女大学生性别角色态度与职业倾向的关系研究
|
摘要
性别角色态度是人们对于男性或女性相应的角色行为表现所持的一种态度,即对于男性或女性在一定的文化背景下形成的对性别角色的看法、感受与评价。本研究根据文献查阅、学生访谈,开放式问卷调查等方式收集资料,形成女大学生性别角色态度问卷,调查女大学生对女性性别角色有关的人、事、物及概念的认知、意向上的倾向性,然后进一步探讨性别角色态度与职业倾向的关系。
通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析得到女大学生性别角色态度问卷,该问卷包含胜任、家庭—事业、性格——职业、人格特质及表现四个因子,能够解释51.168%的变异量,并且具有较好的信度和效度。
本研究采用独立样本t检验、方差分析、相关分析、回归分析考察中国文化背景下女大学生性别角色态度与职业倾向之间的关系,即探讨人口统计学变量对性别角色态度、职业倾向的影响;女大学生性别角色态度与职业倾向之间的关系;并检验女大学生性别角色态度对职业倾向的预测作用,主要研究结论如下:
第一,文理科女大学生性别角色态度差异不显著;独生子女与非独生子女性别角色态度差异显著;家庭经济地位对女大学生性别角色态度影响不显著;城乡女大学生性别角色态度不存在显著差异。第二,文理科的女大学生在现实型、研究型职业倾向的得分存在显著性差异;独生子女与非独生子女在艺术型职业倾向得分存在差异;母亲的职业类型对女大学生职业倾向类型具有一定程度的影响。第三,我国女大学生性别角色态度的子维度与职业倾向的不同维度,呈现显著相关。其中性别角色态度的子维度胜任与事业型、研究型职业倾向相关非常显著,并对事业型、研究型职业倾向具有一定的预测作用。女大学生在家庭--事业方面的性别角色态度与常规型职业倾向相关显著,并对常规型职业倾向有一定的预测作用。
Gender-role attitude is the male or female role behaviors by the attitude that the male or female in the acquired as a socio-cultural view of gender-roles for the development of the cause. based on opening questionnaires , analyzing the literature and visiting university students, a questionnaires was developed about female university students’gender-role attitude.Through the Independent-Samples Test , One-Way ANOVA , Correlate Analysis , Regression Analysis , explored the relation of career orientation of female university students and gender-role attitude of female university students in a Chinese context . the mainly research conclusions were as follows:
Firstly , there is difference between arts and science female university students on Realistic and Investigative career orientation . There is difference between only-child and non-only-child on arts of career orientation . Different kind of career of mother have effect on female university students’career orientation.
Secondly , female right and family obligation of gender-role attitude of female university students has signification collection with Enterprising career orientation and has very significant correlation with Conventional career orientation ; competence has very significant correrlation with Artistic and Enterprising , personality has significant colleration with Artistic and career orientation.
Thirdly, part of factors of gender-role attitude can forecast female university students career orientation predict well , but some part of gender-role attitude can not.
