结合光栅结构的液晶光子学器件研究
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摘要
本论文将介绍结合光栅结构的一系列液晶光子学器件的研究和开发。我们利用液晶折射率电控可调的特性,结合特定的光栅结构设计,在较宽电磁频段内设计实现了一系列具有应用前景的液晶光子学器件。我们通过理论模拟和光学设计优化器件的结构参数,然后利用微纳加工技术手段完成了偏振无依赖的快速响应光开关、基于双层金属光栅的液晶显示增亮膜以及包括自偏振太赫兹相移器、可调太赫兹四分之一波片、太赫兹可调滤波器在内的三种太赫兹液晶光子学器件的设计开发。论文的主要研究内容分为如下三个部分：
1.提出了一种基于正交平行结构取向液晶的光开关设计,从理论上对其偏振无依赖性进行了论证,并利用光控取向技术实际制备了液晶光栅从实验上进行了验证。针对实验中存在的问题,分析了其影响因素,进而提出了一种改进的结构设计方案。通过引入正交混合取向的结构设计结合双频液晶材料,利用固定电压调节频率来实现开关响应,这样既能保持器件的偏振无依赖性又使开关响应的速率提高了一个数量级以上。经过进一步优化结构参数,最终获得了开关比超过20dB、偏振无依赖性能优异、响应时间达到亚毫秒量级的光开关,并分析讨论了进一步提高这类器件性能的可能方案。
2.针对液晶显示器中光能利用率偏低这一现实问题,我们提出了一种有效的改进方案。具体为利用亚波长金属光栅的偏振选择特性取代液晶显示面板中的吸收型后偏振片,结合液晶显示背光模组的退偏特性,最终通过反射部分光能的循环利用达到面板增亮的效果。通过对普通单层线栅的模拟,我们认为其偏振对比度不够高,无法满足代替传统吸收型偏振片的要求,因此我们进一步提出了新型双层金属线栅的结构,并采用严格耦合波分析法对所设计的双层线栅的光学性质进行模拟和优化,得出了一组最优的光栅结构参数,最终计算获得了采用该金属光栅增亮膜后液晶显示面板的理论增亮效果,较比传统吸收型偏振片能够增亮80%。我们初步进行了利用纳米压印技术实现上述亚波长金属线栅偏光片的制备尝试,获得了周期180nm的双层金属光栅结构,但工艺尚待进一步摸索优化。
3.针对太赫兹波段可调控光子学器件的广阔应用前景和独特要求,利用液晶与光栅结构的结合,我们设计并实现了三种太赫兹波段的液晶光子学器件。首先,考虑到太赫兹波段的暂无合适的透明电极薄膜材料这一实际情况,我们利用亚波长金属光栅的导电性及其对不同偏振的选择性,提出在液晶盒中引入亚波长光栅既作为透明电极,又作为整个器件的偏振片这一设计。基于上述设计,我们实现了太赫兹液晶相移器的制备,在0.2-1.8THz的有效测量范围内,实现了最大66°的相移,且相移值大小可由外加电压来连续调节。基于上述工作,我们进一步设计了太赫兹可调四分之一波片。近太赫兹源(?)侧电极设计不变,另一侧电极尺寸扩大至波长量级,使其依然可以承担透明电极的作用但不再具有波长选择特性。同时,我们通过光控取向技术更精确地控制液晶层的初始取向,并引入在太赫兹波段呈现大双折射率的液晶材料,在实现相同调制量的前提下明显降低了盒厚。基于上述设计,我们实现在0.7-2.0THz波段通过外场调节精确匹配对应频率的位相延迟达到四分之一波长。最后,基于厚金属光栅的亚波长介质狭缝中电磁波传播的类F-P效应,我们设计了一种太赫兹滤波器,并进一步将液晶材料作为金属光栅狭缝中的介质,利用液晶的外场折射率可调特性改变透射峰位,进而实现了太赫兹可调滤波的制备。我们通过仿真计算对该器件结构参数进行了优化,并通过温调液晶折射率获得了初步的实验结果验证。
This thesis introduces the design, fabrication and characterization of several liquid crystal (LC) photonic devices combined with grating structures. We utilize the electro-tunability of LCs and the unique properties of grating structures with different size and shape to design some photonic devices at different working wavelengths. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, optical design and finally various micro/nano fabrication method, we have developed a fast response optical switch with polarization independence, a bilayer metallic grating as the brightness enhancement film in an LCD panel and three Terahertz (THz) LC devices including self-polarizing phase shifter, tunable quarter wave plate and tunable filter.
1. We introduce the principle and advantages of photo-alignment technology. Based on such technology, we propose a design for polarization independent optical switch by employing orthogonal homogenously-aligned LC cell structure. The polarization independency is analyzed theoretically and then checked experimentally. However, the electro-optical properties of such structure are not good enough with low extinction ratio and slow response. Therefore we modify the structure design and propose an improved LC cell structure with orthogonal hybrid alignments. By introducing special dual-frequency LC materials into such structure, the optical switch based on which could be fast response while keeping the property of polarization independency. Trough simple optimization on structural parameters, we realize by experiment a polarization independent optical switch with over20dB extinction ratio as well as sub-millisecond response time. Further improvements for the performance are also discussed.
