政府教育投资对我国农民收入分配的影响
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摘要
以往的对农民收入问题的研究集中在从自然资源、地理位置、农业技术、制度方面来解释农民收入分配问题,然而却忽视了教育的因素的影响,本文从农村教育政府投资的角度来描述政府投资以及农民收入的现状,并且探讨两者之间的相互关系。本文选取生均预算内教育经费来衡量政府农村教育投资的力度,并且就小学和初中两个层次探讨政府投资在农民收入分配中的效用,并得出以下结论:
第一,政府对农村小学、初中等义务教育的投入在长期上对农民收入增加有显著的作用,但是短期效果不明显,因此很难看到政府对农村基础教育加大投入的长期规划;第二,政府对农村义务教育投入的不均衡已经开始影响农民收入的均衡性,并且会进一步影响政府农村义务教育投入的不均衡。由于教育本身所存在的滞后性,使得教育投资回报在短期内很难看到,这更进一步说明了政府对农村基础教育投入一定要做好长远规划,同时由于地方政府财政实力不均衡,以及导致区域教育投入的不均衡,政府必须在全国范围内协调好财政教育经费,以保证公平性。
最后从政府的角度提出了相关的政策和建议,主要集中在以下两个方面:第一是在现有的不变的财政体制上,加大政府对农村教育的投入力度并且保证投入能够更加地均等化;第二是改革现有的财政教育支持体制,使省级政府和中央政府承担起主要责任,并且积极寻求社会团体对农村教育的投入。
Previous study about income of farmers is mostly using natural resources, geographical location, agricultural technology and institution to explain the income distribution of farmers. While most of them ignore the human capital factors, this article is to describe government investment in rural human capital and situation of income of farmers from the perspective of government, and to explore the relationship between them. This budget funds for per education student is selected to measure the intensity of government investment in rural human capital , and the two levels including primary and secondary are used to explorer the effectiveness of government investment in promoting farmer income, and draw the following conclusions:
Firstly, the government's investment in compulsory education including rural primary, and junior high school has a significant effect on income of farmers in the long term. However, no significant short-term effect has been seen. That is why it is difficult to see increased investment from government's planning on basic education in rural areas in the long-term; Secondly, government's investment in rural compulsory education is unbalanced which has begun to affect income inequality of farmers and will further affect the government's investment in rural compulsory education . The lag of education exits which makes return on investment in education is difficult to be seen in the short term. This further demonstrates the government's investment on rural basic education must be in long term. As the local financial strength of local governments is unbalanced which leads to regional unbalanced investment on education, this requires the Government to coordinate a national financial education funding in order to ensure fairness
Finally, relevant proposals are put forward from the perspective of government policy and they are mainly in the following two aspects: on the one hand , we need increase the amount of government investment in rural human capital which is to be equal on the constant financial institutional; On the other hand,the current financial structure in favor of education needs to be reformed to enable the provincial government and the central government to assume primary responsibility ,and to seek community endorsement on rural human capital.
