光网络节点关键技术的研究
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摘要
光纤通信作为一种大容量、长距离传输技术已经得到广泛应用。在使用范围方面，它已经从骨干网、城域网延伸到接入网；在系统容量方面，单波长容量和波长数量都在不断增加；在传输距离方面，无中继距离越来越长，新的纪录不断诞生；在管理和控制方面，智能化程度越来越高，实现了光层交换。
光纤通信技术中，网络中的节点设备的部署非常关键。在骨干和城域网中，光纤构成网状拓扑，关键节点包括光交叉连接器(OXC)和光分插复用器(OADM)，而这些节点应具有向自适应特性过渡的能力；在光接入网中，利用现有的SDH网络承载分组接入业务已成为发展的趋势，其中EoS(Ethernet over SDH)技术作为以太网光接入的实现方案得到了越来越广泛的应用。论文将分别对动态重构型OADM(ROADM)、EoS接入节点进行详细的分析，设计了实现方案，并完成了样机的研制。
现有的ASON对底层传送平面并没有进行改进。在控制层实现光路的拆分、上下和路由时，传送平面缺少对光信号智能的监控和调节，由于色散、功率不均衡和信号的损伤，ASON的传送质量和业务的生存性就无法得到保障。针对这个问题，现在业界提出了自适应光网络的概念。较之ASON，自适应光网络拥有更好的自适应和自组织能力。它能够对各种业务实现自适应地接入，根据业务要求和实际网络状况自适应地调整节点传输参数，优化网络性能。本文将讲述自适应光网络的体系结构、技术特点，并提出一种由WDM网络向自适应光网络演进的新型节点方案。
本论文以“基于PC和LAN技术的集中监控和接入综合系统”等项目为依托，具体创新并完成了以下内容：
1．设计并完成一种新型的可搬移式ROADM设备的整体方案，该方案属于国内首创。设计了调谐型动态波长上下路模块，有效地实现了设备的动态重构特性、系统的可扩展性和波长变换单元(OTU)插卡的通用性；对当前OADM组件的类型、结构进行分析比较，对波长上下路单元和光性能监测单元的具体设计和实现进行了详细叙述，进行了实验验证。提出了使用“一镜斜置三镜腔型”可调谐解复用光接收集成器件改进节点结构，并通过实验验证了新结构性能的优越性。
2．通过理论仿真和实验分析了ROADM节点各模块的特性，并综合起来讨论了节点光信噪比、功率代价等主要性能指标，同时分析了级联时系统的传输性能变化状况，提出了使用直通功率代价和下路功率代价来进行节点设计的方法。以上理论可用于未来多波长网络的设计。
3．分析比较了在SDH系统中实现以太网业务接入的各种方案。设计实现了基于LAPS技术的EoS接入节点系统，可在现有SDH网络中提供以太网业务的接入，该方案提供的E1接口能够很好地满足ITU-T G.703规范的各项指标。
4．对自适应光网络的网络体系结构、技术特点进行了研究，介绍了自适应光网络的发展进程，提出了一种新型的基于OSC自适应技术、可调谐解复用光接收集成技术和波长选择开关(WSS)技术的WDM网络向自适应光网络演进的节点方案。
Optical transmission technology which can provide high capacity, long distance communication, has been used widely. The technology is still active and is undergoing new innovations. It covers the range from wide area network, metro area network to local area network; Transmission capacity increases greatly according to the growth of data rate of each wavelength and the number of wavelengths multiplexed; Transmission span with no electric regeneration extends farther and farther, and the new world records can never has a long life; The intelligence of transmission system has been improved a lot, and the automatic switching in optical layer becomes true.
Optical fiber communication needs not only the basic physical links made up by optical fiber, but also the nodes to deal with the optical and electric signals. Optical backbone and metro networks typically have mesh topologies, in which the key nodes are Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) and Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM). While optical access networks use EoS (Ethernet over SDH) technology to support packedge service on exiting SDH networks. These nodes will be analyzed in details in this dissertation.
