滞后断裂.金属学报.2005,41(1)：99-102.
[79]褚武扬,王燕斌,王胜等.塑性变形在氢致断裂中的作用.中国腐蚀与防护学报.2000,20(4)：248-252.
[80]N. Eliaz, A. Shachar, B. Tal, F. Eliezer. Characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion cracking and tempered martensite embrittlement in high-strength steels. Engineering Failure Analysis,2002,9:167-184