第一,政府对农村小学、初中等义务教育的投入在长期上对农民收入增加有显著的作用,但是短期效果不明显,因此很难看到政府对农村基础教育加大投入的长期规划;第二,政府对农村义务教育投入的不均衡已经开始影响农民收入的均衡性,并且会进一步影响政府农村义务教育投入的不均衡。由于教育本身所存在的滞后性,使得教育投资回报在短期内很难看到,这更进一步说明了政府对农村基础教育投入一定要做好长远规划,同时由于地方政府财政实力不均衡,以及导致区域教育投入的不均衡,政府必须在全国范围内协调好财政教育经费,以保证公平性。
最后从政府的角度提出了相关的政策和建议,主要集中在以下两个方面:第一是在现有的不变的财政体制上,加大政府对农村教育的投入力度并且保证投入能够更加地均等化;第二是改革现有的财政教育支持体制,使省级政府和中央政府承担起主要责任,并且积极寻求社会团体对农村教育的投入。
Previous study about income of farmers is mostly using natural resources, geographical location, agricultural technology and institution to explain the income distribution of farmers. While most of them ignore the human capital factors, this article is to describe government investment in rural human capital and situation of income of farmers from the perspective of government, and to explore the relationship between them. This budget funds for per education student is selected to measure the intensity of government investment in rural human capital , and the two levels including primary and secondary are used to explorer the effectiveness of government investment in promoting farmer income, and draw the following conclusions:
Firstly, the government's investment in compulsory education including rural primary, and junior high school has a significant effect on income of farmers in the long term. However, no significant short-term effect has been seen. That is why it is difficult to see increased investment from government's planning on basic education in rural areas in the long-term; Secondly, government's investment in rural compulsory education is unbalanced which has begun to affect income inequality of farmers and will further affect the government's investment in rural compulsory education . The lag of education exits which makes return on investment in education is difficult to be seen in the short term. This further demonstrates the government's investment on rural basic education must be in long term. As the local financial strength of local governments is unbalanced which leads to regional unbalanced investment on education, this requires the Government to coordinate a national financial education funding in order to ensure fairness
Finally, relevant proposals are put forward from the perspective of government policy and they are mainly in the following two aspects: on the one hand , we need increase the amount of government investment in rural human capital which is to be equal on the constant financial institutional; On the other hand,the current financial structure in favor of education needs to be reformed to enable the provincial government and the central government to assume primary responsibility ,and to seek community endorsement on rural human capital.
引文
[1] Becker G. S. Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of political economy. 1962: 12-47
[2] Benson.C.S. Educational Financing.In Husen.T.etal (eds). The International of Education: Research and Studies, 1985(4): 156-184
[3] Buchanan .James M.An Economic Theory of Clubs .Economics, 1965: 32-43
[4] Birchenall.JavierA.Income Distribution, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Colombia .Journal of Development Economics, 2001, 66 : 271-287
[5] Eicher.Theo S. Penalosa .Garcia. Inequality and growth: the dual role of human capital in development.Journal of Development Economics , 2001, 66: 193-197
[6] Fei.John.C.H. and Ranis.Gustav.One theory of economic development,1961,36-42
[7] Friedman.Milton .Capitalism and freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962: 85-107
[8] Galor, Oded, Daniel. Tisdon. Income distribution and Growth: The Kuznets Hypothess Revisited. Economica, newseries, volume 63 Issue250, Supplement; Economic (Policy and Income) is not tution, 1996: 103-117.
[9] Huffman.Decision Making : The Role of Education.American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1974(56): 83-87.
[10] Jamison, D. T. and Moock , P. R. Farmer education and farm efficiency in Nepal: The role of schooling, extension services, and cognitive skills,World Development1984(1): 67-86.
[11] Lockheed. M. E., Jamison, D. T. and Lau, L. J. Farmer education and farm efficiency: a survey ,Economic Development and Cultural Change,1980,29: 37-76.
[12] Lucas.R.E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development.Journal of Monetary Economics, 1988, 22: 124 -136
[13] Marin, A.& G .Psscharopoulos. Schooling and income distribution . Review of Economics&Statistics , 1976, 58(3): 332-338.
[14] McInerney. Peter .The Ethics of Problem Representation in PublicEducation Policy: From Educational Disadvantageto Individual Deficits.Policy and Society, 2007,26(3)85-98
[15] Mincer.Jacob.Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution. Journalof Political Economy, 1958, 66: 281-302
[16] Oates.W.E.FiscalFderalism.NewYork, HarcourtBraceJovanovich, 1972: 36-45
[17] Park K H.Expansion and Educational Inequality .Economics of Education Review, 1996, 15(1): 51-58 Ranasinghe
[18] Ram.Rati.Popution increase, Economic growth, Education inequality, and Income Distribution some recent evidence.Journal of Development Economics, 1987, 14: 419-428
[19] Ranasinghe and Hartog.Free-education in Sri Lanka. Does it eliminate the family effect?. Economics of Education Review,2002,21(6):623-633
[20] Romer.P.M.Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1986: 94
[21] Samuelson, Paul A.The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure .Review of Economics and Statistics, 1954: 36-54
[22] Schultz T. W. Investment in human capital. American economic review, 1961(S1): 4-13
[23] Schultz T. P. Education investment and returns in Chenery. Handbook of Development Economics,1988(1):543-630.