At present, ASON do not make any progress to transport plane. When the optical wavelengths adding/dropping and routing are realized in control plane, transport plane is lack of intelligent monitoring and adjusting to optical level signal. Because of dispersion, power unequalization and somthing else, the transmission quality of ASON can not be guaranteed. So the Adaptive Optical Networks is raised. Compared to ASON, Adaptive Optical Networks has better self-adaptive and self-organization ability. It can realize adaptive service access and adaptive transmission parameters adjusting accorsding the service requirements and the reality of optical network. This dissertation analyzes the layer model, service model, and the network architecture of Adaptive Optical Network (AON) and design a node program that make the WDM network evolve to AON.
The research work included in this dissertation is supported by "Research on and Implementation of Reconfigurable OADM in WDM system" and "DWDM OSC Self-adaptive System" . The main contents and innovations are as follows:
1．Design and implement the Add/Drop Unit in ROADM equipment. Adopt the "Broadcast and Selection" dynamic add/drop scheme to cope with the critical conditions of war field. This architecture can realize the dynamic reconfigurability and scalability of the system. The 8 optical transform units have the same size and can be mix-plugged. The types and structures of OADM are analyzed and compared. The details of the design and realization of Add/Drop Unit are introduced, and the add/drop function is verified.
2．Analyze the performance and characteristics of every main module and the whole ROADM node through theory simulation and experiment. Also the design methods of node is raised, this theory can be applied in the design of dynamic WDM optical networks.
3．Analyze and compare different ways to implement Ethernet access in SDH system. Design EoS access node system based on LAPS technology. This system can provide packet service on exiting SDH networks. The E1 interface of this system meets the requitment of ITU-T G.703．
4．Research the layer model, service model, and the network architecture of Apaptive Optical Network (AON), analyze the development of AON. Present a new approach to make WDM evolve to AON based on OSC self-adaptive technology, Tunable integrated optical demultiplexing receiver technology and Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) technology.
光纤通信技术中，网络中的节点设备的部署非常关键。在骨干和城域网中，光纤构成网状拓扑，关键节点包括光交叉连接器(OXC)和光分插复用器(OADM)，而这些节点应具有向自适应特性过渡的能力；在光接入网中，利用现有的SDH网络承载分组接入业务已成为发展的趋势，其中EoS(Ethernet over SDH)技术作为以太网光接入的实现方案得到了越来越广泛的应用。论文将分别对动态重构型OADM(ROADM)、EoS接入节点进行详细的分析，设计了实现方案，并完成了样机的研制。
现有的ASON对底层传送平面并没有进行改进。在控制层实现光路的拆分、上下和路由时，传送平面缺少对光信号智能的监控和调节，由于色散、功率不均衡和信号的损伤，ASON的传送质量和业务的生存性就无法得到保障。针对这个问题，现在业界提出了自适应光网络的概念。较之ASON，自适应光网络拥有更好的自适应和自组织能力。它能够对各种业务实现自适应地接入，根据业务要求和实际网络状况自适应地调整节点传输参数，优化网络性能。本文将讲述自适应光网络的体系结构、技术特点，并提出一种由WDM网络向自适应光网络演进的新型节点方案。
本论文以“基于PC和LAN技术的集中监控和接入综合系统”等项目为依托，具体创新并完成了以下内容：
1．设计并完成一种新型的可搬移式ROADM设备的整体方案，该方案属于国内首创。设计了调谐型动态波长上下路模块，有效地实现了设备的动态重构特性、系统的可扩展性和波长变换单元(OTU)插卡的通用性；对当前OADM组件的类型、结构进行分析比较，对波长上下路单元和光性能监测单元的具体设计和实现进行了详细叙述，进行了实验验证。提出了使用“一镜斜置三镜腔型”可调谐解复用光接收集成器件改进节点结构，并通过实验验证了新结构性能的优越性。
2．通过理论仿真和实验分析了ROADM节点各模块的特性，并综合起来讨论了节点光信噪比、功率代价等主要性能指标，同时分析了级联时系统的传输性能变化状况，提出了使用直通功率代价和下路功率代价来进行节点设计的方法。以上理论可用于未来多波长网络的设计。
3．分析比较了在SDH系统中实现以太网业务接入的各种方案。设计实现了基于LAPS技术的EoS接入节点系统，可在现有SDH网络中提供以太网业务的接入，该方案提供的E1接口能够很好地满足ITU-T G.703规范的各项指标。
4．对自适应光网络的网络体系结构、技术特点进行了研究，介绍了自适应光网络的发展进程，提出了一种新型的基于OSC自适应技术、可调谐解复用光接收集成技术和波长选择开关(WSS)技术的WDM网络向自适应光网络演进的节点方案。
Optical transmission technology which can provide high capacity, long distance communication, has been used widely. The technology is still active and is undergoing new innovations. It covers the range from wide area network, metro area network to local area network; Transmission capacity increases greatly according to the growth of data rate of each wavelength and the number of wavelengths multiplexed; Transmission span with no electric regeneration extends farther and farther, and the new world records can never has a long life; The intelligence of transmission system has been improved a lot, and the automatic switching in optical layer becomes true.