通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析得到女大学生性别角色态度问卷,该问卷包含胜任、家庭—事业、性格——职业、人格特质及表现四个因子,能够解释51.168%的变异量,并且具有较好的信度和效度。
本研究采用独立样本t检验、方差分析、相关分析、回归分析考察中国文化背景下女大学生性别角色态度与职业倾向之间的关系,即探讨人口统计学变量对性别角色态度、职业倾向的影响;女大学生性别角色态度与职业倾向之间的关系;并检验女大学生性别角色态度对职业倾向的预测作用,主要研究结论如下:
第一,文理科女大学生性别角色态度差异不显著;独生子女与非独生子女性别角色态度差异显著;家庭经济地位对女大学生性别角色态度影响不显著;城乡女大学生性别角色态度不存在显著差异。第二,文理科的女大学生在现实型、研究型职业倾向的得分存在显著性差异;独生子女与非独生子女在艺术型职业倾向得分存在差异;母亲的职业类型对女大学生职业倾向类型具有一定程度的影响。第三,我国女大学生性别角色态度的子维度与职业倾向的不同维度,呈现显著相关。其中性别角色态度的子维度胜任与事业型、研究型职业倾向相关非常显著,并对事业型、研究型职业倾向具有一定的预测作用。女大学生在家庭--事业方面的性别角色态度与常规型职业倾向相关显著,并对常规型职业倾向有一定的预测作用。
Gender-role attitude is the male or female role behaviors by the attitude that the male or female in the acquired as a socio-cultural view of gender-roles for the development of the cause. based on opening questionnaires , analyzing the literature and visiting university students, a questionnaires was developed about female university students’gender-role attitude.Through the Independent-Samples Test , One-Way ANOVA , Correlate Analysis , Regression Analysis , explored the relation of career orientation of female university students and gender-role attitude of female university students in a Chinese context . the mainly research conclusions were as follows:
Firstly , there is difference between arts and science female university students on Realistic and Investigative career orientation . There is difference between only-child and non-only-child on arts of career orientation . Different kind of career of mother have effect on female university students’career orientation.
Secondly , female right and family obligation of gender-role attitude of female university students has signification collection with Enterprising career orientation and has very significant correlation with Conventional career orientation ; competence has very significant correrlation with Artistic and Enterprising , personality has significant colleration with Artistic and career orientation.
Thirdly, part of factors of gender-role attitude can forecast female university students career orientation predict well , but some part of gender-role attitude can not.
引文
[1] 程琼莹.大专(商专)女学生性别角色态度与职业期望关系之探讨.台湾大学社会研究硕士论文,1988
[2] 陈佳伶.电影观赏与团体讨论方案对青少年性别角色态度影响之研究.台湾硕士论文,2006
[3] 方俐洛,白利刚,凌文辁 .HOLLAND 式中国职业兴趣量表的建构.心理学报,1996.2:113-119
[4] 高淑娟.大学教师性别角色态度与工作投入之相关研究.国立成功大学教育研究所硕士论文,2000
[5] 胡真萍.国立小学教师的性别角色态度与两性平等教育实施态度之调查研究.新竹师院国民教育研究所论文集,2001.405-423
[6] 刘安彦.性别角色态度量表之编制与常模建立之研究.台北市教育部,2001
[7] 罗灿英.从媒体的性别到性别的媒体.两性平等教育,1991.11:11-25
[8] 李美枝.性别角色析论.本土心理学研究,2001.6:260-299
[9] 龙立荣.企业员工自我职业生涯管理的影响因素.心理学报 ,2003.35(4):541-545
[10] 秦启文,余华.性别角色刻板印象的调查.心理科学,2001.5:593-594
[11] 刘泽文,刘华山,张建新.青少年早期职业不确定性及其影响因素.心理科学,2006.29(1) :198-200
[12] 刘红.中学生性别角色观的分析研究.西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2000
[13] 吕宏芬,刘向平.性别文档:关注“她”时代.人力资源,2004:76-80
[14] 钱铭怡.大学生性别角色量表(CSRI)的编制.心理学报,2000:32(1)99-104
[15] 郭爱妹,张雷.西方性别角色态度研究述评.山东师大学报,2000.5:73-76
[16] 顾琴轩,黄培清.研发人员职业倾向与职业成功发展.科学学与科学技术管理, 2004.12:106-108
[17] 樊钱涛,毛禹忠等.大学生职业倾向及学习动机实证研究.浙江科技学院学报,2005.2:154-158
[18] 石晓勇.大学生性别角色态度与成就动机的关系研究.苏州大学硕士论文,2006
[19] 孙孟宇.天津市大学生职业生涯规划现状调查.中国大学生就业,2006.17
[20] 陶国泰.独生子女心理卫生.中国心理卫生杂志,1994.(1)35-38
[21] 王勤,童腮军.高考学生专业选择与专业兴趣相符性研究.黑龙江高教研究,2004.9:20-22
[22] 许兆瑞,大学生所学专业、职业选择、职业倾向一致性与学习动机的研究.东北师大硕士论文,2006
[23] 徐敏.当代女大学生的角色自认与性别角色伙伴的社会期望.浙江学刊,1994.(1):74-75.
