模糊学在翻译理论和实践中的应用分析
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摘要
本文研究了翻译在本质上具有的模糊特性；从模糊学的视角重新审视了翻译理论中的几个根本问题；结合模糊语言学的成果探讨了翻译实践中处理模糊语言的技巧；介绍了运用模糊学中隶属度的概念来分析评价译本的操作方法。
模糊学以事物的模糊性为研究对象，它更多地关注位于两个端点之间的元素，这正好弥补了传统二值逻辑的不足之处，可以更方便地描述那些不具绝对特征的元素，从而更清晰的描述事物从一个端点向另一个端点的渐变过程。
模糊性是人文系统的固有特性之一，精确方法的应用往往得出一些完美但不合实际的结论。这种困境使模糊学的应用成为可能和必要。
语言作为人文系统重要的组成部分，模糊性自然不可避免。以模糊学的原则和方法研究语言的模糊性，形成了语言学的新分支——模糊语言学。这为模糊学引入其他和语言相关的领域提供了借鉴。
翻译作为一种跨语际的活动，模糊性不论在翻译理论还是在翻译实践中都不可回避。
在翻译理论中，模糊学的思维方式可以使我们避免把任何问题一分为二的简单做法。事实上，许多翻译理论家在提出一些绝对或精确概念的同时又不得不给他们加上模糊限制语，使他们更接近翻译的实际情况。
利用模糊语言学的研究成果，我们可以更合理，更灵活地处理翻译中的模糊语言。
翻译批评是翻译实践的组成部分，也是模糊学具体应用的重要领域。运用模糊学中隶属度的概念和方法，使我们可以更细致地比较同一原作的不同译本之间的相对差异，可以有效避免传统批评方法的简单笼统的缺点。
This dissertation makes a study on the fuzziness in the nature of translation; takes a fuzziological view on several basic problems in this field; presents the skills for the translating of fuzzy language; and introduces the methods for evaluating different translations with the help of Degree of Membership.
Fuzziology takes fuzziness as its studying target, and it focuses much on the elements lying between the two extremes, this is just a complementarity to the shortcoming of the traditional Two-valued Logic System. With the methods from fuzziology, the elements with non-absolute features can be described more conveniently, and thus the gradual changing process from one extreme to the other can be outlined in a clearer manner.
Fuzziness is an innate character of humanistic system, so the application of precise methods always leads to some perfect but impractical results. This makes it possible and necessary to introduce fuzziology into the study of those systems.
Language is also an important part of humanistic system; it owns the feature of fuzziness, too. The study on the fuzziness in language forms a new branch in linguistics — Fuzzy Linguistics. The achievements in this field give us a reference for applying fuzziology in other language-related disciplines.
Translation is an inter-lingual activity, so fuzziness is an unavoidable problem in the study about it.
As for translation theory, the fuzziological thinking manner enables us to avoid the simple binary method in research. In fact, many scholars have to add fuzzy hedges before the absolute and precise concepts they put forward, so as to be closer to the reality.
With the achievements of Fuzzy Linguistics, the fuzzy language can be dealt with in a more reasonable and flexible way in translation practice.
Translation criticism is also an important part of translation practice; the concept of Degree of Membership enables us to evaluate different versions of the same original in a more detailed manner.
模糊学以事物的模糊性为研究对象，它更多地关注位于两个端点之间的元素，这正好弥补了传统二值逻辑的不足之处，可以更方便地描述那些不具绝对特征的元素，从而更清晰的描述事物从一个端点向另一个端点的渐变过程。
模糊性是人文系统的固有特性之一，精确方法的应用往往得出一些完美但不合实际的结论。这种困境使模糊学的应用成为可能和必要。
语言作为人文系统重要的组成部分，模糊性自然不可避免。以模糊学的原则和方法研究语言的模糊性，形成了语言学的新分支——模糊语言学。这为模糊学引入其他和语言相关的领域提供了借鉴。
翻译作为一种跨语际的活动，模糊性不论在翻译理论还是在翻译实践中都不可回避。
在翻译理论中，模糊学的思维方式可以使我们避免把任何问题一分为二的简单做法。事实上，许多翻译理论家在提出一些绝对或精确概念的同时又不得不给他们加上模糊限制语，使他们更接近翻译的实际情况。
利用模糊语言学的研究成果，我们可以更合理，更灵活地处理翻译中的模糊语言。
翻译批评是翻译实践的组成部分，也是模糊学具体应用的重要领域。运用模糊学中隶属度的概念和方法，使我们可以更细致地比较同一原作的不同译本之间的相对差异，可以有效避免传统批评方法的简单笼统的缺点。
This dissertation makes a study on the fuzziness in the nature of translation; takes a fuzziological view on several basic problems in this field; presents the skills for the translating of fuzzy language; and introduces the methods for evaluating different translations with the help of Degree of Membership.
