达赉湖国家自然保护区达赉湖西岸地区大鵟（Buteo hemilasius）的巢址选择
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摘要
2010年和2011年的3月～6月，对达赉湖国家级自然保护区达赉湖西岸地区大鵟（Buteohemilasius）的巢穴结构和巢址选择因子择进行了调查研究。观察发现大鵟的活动最早出现于3月25日左右，于4月中下旬开始产卵，大约在6月初繁殖结束。采用野外观察和样方法定位了13个大鵟巢址,对巢址样方的20个生态因子进行测量，运用聚类分析和主成分分析法，对影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子进行了分析。大鵟巢穴较为粗糙，无固定形状，外部先用通过坚硬的木质结构建造轮廓并固定，内部则多用枯草、报纸甚至是渔网和破旧衣物填充以保持温度。
测量显示，大鵟巢穴的基本结构特征为：外径94.7±4.2cm；巢高度46.1±2.7cm；内径24.8±1.5cm；巢深14.0±0.9cm。生境因子分析结果表明，达赉湖西岸地区大鵟的巢集中分布在湖岸或水塘附近的悬崖，营巢点坡度为15°～45°之间的阳坡或半阳坡；隐蔽度高于20%；草本密度大于5株/m2；植被均高大于30cm；巢距悬崖上部距离2～5m；距水源100m以内；距居民点距离大于1km；距草原道路的距离大于0.5km；而对于物种丰富度没有特殊要求。
主成分分析显示，影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子有3个，依次为：隐蔽性因子（主要包括巢址区域的植物特征和地形特征）、食物因子和人为干扰因子。各主成分中，相对系数绝对值最高的变量依次是：植被均高、距水源距离、距居民点距离和巢的高度。通过对大鵟巢址选择影响因子的研究，为大鵟的实地保护提供科学依据，从而可以在达赉湖西岸地区有针对性的保护大鵟的繁殖生境，为提高大鵟的繁殖成功率和扩大种群数量提供保障，同时也为维持达赉湖西岸地区的生态平衡做出贡献。
From March to July,2010and2011, the nest structure and nest-site selection of the UplandBuzzard (Buteo hemilasius) was investigated in West bank of Dalai Lake in Dalai Lake NaturalReserve，Inner Mongolia. Field observation found that the earliest activity of Upland Buzzardappeard on around March25；egg-laying began in the middle and late April and the breedingended at about the beginning of July. By the direct observation and plot sampling method in thefield，we positioned thirty nests, measured twenty ecological factors of this thirty samples. TheCluster Analysis based on the Euclidean distance and the distribution frequency statistics wereused to assess all twenty ecological factors. The nests are rough and no fixed shape, use the hardwooden structure to build the external outline and fixation firstly, then use bacillus, newspapersor even fishing nets and shabby clothes to filled internal in order to maintain the temperature.
Through a rough measurement, the Upland Buzzard’s nest is characterized in that—the outer diameter is94.7±4.2cm while the inner diameter24.8±1.5cm; nest deep is14.0±0.9cm and nest height is46.1±2.7cm.The results of ecological factors analysis indicated that in West bank of Dalai Lake，Upland Buzzard’snests are mainly centralized distributed in the lake bank or blisters near the cliff；nesting sites are mainlymiddle or higher slope position；the gradient ranged from15°～45°on sunny slopes and semi-sunny slopes；the nest-sites have high-level concealment, the density of herbaceous is higher than5strains／m2；averagehigh of vegetation is higher than30cm; distance of nests to cliff upper is between2～5m; the distance towater resource is within100m; distance to settlements is more than1Km；distance to the prairie path is morethan0.5km while has no special requirements of species richness.
