选择性催化还原氮氧化物钛基催化剂研究及催化转化器的制备
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摘要
随着经济的发展，汽车保有量飞速增加，汽车尾气造成的环境污染日益严重。柴油车因其动力与经济性能优越，逐渐成为机动车的主流，而柴油车尾气的主要污染物为碳烟颗粒物PM和氮氧化物NO_x。对于柴油机排放控制技术主要有两种：通过废气再循环（EGR）降低氧浓度及燃烧温度，从而降低NO_x的产生量，再采用微粒捕集器（DPF）去除PM；另一种为通过优化燃烧降低PM的产生，再采用选择性催化还原技术（SCR）去除NO_x。考虑到燃油经济性与我国的燃油品质，SCR技术更适合我国国情。
氨选择性催化还原技术（NH_3-SCR）是一种应用广泛的脱硝技术，在固定源与移动源去除氮氧化物应用中都取得了很好的效果。高效催化剂的研发是该技术的核心内容，目前商用SCR催化剂为V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO3)/TiO_2，在中高温范围具有优异的催化性能。但活性组分钒是剧毒物质，脱落到环境中会造成二次污染，且该催化剂温度窗口窄，SO_2的氧化率高，易碱中毒。所以近年来研究者们在致力于开发新型非钒基的SCR催化剂。本文在现有研究基础上，希望通过对TiO_2载体进行改性，得到更高效的SCR催化剂。选取的活性组分主要为过渡金属铬（Cr）和稀土元素铈（Ce）。利用XRD、BET、XPS、TPD和TPR等技术对催化剂进行表征，研究载体优化对催化剂物理化学性质的影响。并利用原位漫反射红外光谱技术（in-situ DRIFTS）研究反应物在催化剂表面的吸附特性和反应机理。在传统钒钨钛催化剂研究方面，对商用V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的碱金属中毒机理及中毒后的催化剂再生技术进行了研究，并在课题组前期工作基础上，制备了金属载体的钒钨钛催化转化器。本文的具体工作内容如下：
（1）采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了WO_3/TiO_2催化剂，该催化剂在高温区间（400-600℃）展现出了较高的SCR活性。通过XRD、TEM、BET和TPD等表征技术对催化剂的结构、表面酸性等物化性质进行了研究，考察了钨添加量对催化剂性质的影响。结合Raman光谱和H_2-TPR技术，分析了表面钨氧化物结构，确定了钨四面体为高温SCR反应的主要活性组分。采用钨钛高温催化剂为载体，担载活性组分CeO_2得到CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂，测试其中温催化性能，同时采用原位红外技术研究了WO_3的掺杂对催化剂表面酸性的影响以及CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的SCR反应机理。
（2）向TiO_2载体中掺杂SO_4~(2-)，以SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2为载体，制备了M(Cr, Ce)-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2催化剂，研究SO_4~(2-)掺杂对TiO_2表面酸性和氧化还原性的影响，以及由此带来的SCR催化活性的差异。发现SO_4~(2-)的添加，可抑制TiO_2与金属氧化物的结晶度，利于形成高价态的金属离子（Cr~(6+)），并显著提升催化剂的氧化还原性，进而提高催化活性。通过DRIFTS研究了该催化剂的反应机理，200℃下的测试结果表明对于催化剂Cr2O3-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2，反应过程中同时存在Eley-Rideal与Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理。而对于CeO_2-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2催化剂，反应中只存在Eley-Rideal机理。
（3）研究传统V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的碱金属中毒机理，考察了不同的碱金属盐对催化剂的毒化作用，各类碱金属化合物对该催化剂的毒化作用的强弱为KCl>KNO_3≥NaNO_3>NaCl>Na_2SO_4>K_2SO_4。通过电泳再生法对中毒的催化剂进行了再生，与传统水洗再生法相比，该方法可显著恢复中毒催化剂的催化活性。结合研究组前期工作，采用溶胶-凝胶法在金属合金（FeCrAl）上涂覆过渡涂层SiO_2-Al_2O_3和催化剂V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2，制备了金属蜂窝载体的SCR催化转化器，并对其进行了封装。
（4）研究了几种尖晶石结构催化剂对碳烟的催化氧化性能，选取了活性最高的CrCo_2O_4为活性组分，在负载少量贵金属的情况下制备了金属载体的微粒氧化转化器，并对其进行了台架测试，结果表明该催化转化器对HC、CO和PM有很高的去除效率，与该型号发动机的排放标准对比，发现发动机尾气经过转化器处理后CO、CH的排放在欧V限值以内，PM的排放在欧VI限值内。
（5）对目前更先进的SCR技术-固体尿素SSCR技术进行了技术综述，并在仪器制造方面进行了初步设计和研究，设计了一种固体尿素粉末计量装置。
With the development of economy and the rapid increase of automobile amount, theenvironmental pollution caused by automobile exhaust has become more and more serious.Because of its power and economic performance, diesel vehicles has gradually become themainstream of motor vehicle, and the main pollutants in diesel exhaust are particles matter (PM)and nitrogen oxides (NO_x). The emission control technology for diesel engine are mainly of twotypes: reduceing the oxygen concentration and the combustion temperature through the exhaustgas recirculation (EGR) technology to reduce the amount of NO_xproduced, and then using dieselparticulate filter (DPF) to remove PM; Another is through the optimization of combustion toreduce the generation of PM, and then use a selective catalytic reduction technology (SCR)remove NO_x. Considering the economy and fuel quality, SCR technology is more suitable for ournational conditions.
Ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH_3-SCR) is an effective denitration technology. Ithas achieved very good results in the applications of removal nitrogen oxides for fixed sourceand mobile source. Research and development of high efficient catalyst is the core content of thistechnology, the current commercial SCR catalyst, V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO_3)/TiO_2, has excellentcatalytic properties in the middle temperature range. However the vanadium catalyst has manydisadvantages, such as the toxicity of vanadium species, highly SO_2oxidation rate, narrowtemperature window, and the alkali poisoning effect. Recently, researchers are committed to thedevelopment of new SCR catalyst without vanadium. Based on the existing research, we hope toobtain more efficient SCR catalyst by modifying TiO_2support. The transition metal chromium(Cr) and rare earth cerium (Ce) were selected as the main active component. The catalysts werecharacterized by XRD, BET, XPS, TPD and TPR technology to study on the effect ofoptimization of the catalyst carrier. Using the in-situ DRIFTS technology to study the adsorptionproperties of the reactants on the catalyst surface and the reaction mechanism. In the research of traditional catalyst, alkali metal poison mechanism on a commercial V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2catalystand the regeneration of poisoning catalyst were studied. Based on previous work of our researchgroup on the glass ceramic coating technology, the metal support catalytic converter withV_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2catalyst was prepared. In this paper, the specific contents are as follows:
(1) WO_3/TiO_2catalyst was prepared by sol-gel method, the catalyst showed high SCRactivity in the high temperature range (400-600℃). Structure, surface acidity andphysico-chemical properties of the catalyst were studied through the XRD, TEM, BET and TPDcharacterization. The effect of tungsten additives on the properties of catalyst was alsoinvestigated. The surface structure of tungsten oxide was analyzed by Raman spectrum andH_2-TPR technology, and tungsten tetrahedron was considered as the main active species in hightemperature SCR activity. CeO_2was loaded on WO_3/TiO_2to get CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2catalyst usingin the middle temperature range. The effect of Ce loading on the activity of SCR was tested. Thereaction mechanism on CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2was studied with DRIFTS technique.
(2) SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2was prepared by sol-gel method. And the active component of M (Cr, Ce)were loaded on SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2support to obtain M (Cr, Ce)-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2catalyst. We studied theeffect of SO_4~(2-)doping into TiO_2on the acidity and redox of the catalysts. Found that the SO_4~(2-)can inhibit crystallization of TiO_2and active component, and easy to form high valence state ion(Cr~(6+)), and significantly enhance redox of the catalyst, and then improve the catalytic activity.The reaction mechanism was studied by the DRIFTS technology. The results showed that: forCr_2O_3-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2, Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism exist simultaneously inthe reaction process; while for the CeO_2-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2catalyst, only Eley-Rideal reactionmechanism exists.
(3) Alkali metal-induced deactivation of traditional V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2catalyst used for SCRwas investigated. The poisoning effect of different alkali metal salts was studied and the Poisonintensity order is: KCl>KNO_3≥NaNO_3>NaCl>Na_2SO_4>K_2SO_4. The poisoned catalyst wasregenerated by electrophoresis method. Compared with the traditional washing regenerationmethod, this method can significantly restore the catalytic activity of the poisoned catalyst.Based on the previous work of our group, SCR catalytic converter based on metal honeycombcarrier was prepared and packaged.
(4) The catalytic performance of several spinel catalysts was researched on soot combustionand CrCo_2O_4with highest activity was selected as active component. The particle matteroxidation converter with metal carrier was prepared, and it has been tested on the bench test. Theresults showed that the catalytic converter has high removal efficiency on HC, CO and PM. Theemission value of CO, CH and PM could satisfy the Europe V limits and Europe VI respectively.