Fuzziology takes fuzziness as its studying target, and it focuses much on the elements lying between the two extremes, this is just a complementarity to the shortcoming of the traditional Two-valued Logic System. With the methods from fuzziology, the elements with non-absolute features can be described more conveniently, and thus the gradual changing process from one extreme to the other can be outlined in a clearer manner.
Fuzziness is an innate character of humanistic system, so the application of precise methods always leads to some perfect but impractical results. This makes it possible and necessary to introduce fuzziology into the study of those systems.
Language is also an important part of humanistic system; it owns the feature of fuzziness, too. The study on the fuzziness in language forms a new branch in linguistics — Fuzzy Linguistics. The achievements in this field give us a reference for applying fuzziology in other language-related disciplines.
Translation is an inter-lingual activity, so fuzziness is an unavoidable problem in the study about it.
As for translation theory, the fuzziological thinking manner enables us to avoid the simple binary method in research. In fact, many scholars have to add fuzzy hedges before the absolute and precise concepts they put forward, so as to be closer to the reality.
With the achievements of Fuzzy Linguistics, the fuzzy language can be dealt with in a more reasonable and flexible way in translation practice.
Translation criticism is also an important part of translation practice; the concept of Degree of Membership enables us to evaluate different versions of the same original in a more detailed manner.
引文
[1] Newmark, P. Approaches to translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001. 19,7-8,11.
[2] 张经浩. 与奈达的一次笔谈. 中国翻译. 2000. 第5期 28-33.
[3] Gentzler, E. Contempory Translation Theories. London: Routledge. 1993. 72-73.
[4] 苗东升. 模糊学导引. 北京：中国人民大学出版社. 1987.
[5] Channell, J. Vague Language. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2000. 4.
[6] Bolingler, D. and Sears, D. Aspects of Language. Third Edition. New York: Harcout Jovanovich Inc. 1981. 18-19, 110, 122.
[7] Hu, Zhuang-lin. etal. Linguistics: A Course Book. Beijing: Beijing University Press. 1988. 97.
[8] Humbldt, W. V. From the Introduction to His Translation of Agamemnon. In Schulte, R. and Biguenet, J. (ed.) Theories of Translation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992. 55-56.
[9] Quirk, R. etal. A Contemporary Grammar of English. London: Longman Inc. 1972.
[10] 王逢鑫. 英语模糊语法. 北京：外文出版社. 2001. 2, 6.
[11] 曲卫国. 实用英语描写词典. 上海：世界图书出版公司. 1995. 275.
[12] 陈林华，李福印. 交际中的模糊限制语. 外国语. 1994. 第5期. 55-59.
[13] 李运兴. 语篇翻译引论. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 18.
[14] 陈治安等. 模糊语言学概论. 重庆：西南师范大学出版社. 1997. 36-41.
[15] 张乔. 模糊语义学. 北京：中国社会科学出版社. 1998. 158.
[16] Nida, E. A. and Taber, C. R. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1969. 12, 8.
[17] 伍铁平. 模糊语言学. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1999. 386.
[18] Richards, I. A. Toward a Theory of Translation. In Arthur F. Wright (ed.) Studies in Chinese Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1953. 250.
[19] Bell, R. T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York: Longman Inc. 1991. 7.
[20] Nida, E.A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.1993. 18.
[21] Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall
International (UK) Ltd. 1998. 80, 189.
[22] Wilss, W. The Science of Translation-Problems and methods. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2001. 49.
[23] Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: OUP. 1965. 93, 49.
[24] 刘宓庆. 翻译与语言哲学. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 62-63.
[25] 陈忠华. 论翻译标准的模糊测度. 中国翻译. 1990. 第1期. 8-11.
[26] 辜正坤. 翻译标准多元互补论. 中国当代翻译百论. 杜承南，文军 主编. 重庆：重庆大学出版社. 1994. 41-70.
[27] Benjamin, W. The Task of the Translator. In Schulte, R. and Biguenet, J. (ed.) Theories of Translation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992. 71.
[28] 包振南. 试论可译性的限度. 翻译理论与技巧论文集. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1983. 261.
[29] Steiner, G. After Babel-Aspects of Language and Translation. Third Edition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2001. 283.
[30] Chao, Yuan Ren. Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation, with Special Reference to Chinese. Aspects of Chinese Socio-linguistics: Essays by Yuan Ren Chao. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1976.
[31] 钱钟书. 林纾的翻译. 七缀集. 上海：上海古籍出版社. 1994. 79-118.
[32] Pattanaik, P. The Art of Translation. New Dheli: Harman Publishing House. 1997. 78, 94.
[33] 郭建中. 当代美国翻译理论. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000. 198.
[34] 金圣华，黄国彬. 因难见巧——名家翻译经验谈. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 87.
[35] 文旭. 语义模糊与翻译. 中国翻译. 1996. 第2期. 5-8.
[36] Baker, M. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000. 20.
[37] 黄荣恩. 科技英语翻译浅说. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1981. 18-22.