[24] SimonKuznets. Economic Growth and Income Inequalty.American Economic Review, 1955(1): 1-28.
[25] Slavin.Robert.E.Can financial incentives enhance educational outcomes?Evidence from international experiments.Educational Research Review,2010(5): 68-80
[26] Winegarden, C.R.Schooling and income distribution: Evidence from international data.Economical, 1979, 46: 83-87
[27] Smith.Adam.WealthofNations(1976CampbellandSkinneredition), volume1, book2, p.27, and volume5, book1, f, p.785
[28] Topel Robert. LaborMarket and Economic Growth . Handbook of LaborEconomics. 1999: 2943-2984.
[29] Welch.F. Education in production . Journal of Political Economy,1970,78:214-228
[30]安体富,郭庆旺.内生增长理论与财政政策.财贸经济, 1998(11): 25-32.
[31]白菊红,袁飞.农民收入水平与农村教育关系分析.农业技术经济, 2003(1): 16-18.
[32]白菊红.收入分配不平等理论模型及区域间农民收入分配分析.西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2003(3): 32-35.
[33]白雪梅.教育与收入不平等:中国的经验研究.管理世界, 2004(6): 53-58.
[34]白永秀,惠宁.论教育理论的三次飞跃.经济评论, 2005(2): 62-66.
[35]陈捷.政府在教育投资中的多重角色.江西行政学院学报, 2003(3): 45-46.
[36]邓曲恒.教育、收入增长与收入差距.上海:上海人民出版社, 2009.
[37]樊丽淑.中国转型期地区间农民收入差异研究:趋势、成因、适度性及其调控措施.北京:中国农业出版社, 2006.
[38]傅国华,许能锐.海南农村居民收入与农村教育实证分析.中国农村经济, 2005(9): 18-23.
[39]高鸿桢.论收入不平等性指标.厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1993(4):31-37.
[40]高技.EXCEL下基尼系数的计算研究.浙江统计, 2008(6) :41-43.
[41]郭志仪,常晔.农户教育投资与农民收入增长.经济科学, 2007(3): 26-35.
[42]何景熙.农村公共性教育投资研究——关于农村基础教育和公共卫生政策的反思.调研世界, 2003(9): 14-17.
[43]惠宁,霍丽.论教育理论的形成与发展.江西社会科学, 2008(3): 74-80.
[44]霍丽.城乡二元经济差异的教育研究.北京:中国经济出版社, 2008.
[45]李伟.教育与健康水平对农户劳动生产率的影响:对中国农村贫困地区的一项研究.市场与人口分析, 2001(5): 45-53.
[46]刘纯阳,高启杰.我国农民收入区域差异变动趋势分析—兼析农村教育的区域差异及其对农民收入的影响.农业技术经济, 2004(2): 20-23.
[47]刘玉来.农村劳动力培训的经济学分析.农村经济, 2003(9): 62-64.
[48]龙舟,刘朝.教育生均预算内经费的地区差异研究—基于统计学方法及基尼系数的测算科学管理研究, 2007(6): 81-84.
[49]秦玉玲.浅析我国农民收入区域差距问题.科技信息(学术研究), 2006(9): 286.
[50]沈百福.我国农村教育投入分析.当代教育论坛, 2004(7): 5-8.
[51]苏明.中国农村基础教育的财政支持政策研究.经济研究参考, 2005(25): 29-48.
[52]唐平.我国农村居民收人水平差异研析.管理世界, 1995(2): 173-181.
[53]叶樊妮,王艳.浅析我国教育投资风险的诱因.西南民族大学学报(人文社科版) , 2005(2): 180-182.
[54]王小鲁,樊纲.中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析.经济研究, 2005(10): 24-36.
[55]万广华.中国农村区域间居民收入差异及其变化的实证分析.经济研究, 1998(5): 36-41.
[56]万广华.解释中国农村区域间的收入不平等:一种基于回归方程的分解方法.经济研究, 2004(8): 117-127.