(5) Review the more advanced SCR technology-solid urea SCR technology. Some primarywork has carried out on the equipment manufacturing design and research. A solid urea powdermetering device was designed.
氨选择性催化还原技术（NH_3-SCR）是一种应用广泛的脱硝技术，在固定源与移动源去除氮氧化物应用中都取得了很好的效果。高效催化剂的研发是该技术的核心内容，目前商用SCR催化剂为V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO3)/TiO_2，在中高温范围具有优异的催化性能。但活性组分钒是剧毒物质，脱落到环境中会造成二次污染，且该催化剂温度窗口窄，SO_2的氧化率高，易碱中毒。所以近年来研究者们在致力于开发新型非钒基的SCR催化剂。本文在现有研究基础上，希望通过对TiO_2载体进行改性，得到更高效的SCR催化剂。选取的活性组分主要为过渡金属铬（Cr）和稀土元素铈（Ce）。利用XRD、BET、XPS、TPD和TPR等技术对催化剂进行表征，研究载体优化对催化剂物理化学性质的影响。并利用原位漫反射红外光谱技术（in-situ DRIFTS）研究反应物在催化剂表面的吸附特性和反应机理。在传统钒钨钛催化剂研究方面，对商用V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的碱金属中毒机理及中毒后的催化剂再生技术进行了研究，并在课题组前期工作基础上，制备了金属载体的钒钨钛催化转化器。本文的具体工作内容如下：
（1）采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了WO_3/TiO_2催化剂，该催化剂在高温区间（400-600℃）展现出了较高的SCR活性。通过XRD、TEM、BET和TPD等表征技术对催化剂的结构、表面酸性等物化性质进行了研究，考察了钨添加量对催化剂性质的影响。结合Raman光谱和H_2-TPR技术，分析了表面钨氧化物结构，确定了钨四面体为高温SCR反应的主要活性组分。采用钨钛高温催化剂为载体，担载活性组分CeO_2得到CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂，测试其中温催化性能，同时采用原位红外技术研究了WO_3的掺杂对催化剂表面酸性的影响以及CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的SCR反应机理。
（2）向TiO_2载体中掺杂SO_4~(2-)，以SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2为载体，制备了M(Cr, Ce)-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2催化剂，研究SO_4~(2-)掺杂对TiO_2表面酸性和氧化还原性的影响，以及由此带来的SCR催化活性的差异。发现SO_4~(2-)的添加，可抑制TiO_2与金属氧化物的结晶度，利于形成高价态的金属离子（Cr~(6+)），并显著提升催化剂的氧化还原性，进而提高催化活性。通过DRIFTS研究了该催化剂的反应机理，200℃下的测试结果表明对于催化剂Cr2O3-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2，反应过程中同时存在Eley-Rideal与Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理。而对于CeO_2-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2催化剂，反应中只存在Eley-Rideal机理。
（3）研究传统V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂的碱金属中毒机理，考察了不同的碱金属盐对催化剂的毒化作用，各类碱金属化合物对该催化剂的毒化作用的强弱为KCl>KNO_3≥NaNO_3>NaCl>Na_2SO_4>K_2SO_4。通过电泳再生法对中毒的催化剂进行了再生，与传统水洗再生法相比，该方法可显著恢复中毒催化剂的催化活性。结合研究组前期工作，采用溶胶-凝胶法在金属合金（FeCrAl）上涂覆过渡涂层SiO_2-Al_2O_3和催化剂V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2，制备了金属蜂窝载体的SCR催化转化器，并对其进行了封装。
（4）研究了几种尖晶石结构催化剂对碳烟的催化氧化性能，选取了活性最高的CrCo_2O_4为活性组分，在负载少量贵金属的情况下制备了金属载体的微粒氧化转化器，并对其进行了台架测试，结果表明该催化转化器对HC、CO和PM有很高的去除效率，与该型号发动机的排放标准对比，发现发动机尾气经过转化器处理后CO、CH的排放在欧V限值以内，PM的排放在欧VI限值内。
（5）对目前更先进的SCR技术-固体尿素SSCR技术进行了技术综述，并在仪器制造方面进行了初步设计和研究，设计了一种固体尿素粉末计量装置。
With the development of economy and the rapid increase of automobile amount, theenvironmental pollution caused by automobile exhaust has become more and more serious.Because of its power and economic performance, diesel vehicles has gradually become themainstream of motor vehicle, and the main pollutants in diesel exhaust are particles matter (PM)and nitrogen oxides (NO_x). The emission control technology for diesel engine are mainly of twotypes: reduceing the oxygen concentration and the combustion temperature through the exhaustgas recirculation (EGR) technology to reduce the amount of NO_xproduced, and then using dieselparticulate filter (DPF) to remove PM; Another is through the optimization of combustion toreduce the generation of PM, and then use a selective catalytic reduction technology (SCR)remove NO_x. Considering the economy and fuel quality, SCR technology is more suitable for ournational conditions.
Ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH_3-SCR) is an effective denitration technology. Ithas achieved very good results in the applications of removal nitrogen oxides for fixed sourceand mobile source. Research and development of high efficient catalyst is the core content of thistechnology, the current commercial SCR catalyst, V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO_3)/TiO_2, has excellentcatalytic properties in the middle temperature range. However the vanadium catalyst has manydisadvantages, such as the toxicity of vanadium species, highly SO_2oxidation rate, narrowtemperature window, and the alkali poisoning effect. Recently, researchers are committed to thedevelopment of new SCR catalyst without vanadium. Based on the existing research, we hope toobtain more efficient SCR catalyst by modifying TiO_2support. The transition metal chromium(Cr) and rare earth cerium (Ce) were selected as the main active component. The catalysts werecharacterized by XRD, BET, XPS, TPD and TPR technology to study on the effect ofoptimization of the catalyst carrier. Using the in-situ DRIFTS technology to study the adsorptionproperties of the reactants on the catalyst surface and the reaction mechanism. In the research of traditional catalyst, alkali metal poison mechanism on a commercial V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2catalystand the regeneration of poisoning catalyst were studied. Based on previous work of our researchgroup on the glass ceramic coating technology, the metal support catalytic converter withV_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2catalyst was prepared. In this paper, the specific contents are as follows:
(1) WO_3/TiO_2catalyst was prepared by sol-gel method, the catalyst showed high SCRactivity in the high temperature range (400-600℃). Structure, surface acidity andphysico-chemical properties of the catalyst were studied through the XRD, TEM, BET and TPDcharacterization. The effect of tungsten additives on the properties of catalyst was alsoinvestigated. The surface structure of tungsten oxide was analyzed by Raman spectrum andH_2-TPR technology, and tungsten tetrahedron was considered as the main active species in hightemperature SCR activity. CeO_2was loaded on WO_3/TiO_2to get CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2catalyst usingin the middle temperature range. The effect of Ce loading on the activity of SCR was tested. Thereaction mechanism on CeO_2-WO_3/TiO_2was studied with DRIFTS technique.
(2) SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2was prepared by sol-gel method. And the active component of M (Cr, Ce)were loaded on SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2support to obtain M (Cr, Ce)-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2catalyst. We studied theeffect of SO_4~(2-)doping into TiO_2on the acidity and redox of the catalysts. Found that the SO_4~(2-)can inhibit crystallization of TiO_2and active component, and easy to form high valence state ion(Cr~(6+)), and significantly enhance redox of the catalyst, and then improve the catalytic activity.The reaction mechanism was studied by the DRIFTS technology. The results showed that: forCr_2O_3-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2, Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism exist simultaneously inthe reaction process; while for the CeO_2-SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2catalyst, only Eley-Rideal reactionmechanism exists.
(3) Alkali metal-induced deactivation of traditional V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2catalyst used for SCRwas investigated. The poisoning effect of different alkali metal salts was studied and the Poisonintensity order is: KCl>KNO_3≥NaNO_3>NaCl>Na_2SO_4>K_2SO_4. The poisoned catalyst wasregenerated by electrophoresis method. Compared with the traditional washing regenerationmethod, this method can significantly restore the catalytic activity of the poisoned catalyst.Based on the previous work of our group, SCR catalytic converter based on metal honeycombcarrier was prepared and packaged.
(4) The catalytic performance of several spinel catalysts was researched on soot combustionand CrCo_2O_4with highest activity was selected as active component. The particle matteroxidation converter with metal carrier was prepared, and it has been tested on the bench test. Theresults showed that the catalytic converter has high removal efficiency on HC, CO and PM. Theemission value of CO, CH and PM could satisfy the Europe V limits and Europe VI respectively.
(5) Review the more advanced SCR technology-solid urea SCR technology. Some primarywork has carried out on the equipment manufacturing design and research. A solid urea powdermetering device was designed.
引文
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