[24] 叶晗.当代女大学生成才障碍分析.广西大学学报,1999.6:74-77
[25] 杨婉仪.男女生该是啥样子——电影广告对青少年性别角色发展之影响.师友,2003.420:26-27
[26] 张积家.大学生性别角色观的研究.青年研究,2000.11:23-28
[27] 郑琼梅.职业刻板印象与理工科女大学生就业难原因探析.武汉科技大学学报,2004.(1)61-64
[28] 张忠豪.大学生人格特征与职业倾向的相关研究.苏州大学硕士论文,2006.4
[29] 张 雷 . 郭 爱 妹 , 侯 杰 泰 . 中 美 大 学 生 性 别 角 色 平 等 态 度 比 较 研 究 . 心 理 科 学 ,2002.25(2):219-221
[30] 赵妙林,许百华.儿童性别角色发展有关理论述评.心理学报,2002.8(4)61-64
[31] 臧忠卿.多元统计分析在性别角色期望分析中的应用.贵州师范大学学报,2002.2:112-116
[32] 欧阳晓明.从城市独生子女家庭看性别角色意识的淡化.社会,2001.(1)22-23
[33] 郑晓明,于海波,王明娇.国有商业银行客户经理的胜任特征及其与工作态度的关系.人力资源管理,2008.2.180-188
[34] 袁立新,杨玉銮.父母性别平等态度与孩子性别平等态度、性别角色的关系比较.广东 教育学院学报,2007:44-48
[35] 周蟠,周琳.高职院校职业倾向的研究.太原大学学报,2007.(6):93-96
[36] Astin H S. The meaning of work in women’s life :a sociopsychological model of career choice and work behavior .The Counseling Psychologist , 1984 .12 : 117 - 126
[37] Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York:Freeman,1997
[38] Betz & Fitzgerald. The career psychology of women[M] . N Y: New York Academic Press , 1987
[39] Bem,S.L.The measurmemnt of psychological androgyny. journal of counsulting and clinical psychology.1974.42:155-159
[40] Bandura, A. Regulation of cognitive process through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 1982.25:729–735
[41] Chang,guo aime,& hou kit Tai.the comparative study of the gender role egalitarian attitudes in America and China. Science of Psychology, 2002,vol25,219-222
[42] Erik. H. Erikson Identity:Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton and Company,1968
[43] Famojuro, E. D. A study of the relationship between career preferences and sex-role identitiesof university students. Nigerian Journal of Educational Psychology, 1986. 68: 203–215
[44] Fassinger R E. Causal models of career choice in two samples of college women . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 1990. 36 :225- 248
[45] Farmer H S. Model of career and achievement motivation for women and men . Journal of Counseling Psychology ,1985.3 :363 - 390
[46] Gilbert,I A.Measures of Psychological Mascunity and Femininity:A Commenton Gaddy,Glass and A CommenAmkoff.Journal of Consulting Psychology,1985.32:163-166
[47] Hargreaves.d, Psychological theories of sex-role stereo-typing. The Psychology of sex roles,1987.27-41
[48] Hostede.culture’s Consequences:International differences in work-related values.Berely hills, CA:sage,Asian Women in masculine and feminine cultures. Journal of Cross-culture Psychology. 1980.27:533-546
[49] Jennifer Nepper Fiebig. Gifited American and German Early Adolescent Girls: influence on career orientation and aspirations, High Ability Studies. 2003,Vol.14,No.2, 76-91
[50] lisa Y.Flores,Karen M.O,Brien The Career Development of Mexican Adolescent women; A Test of social Cognitive Career Theory . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 2002 , Vol.,49,No.1,14-27
[51] Magid Igbaria,Suleiman K. Kassicieh,Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals.J .EngTechnol. Manage,1999.16:29-54
[52] Spence,J T.Gender Indentity And Its Implications for the Concepts of Masculinity and feminity,In Mahe B A,Maher W B (Exls) .Progressin Experimental Personality Research,1985
