苦酸制甜法保护2型糖尿病胰岛β细胞功能的作用及机制研究
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摘要
糖尿病是慢性复杂性疾病,严重危害人类健康,积极开展糖尿病的防治工作已成为主要的社会公共卫生问题。导师从事糖尿病医疗与科学研究近二十年,通过丰富的临证经验结合科研成果提炼出肥、糖、络整体治疗2型糖尿病的学术观点,苦酸制甜是其重要的治疗法则之一。本论文在导师指导下,首先对糖尿病相关的历代文献进行了梳理,结合导师临床经验与辨治思维完成了苦酸制甜法的理论研究;其次运用现代科学研究方法与技术从整体——细胞——分子三个层次开展了苦酸制甜法保护2型糖尿病胰岛细胞功能及机制的研究,以此探讨了糖尿病中医药防治理论和导师临床经验的科学内涵。
     一、理论研究
     1历代医家著述对糖尿病的中医药治疗学具有指导意义
     通过对中医学有关消渴(病)的认识历代文献梳理,可以看出,中医学对消渴(病)的认识源于春秋战国时期,发展于唐宋,成熟于明清。其中三消论的提出具有重要的意义,标志着消渴(病)辨治体系的形成。尤其是“阴虚为本,燥热为标”的消渴病机认识对后世辨治消渴及糖尿病具有重要的指导意义。“阴虚为本,燥热为标”是古人认识三消论的一种观点,它的提出在当时是有先进意义的,其已认识到消渴(病)的复杂性,并正确认识到发展至中后期消渴的病机本质。推动了中医辨治消渴病的发展。但以此辨治糖尿病存在着一定的局限性,其因有三:1糖尿病不完全等同于消渴病;2“阴虚为本,燥热为标”不能囊括消渴(病)早期的病机变化;3古今生活环境、饮食习惯、疾病谱等发生了巨大改变,需要探索新的治疗方法完善糖尿病的中医治疗学。
     2导师应用苦酸制甜法治疗糖尿病的学术经验
     苦酸制甜法是导师肥、糖、络整体辨治2型糖尿病治疗法则的重要治法之一。导师通过对2型糖尿病与消渴异同的思考发现,糖尿病以血糖升高为诊断依据,为生物化学诊断,消渴(病)以症状为诊断依据,具有典型“三多一少”症状的糖尿病应按消渴(病)辨治,然而随着疾病谱、症状谱的变化,对2型糖尿病尤其是肥胖者的因机证治应重新思考。导师认为2型糖尿病,尤其是肥胖2型糖尿病其病机以郁热为常见,其病机随病程迁延而演变,常由实热转为虚热,而苦能泻热,酸能辅佐苦泻热,故针对2型糖尿病病机拟苦酸相伍以制甜。苦酸制甜法启源于导师对临证经验的提炼,同时苦酸制甜法在导师通过对糖尿病相关中医古籍文献的思考与反复的临床验证中逐渐得以完善。导师受自然中苦味是甜味的对立,酸味是甜味的综合的现象启发,又《素问·至真要大论》曰:“辛甘发散为阳,酸苦涌泄为阴”,酸味、苦味属阴,甘味属阳,而糖尿病的典型症状尿甜属甘味,以苦味、酸味之阴调甘味之阳,以达“阴平阳秘,精神乃治”。苦酸制甜法是导师将临证经验和中医药传统理论——四气五味药性理论及阴阳理论相结合而提出。法立则方出,具体选方可遵循以下四点:1辨病程定主方;2辨证素定主方;3辨肥胖定主方,兼顾血脂与血压;4苦味酸味不拘于方证——中药药理学的启示。选方多为连梅汤、乌梅丸等经方或名方。但剂量配伍及药味配伍有异于原方。苦酸制甜法适合于肥胖2型糖尿病及失眠、烦躁、盗汗等存在血糖难控因素者。糖尿病是复杂性疾病,病程迁延,其病因病机非单一所能囊括,应适当调整药味的配伍,另苦酸制甜法如长时间应用为避免苦寒药伤胃气,可选择辛、甘味的佐制。
     通过对历代医家有关消渴(病)著述的学习,笔者深感中医学认识疾病、辨治疾病具有先进性,诸多医家辨治消渴(病)的经验对丰富、完善糖尿病的中医辨治方法具有重要的参考价值。2型糖尿病不完全等同于古代消渴(病),因此需要针对其病因病机积极的探索新的治疗方法,导师着眼于2型糖尿病多郁热的病机,提出苦酸制甜法,是对2型糖尿病中医辨治理论的探索,力争完善和补充糖尿病中医治疗学。
     二、实验研究
     导师课题组先后开展了肥、糖、络整体治疗2型糖尿病的临床与实验研究,其中课题组发现苦酸制甜法可以降低导师门诊肥胖2型糖尿病初诊患者血糖水平。为进一步验证苦酸制甜法的疗效,探讨其机理本课题开展了系列实验研究。以模拟2型糖尿病大鼠和高糖培养的βTc3细胞系为载体,采用OGTT、IVGTT、免疫组化、实时荧光定量PCR、激光共聚焦、TUNEL等多种技术方法,对苦酸制甜法保护2型糖尿病胰岛细胞功能和机制进行了系列研究,初步结果如下:
     1建立模拟2型糖尿病大鼠模型,其尚存一部分胰岛细胞功能,为动态观察2型糖尿病药物疗效和机制研究提供了可选择的动物模型。
     2苦酸制甜法可以调整模拟2型糖尿病大鼠的糖代谢,OGTT、IVGTT、糖化血清蛋白实验检测均支持上述结果,并且IVGTT实验表明苦酸制甜法可以保护模拟2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛细胞功能。
     3糖毒性是胰岛细胞功能损伤的重要原因之一,免疫组化的方法表明苦酸制甜法可以增加β细胞数量、使胰岛细胞GLUT2表达增多,提示苦酸制甜法保护模拟2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛细胞功能可能与其改善糖毒性有关。
     4苦酸制甜法对高糖培养的βTc3细胞胰岛素分泌情况的影响表明该法可以减轻糖毒性,有助于恢复高糖抑制的βTc3细胞胰岛素分泌。
     5苦酸制甜法保护胰岛细胞功能可能的分子机制在于提高PDX-1、GCKmRNA的表达,而PDX-1、GCK基因表达的减少在糖毒性胰岛细胞功能缺陷中起着至关重要的作用。PDX—1是胰岛素基因最重要的转录激活因子,同时也是葡萄糖激酶(GK)、葡萄糖转运体2(GLUT2)等与胰岛素释放有关的一组基因的转录调控因子。长期高血糖抑制PDX—1的表达及其与TATA盒和hUPE3的结合,也就抑制了GLUT2和GK基因的表达,使β细胞内GLUT2和GK的mRNA水平下降,GLUT2和GK的合成减少,胰岛素释放减少,研究结果初步表明苦酸制甜方可以提高高糖抑制的PDX-1、GCK mRNA的表达,因此推测苦酸制甜法通过减轻糖毒性,保护胰岛细胞功能。
     上述实验初步探讨了苦酸制甜法的疗效及可能的机制,为课题组进一步研究苦酸制甜法奠定了基础,提供了方向。同时实验应用的方法和技术为相关研究工作提供了一定的参考。
     三、本研究特色和创新之处
     1文献研究中,苦酸制甜法是导师集多年临证经验,对2型糖尿病的病因病机进行梳理,基于四气五味药性理论和中医阴阳理论提出的糖尿病中医治法,本研究首次系统对导师苦酸制甜法的临证应用进行分析,总结导师应用苦酸制甜法治疗糖尿病的辨治规律,为糖尿病临床治疗提供了新思路。
     2实验研究中,以高脂加STZ诱导的模拟实验性2型糖尿病大鼠、高糖培养的βTc3细胞为模型,从调控糖代谢的整体效应、胰岛细胞功能、β细胞数、βTc3细胞胰岛素分泌、葡萄糖激酶(GCK)、葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)、胰腺十二指肠同源异型盒(PDX—1)表达等角度,从整体——细胞——分子不同层次深入探讨了苦酸制甜法保护胰岛细胞功能,治疗2型糖尿病的科学性,国内外文献未见同类报道。
     3理论创新:本论文首次提出了苦酸制甜法保护胰岛细胞功能的可能机制(苦酸制甜法作用及机制简图),并验证了它的客观性。从一个侧面揭示了苦酸制甜法保护胰岛细胞功能的科学内涵,使中医药治疗糖尿病从理论到实践达到一个新的水平。
The main pathological mechanism of type 2 diabetes(T2DM) are insulin resistance(IR)and impairedβ-cell function, and now we think only if IR can't cause diabetes, it musthas impairedβ-cell function simultaneously, IR is the starting factor and impaired ofβ-cellfunction is decision factor. The impairedβ-cell function is always exist, not only in DMperiod, but also in prediabetic period and the group of non-diabetic fist relatives of patientswith T2DM.