[57]魏众.健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响.经济研究, 2004(2): 64-74.
[58]张车伟.教育回报率变化与收入差距:“马太效应”及其政策含义.经济研究, 2006(12): 59-70.
[59]张芬.农村地区收入差异与教育积累.中国社会科学, 2006(2): 67-79.
[60]张克俊.我国城乡居民收入差距的影响因素分析.人口与经济, 2005(6): 50-54.
[61]张藕香.教育不均等与我国地区收入差距.北京:经济科学出版社出版, 2009.
[62]张平.中国农村居民区域间收入不平等与非农就业.经济研究, 1998(8): 59-66.
[63]张茜.农村教育与农民收入的动态关系.山西财经大学学报, 2007(3): 27-31.
[64]邹薇,张芬.农村地区收入差异与教育积累.中国社会科学, 2006(2): 67-79.
[65]周逸先,崔玉平.农村劳动力受教育与就业及家庭收入的相关分析.中国农村经济, 2001(4): 60-67.
[2] Benson.C.S. Educational Financing.In Husen.T.etal (eds). The International of Education: Research and Studies, 1985(4): 156-184
[3] Buchanan .James M.An Economic Theory of Clubs .Economics, 1965: 32-43
[4] Birchenall.JavierA.Income Distribution, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Colombia .Journal of Development Economics, 2001, 66 : 271-287
[5] Eicher.Theo S. Penalosa .Garcia. Inequality and growth: the dual role of human capital in development.Journal of Development Economics , 2001, 66: 193-197
[6] Fei.John.C.H. and Ranis.Gustav.One theory of economic development,1961,36-42
[7] Friedman.Milton .Capitalism and freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962: 85-107
[8] Galor, Oded, Daniel. Tisdon. Income distribution and Growth: The Kuznets Hypothess Revisited. Economica, newseries, volume 63 Issue250, Supplement; Economic (Policy and Income) is not tution, 1996: 103-117.
[9] Huffman.Decision Making : The Role of Education.American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1974(56): 83-87.
[10] Jamison, D. T. and Moock , P. R. Farmer education and farm efficiency in Nepal: The role of schooling, extension services, and cognitive skills,World Development1984(1): 67-86.
[11] Lockheed. M. E., Jamison, D. T. and Lau, L. J. Farmer education and farm efficiency: a survey ,Economic Development and Cultural Change,1980,29: 37-76.
[12] Lucas.R.E. On the Mechanics of Economic Development.Journal of Monetary Economics, 1988, 22: 124 -136
[13] Marin, A.& G .Psscharopoulos. Schooling and income distribution . Review of Economics&Statistics , 1976, 58(3): 332-338.
[14] McInerney. Peter .The Ethics of Problem Representation in PublicEducation Policy: From Educational Disadvantageto Individual Deficits.Policy and Society, 2007,26(3)85-98
[15] Mincer.Jacob.Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution. Journalof Political Economy, 1958, 66: 281-302
[16] Oates.W.E.FiscalFderalism.NewYork, HarcourtBraceJovanovich, 1972: 36-45
[17] Park K H.Expansion and Educational Inequality .Economics of Education Review, 1996, 15(1): 51-58 Ranasinghe
[18] Ram.Rati.Popution increase, Economic growth, Education inequality, and Income Distribution some recent evidence.Journal of Development Economics, 1987, 14: 419-428
[19] Ranasinghe and Hartog.Free-education in Sri Lanka. Does it eliminate the family effect?. Economics of Education Review,2002,21(6):623-633
[20] Romer.P.M.Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1986: 94
[21] Samuelson, Paul A.The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure .Review of Economics and Statistics, 1954: 36-54
[22] Schultz T. W. Investment in human capital. American economic review, 1961(S1): 4-13
[23] Schultz T. P. Education investment and returns in Chenery. Handbook of Development Economics,1988(1):543-630.
[24] SimonKuznets. Economic Growth and Income Inequalty.American Economic Review, 1955(1): 1-28.