[53] Pleck J H.The theory of male role identity:lts rise and fall,1936 to the PresentIn:Lewn ed.In the shadow of the Past .Psychology Portmys the sexes,1984,205-225
[54] O’Brien & Fassinger,R.E. Acausal model of career orientation and career choice of adolescent women .. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 1993.40, 456–469
[55] Robert W. Lent , Steven D. Brown , Testing social cognitive interest and choice hypothesesacross Holland types in Italian high school student . Journal of Vocational Behavior,2003.62:101-118
[56] Shaffer,D.R.Social and personality development.brook code ,1994.3
[57] Rainey I. M., & Borders, L. D. Influential factors in career orientation and career aspiration of early adolescent girls. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 1997.44(2), 160-172
[58] Salami, S. O. Birth order, gender, family type and vocational preferences of IJMBE A’ Level Science Students. Journal of Science Teaching and Learning, 1997.3, 32–42
[59] Salami, S. O. An investigation of achievement motivation, fear of failure, locus control, and neuroticism as predictors of vocational preference realism among Nigerian adolescents. Nigerian Journal of Clinical and Counselling Psychology, 2000.6(1), 26–38
[60] Schwarzer R,Aristi B. Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology,1997.3(1-2):177-190
[61] The Relationship of Ethnic Identity and Gender Role Attitudes to the Development of Career Choice Goals Among Black and Latina Girls. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2006.(53):379-385
[62] The Mother-Daughter Relationship as a Resource for Korean Women’s Career Orientation. Sex Roles,2001,vol,44:79-99
[63] Uwe, E.A. Gender orientation and occupational competence ofworkers. The Counsellor, 1999.17(1),43–50
[64] Zhang JX,Schwarzer R.Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-efficacy Scale. Psychologia,1995.38(3):174-181
[65] Baron&Kenny,D.A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual l, strategic, and statistical considerations . journal of personality and social psychology, 1986 .51(6):1173-1182
[66] Nelson,C.&Keith , Comparison of fenmale and male early adolescent sex role attitude and behavior development. Adolescence,1990.97:183-203
[67] 埃托奥·布里奇斯.女性心理学,苏彦捷译,北京大学出版社,2003
[68] 郑新蓉.性别与教育,教育科学出版社,2005
[69] 时蓉华.现代社会心理学,华东师范大学出版社,1998
[70] 苏 红.多重视角下的社会性别观,上海大学出版社,2004
[71] 让·凯拉阿尔.家庭微观社会学,顾西兰译,北商务出版社,1998
[72] 郑雪.人格心理学,暨南大学出版社,2004
[2] 陈佳伶.电影观赏与团体讨论方案对青少年性别角色态度影响之研究.台湾硕士论文,2006
[3] 方俐洛,白利刚,凌文辁 .HOLLAND 式中国职业兴趣量表的建构.心理学报,1996.2:113-119
[4] 高淑娟.大学教师性别角色态度与工作投入之相关研究.国立成功大学教育研究所硕士论文,2000
[5] 胡真萍.国立小学教师的性别角色态度与两性平等教育实施态度之调查研究.新竹师院国民教育研究所论文集,2001.405-423
[6] 刘安彦.性别角色态度量表之编制与常模建立之研究.台北市教育部,2001
[7] 罗灿英.从媒体的性别到性别的媒体.两性平等教育,1991.11:11-25
[8] 李美枝.性别角色析论.本土心理学研究,2001.6:260-299
[9] 龙立荣.企业员工自我职业生涯管理的影响因素.心理学报 ,2003.35(4):541-545
[10] 秦启文,余华.性别角色刻板印象的调查.心理科学,2001.5:593-594
[11] 刘泽文,刘华山,张建新.青少年早期职业不确定性及其影响因素.心理科学,2006.29(1) :198-200
[12] 刘红.中学生性别角色观的分析研究.西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2000