     The cause of impairedβ-cell function is very complex, the main cause areglucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and inherit factor etc. They can increase theβ-cell burden, or/anddecreaseβ-cell number, change the quality, quantity and phase ofβ-cell, and then can'tmaintain the blood sugar level. PDX-1 is one of the hot point of research of DM in recentyears, it can regulate blood sugar by complex mechanism, including insulin and glucagonsecretion, increase the quantity ofβ-cell and inhibit it's apoptosis, and the improveβ-cellfunction and IR.
     The traditional Chinese medicine is consistent with guidance principle of therapy, whichimproveβ-cell function by the compound factors of decreasing bloody sugar, bloodcholesterol and remedy metabolic disorder. In the light of present therapeutic situation, theChinese medicine have a certain advantage in improvingβ-cell function. So our researchobserves the Kusuanzhitian, methods' effect on improvingβ-cell function and explains itsmechanism initially by clinical research and experiment research.
     In the part of theoretical study, the pathogenesis ofβ-cell function of T2DM, the studymethods, the present therapeutic study of Chinese and western medicine were summed up. Itargued the train of thought and methods which prevent and cure impairedβ-cell function oftype 2 diabetes, explaining the effect mechanism and the rule of Chinese medical principleand cure from the Kusuanzhitian, methods through the modern and archaic documentaryrecord examined from each Chinese department and school, which is reviewed andsummarized..
     Experimental part selected the experiment DM rats by 8 weeks high fat feeding andinjecting small dose STZ. We observe the expression of insulin, glucagons in pancreatic isletand GLUT-2 based on observing effect. Then we discuss the relationship of insulin, glucagonsand GLUT-2 to discover the micro-mechanism of Kusuanzhitian method improvingβ-cellfunction of T2DM.
     We can draw the conclusions from the clinical and experimental results thatKusuanzhitian method can produce a good curative effect on impairedβ-cell function inT2DM. Its mechanism has a lots of targets and links. From the results of clinics andexperiments, we can conclude the flowing:
     Kusuanzhitian treating method has a good effect on decreasing experiment DM rats'sblood sugar, improving the disorder of fat metabolism, and then can lighten the damage ofglucotoxicity and lipotoxicity toβ-cell function; increasing insulin secretion, area, index;improving the insulin secretion and insulin secretion index curve and protectingβ-cellfunction; increasing the expression of insulin in pancreatic islet and GLUT-2、PDX-1. Thenaddβ-cell' sensitivity to glucose inciting and outer side tissue insulin sensitivity, protectβ-cellfunction of pancreatic islet.
     In this research, we inquiry of therapeutic effect and its mechanism how Kusuanzhitiantreating method treat impairedβ-cell function of T2DM from different angel and level, developing the extension of clinical range after the modification of Kusuanzhitianfang. It willbe a new train of thought for the research of impairedβ-cell function of T2DM by Chinesemedicine. At the same time, it also establishes a firm foundation for the new Chinesemedicine explore of improvingβ-cell function.
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