[25] Slavin.Robert.E.Can financial incentives enhance educational outcomes?Evidence from international experiments.Educational Research Review,2010(5): 68-80
[26] Winegarden, C.R.Schooling and income distribution: Evidence from international data.Economical, 1979, 46: 83-87
[27] Smith.Adam.WealthofNations(1976CampbellandSkinneredition), volume1, book2, p.27, and volume5, book1, f, p.785
[28] Topel Robert. LaborMarket and Economic Growth . Handbook of LaborEconomics. 1999: 2943-2984.
[29] Welch.F. Education in production . Journal of Political Economy,1970,78:214-228
[30]安体富,郭庆旺.内生增长理论与财政政策.财贸经济, 1998(11): 25-32.
[31]白菊红,袁飞.农民收入水平与农村教育关系分析.农业技术经济, 2003(1): 16-18.
[32]白菊红.收入分配不平等理论模型及区域间农民收入分配分析.西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2003(3): 32-35.
[33]白雪梅.教育与收入不平等:中国的经验研究.管理世界, 2004(6): 53-58.
[34]白永秀,惠宁.论教育理论的三次飞跃.经济评论, 2005(2): 62-66.
[35]陈捷.政府在教育投资中的多重角色.江西行政学院学报, 2003(3): 45-46.
[36]邓曲恒.教育、收入增长与收入差距.上海:上海人民出版社, 2009.
[37]樊丽淑.中国转型期地区间农民收入差异研究:趋势、成因、适度性及其调控措施.北京:中国农业出版社, 2006.
[38]傅国华,许能锐.海南农村居民收入与农村教育实证分析.中国农村经济, 2005(9): 18-23.
[39]高鸿桢.论收入不平等性指标.厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1993(4):31-37.
[40]高技.EXCEL下基尼系数的计算研究.浙江统计, 2008(6) :41-43.
[41]郭志仪,常晔.农户教育投资与农民收入增长.经济科学, 2007(3): 26-35.
[42]何景熙.农村公共性教育投资研究——关于农村基础教育和公共卫生政策的反思.调研世界, 2003(9): 14-17.
[43]惠宁,霍丽.论教育理论的形成与发展.江西社会科学, 2008(3): 74-80.
[44]霍丽.城乡二元经济差异的教育研究.北京:中国经济出版社, 2008.
[45]李伟.教育与健康水平对农户劳动生产率的影响:对中国农村贫困地区的一项研究.市场与人口分析, 2001(5): 45-53.
[46]刘纯阳,高启杰.我国农民收入区域差异变动趋势分析—兼析农村教育的区域差异及其对农民收入的影响.农业技术经济, 2004(2): 20-23.
[47]刘玉来.农村劳动力培训的经济学分析.农村经济, 2003(9): 62-64.
[48]龙舟,刘朝.教育生均预算内经费的地区差异研究—基于统计学方法及基尼系数的测算科学管理研究, 2007(6): 81-84.
[49]秦玉玲.浅析我国农民收入区域差距问题.科技信息(学术研究), 2006(9): 286.
[50]沈百福.我国农村教育投入分析.当代教育论坛, 2004(7): 5-8.
[51]苏明.中国农村基础教育的财政支持政策研究.经济研究参考, 2005(25): 29-48.
[52]唐平.我国农村居民收人水平差异研析.管理世界, 1995(2): 173-181.
[53]叶樊妮,王艳.浅析我国教育投资风险的诱因.西南民族大学学报(人文社科版) , 2005(2): 180-182.
[54]王小鲁,樊纲.中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析.经济研究, 2005(10): 24-36.
[55]万广华.中国农村区域间居民收入差异及其变化的实证分析.经济研究, 1998(5): 36-41.
[56]万广华.解释中国农村区域间的收入不平等:一种基于回归方程的分解方法.经济研究, 2004(8): 117-127.
[57]魏众.健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响.经济研究, 2004(2): 64-74.
[58]张车伟.教育回报率变化与收入差距:“马太效应”及其政策含义.经济研究, 2006(12): 59-70.
[59]张芬.农村地区收入差异与教育积累.中国社会科学, 2006(2): 67-79.
[60]张克俊.我国城乡居民收入差距的影响因素分析.人口与经济, 2005(6): 50-54.
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