2. We introduce the significance and principle of brightness enhancement (BE) in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Based on the polarization selectivity of subwavelength metallic gratings, we propose a new type of bilayer subwavelength wire grids to work as a BE film and take place the conventional absorptive polarizer in LCD panels. Through simulation, we optimize grating structures and theoretically obtain the best optical performance we can reach. Then we calculate the BE efficiency by employing a power recycling system, and the result is that our bilayer subwavelength wire grids could bring80%more light intensity compared to commercial absorptive polarizer. Afterwards we try to realize such optimized grating structure experimentally by nanoimprint lithography, however, due to some technical problem, we have not reached satisfied performance yet, which remains to be further improved.
3. We introduce the unique characteristics and great application potentials of THz waves as well as the importance of developing LC tunable components for THz regions. Trough the combination with gratings, we design and fabricate several liquid crystal photonic components for THz regime. First, taking account into the lack suitable materials for transparent conductive fims in THz region, we introduce subwavelength gratings to act as both transparent electrodes and polarizers. Based on this design, we fabricate a self-polarizing LC phase shifter in THz range. During the effective frequency range of measurement (0.2-1.8THz), we realize a maximal phase shift of66°, and the phase shift values could be tuned by applying external electric fields to the LC cell.
Secondly, we follow the design for metallic grating as electrodes and propose a quarter wave plate for THz regions. When keeping the grating structure on one substrate to be still subwavelength scale so that it can work as a polarizer for the component, we enlarge the period of grating on the other substrate to wavelength scale, in order to prevent the polarization selectivity of this grating (which means we need a polarizer but not an analyzer) so that the function of quarter wave plate would not be affected. In this work we employ photo-alignment technology to precisely control the alignment directions on both substrates to be strictly parallel to each other. We further introduce large birefringent LC materials into this work. Compared to common nematic LC materials, the birefringence of such material is more than2times larger, so that the required cell gap could be evidently reduced when realizing the same modulation. We realize experimentally precise matching of required phase retardation values at different frequencies by applying different voltages, so that for the region of0.7-2.0THz, quarter wave plate function can be realized for every frequency.
Finally, we introduce the principle of Fabry-Perot-like behavior in narrow dielectric slits in thick metallic screen. Based on this principle, we propose a metallic grating structure for THz filter and fill LC into the slits so that the resonant peaks could be shifted by tuning the effective refractive index of LCs. We optimize the structural parameters of this grating theoretically and preliminary experimental results are obtained. Further improvements on this work are now on going.
1.提出了一种基于正交平行结构取向液晶的光开关设计,从理论上对其偏振无依赖性进行了论证,并利用光控取向技术实际制备了液晶光栅从实验上进行了验证。针对实验中存在的问题,分析了其影响因素,进而提出了一种改进的结构设计方案。通过引入正交混合取向的结构设计结合双频液晶材料,利用固定电压调节频率来实现开关响应,这样既能保持器件的偏振无依赖性又使开关响应的速率提高了一个数量级以上。经过进一步优化结构参数,最终获得了开关比超过20dB、偏振无依赖性能优异、响应时间达到亚毫秒量级的光开关,并分析讨论了进一步提高这类器件性能的可能方案。
2.针对液晶显示器中光能利用率偏低这一现实问题,我们提出了一种有效的改进方案。具体为利用亚波长金属光栅的偏振选择特性取代液晶显示面板中的吸收型后偏振片,结合液晶显示背光模组的退偏特性,最终通过反射部分光能的循环利用达到面板增亮的效果。通过对普通单层线栅的模拟,我们认为其偏振对比度不够高,无法满足代替传统吸收型偏振片的要求,因此我们进一步提出了新型双层金属线栅的结构,并采用严格耦合波分析法对所设计的双层线栅的光学性质进行模拟和优化,得出了一组最优的光栅结构参数,最终计算获得了采用该金属光栅增亮膜后液晶显示面板的理论增亮效果,较比传统吸收型偏振片能够增亮80%。我们初步进行了利用纳米压印技术实现上述亚波长金属线栅偏光片的制备尝试,获得了周期180nm的双层金属光栅结构,但工艺尚待进一步摸索优化。
3.针对太赫兹波段可调控光子学器件的广阔应用前景和独特要求,利用液晶与光栅结构的结合,我们设计并实现了三种太赫兹波段的液晶光子学器件。首先,考虑到太赫兹波段的暂无合适的透明电极薄膜材料这一实际情况,我们利用亚波长金属光栅的导电性及其对不同偏振的选择性,提出在液晶盒中引入亚波长光栅既作为透明电极,又作为整个器件的偏振片这一设计。基于上述设计,我们实现了太赫兹液晶相移器的制备,在0.2-1.8THz的有效测量范围内,实现了最大66°的相移,且相移值大小可由外加电压来连续调节。基于上述工作,我们进一步设计了太赫兹可调四分之一波片。近太赫兹源(?)侧电极设计不变,另一侧电极尺寸扩大至波长量级,使其依然可以承担透明电极的作用但不再具有波长选择特性。同时,我们通过光控取向技术更精确地控制液晶层的初始取向,并引入在太赫兹波段呈现大双折射率的液晶材料,在实现相同调制量的前提下明显降低了盒厚。基于上述设计,我们实现在0.7-2.0THz波段通过外场调节精确匹配对应频率的位相延迟达到四分之一波长。最后,基于厚金属光栅的亚波长介质狭缝中电磁波传播的类F-P效应,我们设计了一种太赫兹滤波器,并进一步将液晶材料作为金属光栅狭缝中的介质,利用液晶的外场折射率可调特性改变透射峰位,进而实现了太赫兹可调滤波的制备。我们通过仿真计算对该器件结构参数进行了优化,并通过温调液晶折射率获得了初步的实验结果验证。