Optical fiber communication needs not only the basic physical links made up by optical fiber, but also the nodes to deal with the optical and electric signals. Optical backbone and metro networks typically have mesh topologies, in which the key nodes are Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) and Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM). While optical access networks use EoS (Ethernet over SDH) technology to support packedge service on exiting SDH networks. These nodes will be analyzed in details in this dissertation.
At present, ASON do not make any progress to transport plane. When the optical wavelengths adding/dropping and routing are realized in control plane, transport plane is lack of intelligent monitoring and adjusting to optical level signal. Because of dispersion, power unequalization and somthing else, the transmission quality of ASON can not be guaranteed. So the Adaptive Optical Networks is raised. Compared to ASON, Adaptive Optical Networks has better self-adaptive and self-organization ability. It can realize adaptive service access and adaptive transmission parameters adjusting accorsding the service requirements and the reality of optical network. This dissertation analyzes the layer model, service model, and the network architecture of Adaptive Optical Network (AON) and design a node program that make the WDM network evolve to AON.
The research work included in this dissertation is supported by "Research on and Implementation of Reconfigurable OADM in WDM system" and "DWDM OSC Self-adaptive System" . The main contents and innovations are as follows:
1．Design and implement the Add/Drop Unit in ROADM equipment. Adopt the "Broadcast and Selection" dynamic add/drop scheme to cope with the critical conditions of war field. This architecture can realize the dynamic reconfigurability and scalability of the system. The 8 optical transform units have the same size and can be mix-plugged. The types and structures of OADM are analyzed and compared. The details of the design and realization of Add/Drop Unit are introduced, and the add/drop function is verified.
2．Analyze the performance and characteristics of every main module and the whole ROADM node through theory simulation and experiment. Also the design methods of node is raised, this theory can be applied in the design of dynamic WDM optical networks.
3．Analyze and compare different ways to implement Ethernet access in SDH system. Design EoS access node system based on LAPS technology. This system can provide packet service on exiting SDH networks. The E1 interface of this system meets the requitment of ITU-T G.703．
4．Research the layer model, service model, and the network architecture of Apaptive Optical Network (AON), analyze the development of AON. Present a new approach to make WDM evolve to AON based on OSC self-adaptive technology, Tunable integrated optical demultiplexing receiver technology and Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) technology.
引文
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[3] 杨祥林等．光放大器及其应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2000．6．
[4] Chitica, N. et al. Monolithic unbiased tunable filter with 10-nm bandwidth for optical data interconnects in the 1550-nm band. Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE. Volume 11, Issue 5, May 1999 Page(s):584-586
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[14] ITU-T Recommendation G.957, 1995
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[18] ITU-T G.694.1-2002 Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid.
[19] ITU-T G.874-2001 Management aspects of the optical transport network element.
[20] ITU-T G.874.1-2002 Optical transport network (OTN): Protocol-neutral management information model for the network element view.
[21] YDN120-1999光波分复用系统总体技术要求(暂行规定)．
[22] YD／T1060-2000光波分复用系统(WDM)技术要求-32×2.5Gb／s部分．
[23] YD／T1205-2002城市光传送网——波分复用(WDM)环网技术要求．
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[25] R. Gaudino, Daniel J. Blumenthal. Remote Provisioning of a Reconfigurable WDM Multichannel Add/Drop Multiplexer. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 11(8), 1999.8: 1060～1062.
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