[38] 郭建民. 数词的模糊语义与翻译. 中国当代翻译百论. 杜承南，文军 主编. 重庆：重庆大学出版社. 1994. 649-653.
[39] 范守义. 模糊数学与译文评价. 中国翻译. 1987. 第4期. 2-9.
[40] 穆雷. 用模糊数学评价译文的进一步探讨. 外国语. 1991. 第2期. 56-59.
[41] 金隄. 等效翻译探索. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 48-57.
[42] 吴新祥，李宏安. 等值翻译论. 翻译批评论. 姜治文，文军 主编. 重庆：重庆大学出版社. 1999. 86-106.
[2] 张经浩. 与奈达的一次笔谈. 中国翻译. 2000. 第5期 28-33.
[3] Gentzler, E. Contempory Translation Theories. London: Routledge. 1993. 72-73.
[4] 苗东升. 模糊学导引. 北京：中国人民大学出版社. 1987.
[5] Channell, J. Vague Language. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2000. 4.
[6] Bolingler, D. and Sears, D. Aspects of Language. Third Edition. New York: Harcout Jovanovich Inc. 1981. 18-19, 110, 122.
[7] Hu, Zhuang-lin. etal. Linguistics: A Course Book. Beijing: Beijing University Press. 1988. 97.
[8] Humbldt, W. V. From the Introduction to His Translation of Agamemnon. In Schulte, R. and Biguenet, J. (ed.) Theories of Translation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992. 55-56.
[9] Quirk, R. etal. A Contemporary Grammar of English. London: Longman Inc. 1972.
[10] 王逢鑫. 英语模糊语法. 北京：外文出版社. 2001. 2, 6.
[11] 曲卫国. 实用英语描写词典. 上海：世界图书出版公司. 1995. 275.
[12] 陈林华，李福印. 交际中的模糊限制语. 外国语. 1994. 第5期. 55-59.
[13] 李运兴. 语篇翻译引论. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 18.
[14] 陈治安等. 模糊语言学概论. 重庆：西南师范大学出版社. 1997. 36-41.
[15] 张乔. 模糊语义学. 北京：中国社会科学出版社. 1998. 158.
[16] Nida, E. A. and Taber, C. R. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1969. 12, 8.
[17] 伍铁平. 模糊语言学. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1999. 386.
[18] Richards, I. A. Toward a Theory of Translation. In Arthur F. Wright (ed.) Studies in Chinese Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1953. 250.
[19] Bell, R. T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York: Longman Inc. 1991. 7.
[20] Nida, E.A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.1993. 18.
[21] Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall
International (UK) Ltd. 1998. 80, 189.
[22] Wilss, W. The Science of Translation-Problems and methods. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2001. 49.
[23] Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: OUP. 1965. 93, 49.
[24] 刘宓庆. 翻译与语言哲学. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 62-63.
[25] 陈忠华. 论翻译标准的模糊测度. 中国翻译. 1990. 第1期. 8-11.
[26] 辜正坤. 翻译标准多元互补论. 中国当代翻译百论. 杜承南，文军 主编. 重庆：重庆大学出版社. 1994. 41-70.
[27] Benjamin, W. The Task of the Translator. In Schulte, R. and Biguenet, J. (ed.) Theories of Translation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1992. 71.
[28] 包振南. 试论可译性的限度. 翻译理论与技巧论文集. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1983. 261.
[29] Steiner, G. After Babel-Aspects of Language and Translation. Third Edition. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.2001. 283.
[30] Chao, Yuan Ren. Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation, with Special Reference to Chinese. Aspects of Chinese Socio-linguistics: Essays by Yuan Ren Chao. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1976.
[31] 钱钟书. 林纾的翻译. 七缀集. 上海：上海古籍出版社. 1994. 79-118.
[32] Pattanaik, P. The Art of Translation. New Dheli: Harman Publishing House. 1997. 78, 94.
[33] 郭建中. 当代美国翻译理论. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000. 198.
[34] 金圣华，黄国彬. 因难见巧——名家翻译经验谈. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 87.
[35] 文旭. 语义模糊与翻译. 中国翻译. 1996. 第2期. 5-8.
[36] Baker, M. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000. 20.
[37] 黄荣恩. 科技英语翻译浅说. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1981. 18-22.
[38] 郭建民. 数词的模糊语义与翻译. 中国当代翻译百论. 杜承南，文军 主编. 重庆：重庆大学出版社. 1994. 649-653.
[39] 范守义. 模糊数学与译文评价. 中国翻译. 1987. 第4期. 2-9.
[40] 穆雷. 用模糊数学评价译文的进一步探讨. 外国语. 1991. 第2期. 56-59.
[41] 金隄. 等效翻译探索. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 48-57.
[42] 吴新祥，李宏安. 等值翻译论. 翻译批评论. 姜治文，文军 主编. 重庆：重庆大学出版社. 1999. 86-106.