[13] 吕宏芬,刘向平.性别文档:关注“她”时代.人力资源,2004:76-80
[14] 钱铭怡.大学生性别角色量表(CSRI)的编制.心理学报,2000:32(1)99-104
[15] 郭爱妹,张雷.西方性别角色态度研究述评.山东师大学报,2000.5:73-76
[16] 顾琴轩,黄培清.研发人员职业倾向与职业成功发展.科学学与科学技术管理, 2004.12:106-108
[17] 樊钱涛,毛禹忠等.大学生职业倾向及学习动机实证研究.浙江科技学院学报,2005.2:154-158
[18] 石晓勇.大学生性别角色态度与成就动机的关系研究.苏州大学硕士论文,2006
[19] 孙孟宇.天津市大学生职业生涯规划现状调查.中国大学生就业,2006.17
[20] 陶国泰.独生子女心理卫生.中国心理卫生杂志,1994.(1)35-38
[21] 王勤,童腮军.高考学生专业选择与专业兴趣相符性研究.黑龙江高教研究,2004.9:20-22
[22] 许兆瑞,大学生所学专业、职业选择、职业倾向一致性与学习动机的研究.东北师大硕士论文,2006
[23] 徐敏.当代女大学生的角色自认与性别角色伙伴的社会期望.浙江学刊,1994.(1):74-75.
[24] 叶晗.当代女大学生成才障碍分析.广西大学学报,1999.6:74-77
[25] 杨婉仪.男女生该是啥样子——电影广告对青少年性别角色发展之影响.师友,2003.420:26-27
[26] 张积家.大学生性别角色观的研究.青年研究,2000.11:23-28
[27] 郑琼梅.职业刻板印象与理工科女大学生就业难原因探析.武汉科技大学学报,2004.(1)61-64
[28] 张忠豪.大学生人格特征与职业倾向的相关研究.苏州大学硕士论文,2006.4
[29] 张 雷 . 郭 爱 妹 , 侯 杰 泰 . 中 美 大 学 生 性 别 角 色 平 等 态 度 比 较 研 究 . 心 理 科 学 ,2002.25(2):219-221
[30] 赵妙林,许百华.儿童性别角色发展有关理论述评.心理学报,2002.8(4)61-64
[31] 臧忠卿.多元统计分析在性别角色期望分析中的应用.贵州师范大学学报,2002.2:112-116
[32] 欧阳晓明.从城市独生子女家庭看性别角色意识的淡化.社会,2001.(1)22-23
[33] 郑晓明,于海波,王明娇.国有商业银行客户经理的胜任特征及其与工作态度的关系.人力资源管理,2008.2.180-188
[34] 袁立新,杨玉銮.父母性别平等态度与孩子性别平等态度、性别角色的关系比较.广东 教育学院学报,2007:44-48
[35] 周蟠,周琳.高职院校职业倾向的研究.太原大学学报,2007.(6):93-96
[36] Astin H S. The meaning of work in women’s life :a sociopsychological model of career choice and work behavior .The Counseling Psychologist , 1984 .12 : 117 - 126
[37] Bandura A. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York:Freeman,1997
[38] Betz & Fitzgerald. The career psychology of women[M] . N Y: New York Academic Press , 1987
[39] Bem,S.L.The measurmemnt of psychological androgyny. journal of counsulting and clinical psychology.1974.42:155-159
[40] Bandura, A. Regulation of cognitive process through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 1982.25:729–735
[41] Chang,guo aime,& hou kit Tai.the comparative study of the gender role egalitarian attitudes in America and China. Science of Psychology, 2002,vol25,219-222
[42] Erik. H. Erikson Identity:Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton and Company,1968
[43] Famojuro, E. D. A study of the relationship between career preferences and sex-role identitiesof university students. Nigerian Journal of Educational Psychology, 1986. 68: 203–215
[44] Fassinger R E. Causal models of career choice in two samples of college women . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 1990. 36 :225- 248
[45] Farmer H S. Model of career and achievement motivation for women and men . Journal of Counseling Psychology ,1985.3 :363 - 390
[46] Gilbert,I A.Measures of Psychological Mascunity and Femininity:A Commenton Gaddy,Glass and A CommenAmkoff.Journal of Consulting Psychology,1985.32:163-166
[47] Hargreaves.d, Psychological theories of sex-role stereo-typing. The Psychology of sex roles,1987.27-41
[48] Hostede.culture’s Consequences:International differences in work-related values.Berely hills, CA:sage,Asian Women in masculine and feminine cultures. Journal of Cross-culture Psychology. 1980.27:533-546
[49] Jennifer Nepper Fiebig. Gifited American and German Early Adolescent Girls: influence on career orientation and aspirations, High Ability Studies. 2003,Vol.14,No.2, 76-91