This thesis introduces the design, fabrication and characterization of several liquid crystal (LC) photonic devices combined with grating structures. We utilize the electro-tunability of LCs and the unique properties of grating structures with different size and shape to design some photonic devices at different working wavelengths. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, optical design and finally various micro/nano fabrication method, we have developed a fast response optical switch with polarization independence, a bilayer metallic grating as the brightness enhancement film in an LCD panel and three Terahertz (THz) LC devices including self-polarizing phase shifter, tunable quarter wave plate and tunable filter.
1. We introduce the principle and advantages of photo-alignment technology. Based on such technology, we propose a design for polarization independent optical switch by employing orthogonal homogenously-aligned LC cell structure. The polarization independency is analyzed theoretically and then checked experimentally. However, the electro-optical properties of such structure are not good enough with low extinction ratio and slow response. Therefore we modify the structure design and propose an improved LC cell structure with orthogonal hybrid alignments. By introducing special dual-frequency LC materials into such structure, the optical switch based on which could be fast response while keeping the property of polarization independency. Trough simple optimization on structural parameters, we realize by experiment a polarization independent optical switch with over20dB extinction ratio as well as sub-millisecond response time. Further improvements for the performance are also discussed.
2. We introduce the significance and principle of brightness enhancement (BE) in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Based on the polarization selectivity of subwavelength metallic gratings, we propose a new type of bilayer subwavelength wire grids to work as a BE film and take place the conventional absorptive polarizer in LCD panels. Through simulation, we optimize grating structures and theoretically obtain the best optical performance we can reach. Then we calculate the BE efficiency by employing a power recycling system, and the result is that our bilayer subwavelength wire grids could bring80%more light intensity compared to commercial absorptive polarizer. Afterwards we try to realize such optimized grating structure experimentally by nanoimprint lithography, however, due to some technical problem, we have not reached satisfied performance yet, which remains to be further improved.
3. We introduce the unique characteristics and great application potentials of THz waves as well as the importance of developing LC tunable components for THz regions. Trough the combination with gratings, we design and fabricate several liquid crystal photonic components for THz regime. First, taking account into the lack suitable materials for transparent conductive fims in THz region, we introduce subwavelength gratings to act as both transparent electrodes and polarizers. Based on this design, we fabricate a self-polarizing LC phase shifter in THz range. During the effective frequency range of measurement (0.2-1.8THz), we realize a maximal phase shift of66°, and the phase shift values could be tuned by applying external electric fields to the LC cell.
Secondly, we follow the design for metallic grating as electrodes and propose a quarter wave plate for THz regions. When keeping the grating structure on one substrate to be still subwavelength scale so that it can work as a polarizer for the component, we enlarge the period of grating on the other substrate to wavelength scale, in order to prevent the polarization selectivity of this grating (which means we need a polarizer but not an analyzer) so that the function of quarter wave plate would not be affected. In this work we employ photo-alignment technology to precisely control the alignment directions on both substrates to be strictly parallel to each other. We further introduce large birefringent LC materials into this work. Compared to common nematic LC materials, the birefringence of such material is more than2times larger, so that the required cell gap could be evidently reduced when realizing the same modulation. We realize experimentally precise matching of required phase retardation values at different frequencies by applying different voltages, so that for the region of0.7-2.0THz, quarter wave plate function can be realized for every frequency.
Finally, we introduce the principle of Fabry-Perot-like behavior in narrow dielectric slits in thick metallic screen. Based on this principle, we propose a metallic grating structure for THz filter and fill LC into the slits so that the resonant peaks could be shifted by tuning the effective refractive index of LCs. We optimize the structural parameters of this grating theoretically and preliminary experimental results are obtained. Further improvements on this work are now on going.
引文
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