The principal components analysis shows that there are three most important factors ofUpland Buzzard nest-site selection as follows, the covert factors (including nest-site area plantcharacteristics and topographic features), food factors and human interference factors. In themain compositions, Average high of vegetation, distance to water, distance to settlements andnest height have the relative coefficient absolute value.Through this research on nest-siteselection, we try to provide scientific basis for Upland Buzzard field protection, thus we cancarry out targeted protection of the breeding habitat for Upland Buzzard in Dalai Lake NaturalReserve, in order to improve the reproductive success rate and expand the population of UplandBuzzard, at the same time make a contribution to maintain the ecological balance in west bank ofDalai Lake.
测量显示，大鵟巢穴的基本结构特征为：外径94.7±4.2cm；巢高度46.1±2.7cm；内径24.8±1.5cm；巢深14.0±0.9cm。生境因子分析结果表明，达赉湖西岸地区大鵟的巢集中分布在湖岸或水塘附近的悬崖，营巢点坡度为15°～45°之间的阳坡或半阳坡；隐蔽度高于20%；草本密度大于5株/m2；植被均高大于30cm；巢距悬崖上部距离2～5m；距水源100m以内；距居民点距离大于1km；距草原道路的距离大于0.5km；而对于物种丰富度没有特殊要求。
主成分分析显示，影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子有3个，依次为：隐蔽性因子（主要包括巢址区域的植物特征和地形特征）、食物因子和人为干扰因子。各主成分中，相对系数绝对值最高的变量依次是：植被均高、距水源距离、距居民点距离和巢的高度。通过对大鵟巢址选择影响因子的研究，为大鵟的实地保护提供科学依据，从而可以在达赉湖西岸地区有针对性的保护大鵟的繁殖生境，为提高大鵟的繁殖成功率和扩大种群数量提供保障，同时也为维持达赉湖西岸地区的生态平衡做出贡献。
From March to July,2010and2011, the nest structure and nest-site selection of the UplandBuzzard (Buteo hemilasius) was investigated in West bank of Dalai Lake in Dalai Lake NaturalReserve，Inner Mongolia. Field observation found that the earliest activity of Upland Buzzardappeard on around March25；egg-laying began in the middle and late April and the breedingended at about the beginning of July. By the direct observation and plot sampling method in thefield，we positioned thirty nests, measured twenty ecological factors of this thirty samples. TheCluster Analysis based on the Euclidean distance and the distribution frequency statistics wereused to assess all twenty ecological factors. The nests are rough and no fixed shape, use the hardwooden structure to build the external outline and fixation firstly, then use bacillus, newspapersor even fishing nets and shabby clothes to filled internal in order to maintain the temperature.
Through a rough measurement, the Upland Buzzard’s nest is characterized in that—the outer diameter is94.7±4.2cm while the inner diameter24.8±1.5cm; nest deep is14.0±0.9cm and nest height is46.1±2.7cm.The results of ecological factors analysis indicated that in West bank of Dalai Lake，Upland Buzzard’snests are mainly centralized distributed in the lake bank or blisters near the cliff；nesting sites are mainlymiddle or higher slope position；the gradient ranged from15°～45°on sunny slopes and semi-sunny slopes；the nest-sites have high-level concealment, the density of herbaceous is higher than5strains／m2；averagehigh of vegetation is higher than30cm; distance of nests to cliff upper is between2～5m; the distance towater resource is within100m; distance to settlements is more than1Km；distance to the prairie path is morethan0.5km while has no special requirements of species richness.
The principal components analysis shows that there are three most important factors ofUpland Buzzard nest-site selection as follows, the covert factors (including nest-site area plantcharacteristics and topographic features), food factors and human interference factors. In themain compositions, Average high of vegetation, distance to water, distance to settlements andnest height have the relative coefficient absolute value.Through this research on nest-siteselection, we try to provide scientific basis for Upland Buzzard field protection, thus we cancarry out targeted protection of the breeding habitat for Upland Buzzard in Dalai Lake NaturalReserve, in order to improve the reproductive success rate and expand the population of UplandBuzzard, at the same time make a contribution to maintain the ecological balance in west bank ofDalai Lake.
引文
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