[50] lisa Y.Flores,Karen M.O,Brien The Career Development of Mexican Adolescent women; A Test of social Cognitive Career Theory . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 2002 , Vol.,49,No.1,14-27
[51] Magid Igbaria,Suleiman K. Kassicieh,Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals.J .EngTechnol. Manage,1999.16:29-54
[52] Spence,J T.Gender Indentity And Its Implications for the Concepts of Masculinity and feminity,In Mahe B A,Maher W B (Exls) .Progressin Experimental Personality Research,1985
[53] Pleck J H.The theory of male role identity:lts rise and fall,1936 to the PresentIn:Lewn ed.In the shadow of the Past .Psychology Portmys the sexes,1984,205-225
[54] O’Brien & Fassinger,R.E. Acausal model of career orientation and career choice of adolescent women .. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 1993.40, 456–469
[55] Robert W. Lent , Steven D. Brown , Testing social cognitive interest and choice hypothesesacross Holland types in Italian high school student . Journal of Vocational Behavior,2003.62:101-118
[56] Shaffer,D.R.Social and personality development.brook code ,1994.3
[57] Rainey I. M., & Borders, L. D. Influential factors in career orientation and career aspiration of early adolescent girls. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 1997.44(2), 160-172
[58] Salami, S. O. Birth order, gender, family type and vocational preferences of IJMBE A’ Level Science Students. Journal of Science Teaching and Learning, 1997.3, 32–42
[59] Salami, S. O. An investigation of achievement motivation, fear of failure, locus control, and neuroticism as predictors of vocational preference realism among Nigerian adolescents. Nigerian Journal of Clinical and Counselling Psychology, 2000.6(1), 26–38
[60] Schwarzer R,Aristi B. Optimistic self-beliefs: Assessment of general perceived self-efficacy in thirteen cultures. World Psychology,1997.3(1-2):177-190
[61] The Relationship of Ethnic Identity and Gender Role Attitudes to the Development of Career Choice Goals Among Black and Latina Girls. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2006.(53):379-385
[62] The Mother-Daughter Relationship as a Resource for Korean Women’s Career Orientation. Sex Roles,2001,vol,44:79-99
[63] Uwe, E.A. Gender orientation and occupational competence ofworkers. The Counsellor, 1999.17(1),43–50
[64] Zhang JX,Schwarzer R.Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-efficacy Scale. Psychologia,1995.38(3):174-181
[65] Baron&Kenny,D.A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual l, strategic, and statistical considerations . journal of personality and social psychology, 1986 .51(6):1173-1182
[66] Nelson,C.&Keith , Comparison of fenmale and male early adolescent sex role attitude and behavior development. Adolescence,1990.97:183-203
[67] 埃托奥·布里奇斯.女性心理学,苏彦捷译,北京大学出版社,2003
[68] 郑新蓉.性别与教育,教育科学出版社,2005
[69] 时蓉华.现代社会心理学,华东师范大学出版社,1998
[70] 苏 红.多重视角下的社会性别观,上海大学出版社,2004
[71] 让·凯拉阿尔.家庭微观社会学,顾西兰译,北商务出版社,1998
[72] 郑雪.人格心理学,暨南大学出版社,2004