植物生长营养液对马铃薯抗旱增产生理调控机制
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摘要
中国是马铃薯种植面积最大的国家，但单产较世界平均水平低19.18%，提高单产是目前我国马铃薯生产亟待解决的问题。内蒙古是我国马铃薯的主产省区之一，80%以上为旱作，干旱成为限制马铃薯生长和产量提高的重要因素。植物生长营养液是一种新型叶面肥，含有腐植酸类物质，对于作物抗旱增产具有积极的作用。本文针对干旱和马铃薯低产问题，通过盆栽和大田试验相结合方法，研究喷施不同浓度及不同生育时期、不同水分与干旱胁迫复水条件下喷施植物生长营养液对马铃薯生长、生理特性和产量的影响，筛选适宜的喷施浓度并探讨植物生长营养液对马铃薯抗旱增产的调控机制，为提高马铃薯抗旱增产能力，实现马铃薯稳产增产提供理论依据和技术支持。
1．喷施不同浓度植物生长营养液均能增加马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积系数、植株干物质，以稀释500倍浓度增幅最大，单产提高29.45%。不同灌溉方式下，喷施植物生长营养液均可增加马铃薯株高、茎粗、植株鲜重，提高根系活力。
2．不同时期喷施植物生长营养液均能降低各生育时期叶片REC和MDA含量，增加游离脯氨酸含量和保护酶活性，其中块茎膨大期喷施处理对马铃薯块茎膨大期叶片REC、MDA含量和游离脯氨酸影响均达显著差异；不同生育时期喷施处理均能显著提高各生育时期的SOD和CAT活性，对POD活性影响较小。
3．植物生长营养液能提高马铃薯叶片SPAD值，延缓重度水分胁迫SPAD值的下降。水分胁迫降低了光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度，喷施植物生长营养液可提高光合速率，降低蒸腾速率和气孔导度。植物生长营养液能降低REC，减少MDA的积累，对重度水分胁迫处理降幅最大。植物生长营养液能增加渗透调节物质，其中对游离脯氨酸含量影响较大，增幅最大值为25.25%。植物生长营养液可提高保护酶活性，以块茎膨大期增幅最显著。
4．在苗期，喷施植物生长营养液对正常供水的马铃薯生理特性无显著影响，对干旱处理的影响较大。持续干旱下，喷施植物生长营养液后的第7d叶片SPAD值显著增加，显著降低第5、7d叶片REC和第7d MDA含量（P<0.05），干旱第7d显著提高游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量，可溶性糖含量在第5d显著增加（P<0.05），植物生长营养液处理显著增加干旱后期保护酶活性和根系活力。
5．水分胁迫下，喷施植物生长营养液显著改善了马铃薯光合特性（P<0.05）；显著降低了根系和叶片的REC和MDA含量（P<0.05），明显抑制了MDA的合成；叶片渗透调节物质含量大于根系，对叶片渗透调节物质的影响较大；对SOD、POD、CAT活性增幅较大，叶片的保护酶活性大于根系，显著提高根系活力。复水后，中度水分胁迫下植物生长营养液处理与正常供水处理差异较小，重度水分胁迫下植物生长营养液处理仍与正常供水差异较大。植物生长营养液对水分胁迫下马铃薯的影响大于复水后的影响。重度水分胁迫下植物生长营养液处理产量增幅最大，达7.55%。
6．不同灌溉方式下植物生长营养液均较对照增加光合速率，降低蒸腾速率和气孔导度，在旱作下均达显著差异水平（P<0.05）；植物生长营养液处理降低不同器官REC达3.62%~25.08%，MDA含量达4.56%~20.11%，旱作处理降幅最大；植物生长营养液处理增加游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量，对叶片影响大于茎和根系；不同器官保护酶活性大小为：叶片>根系>茎，植物生长营养液显著提高叶片保护酶活性，对根系和茎保护酶影响较小，且在灌水量低条件下喷施植物生长营养液有利于保护酶活性提高；植物生长营养液处理增产9.70%~24.36%，增产幅度为旱作＞滴灌＞喷灌；提高干物质和淀粉含量。
7．相关分析表明，马铃薯株高、植株鲜重、根系活力、叶片SPAD值、光合速率均与产量呈极显著正相关；不同器官中REC、MDA和游离脯氨酸含量与产量呈极显著负相关；根系和茎POD和CAT活性与产量呈显著或者极显著负相关，叶片POD活性与产量呈显著负相关。以上均可作为植物生长营养液对不同水分条件下马铃薯抗旱增产的影响指示。
China is the largest country in potato acreage, but per unit area yield is lower than theworld average of19.18%, currently China's potato production need to solve the problemwhich increasing the per unit area yield,Inner Mongolia is one of the main potatoproducing provinces in China, more than80%of the area is dry farming, Drought hasbecome the important factors limiting the growth and yield increase of potato.Plant growthnutrient solution is a new type of foliar fertilizer containing humic acid substances, it hasplay a positive role in drought resistance and increasing yield for potato In view of thedrought and low production, through combining the pot and field, and through sprayingwith different concentrations of plant growth nutrient solution.at different with differentconcentrations of plant growth nutrient solution.at different period. Under different waterconditions and drought stress after re-watering conditions, this paper studies the impact ofpotato growth, physiological reaction in different organs of potato and yield,anddiscussion on the mechanism of plant growth and yield, then screening the appropriateconcentration; Explore the nutrient solution on plant growth regulatory mechanisms,potatoyield and drought, provide a theoretical basis and technical support for improving droughtresistance, increasing the yield of potato and achieving stable production of potato.
1. Spraying plant growth nutrient solution with different concentrations all canincrease the potato plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, dry matter, diluted500times had the largest increase, Per unit area yield increases29.45%, Under differentirrigation methods, Spraying plant growth nutrient solution all can increase the potato plantheight, stem diameter and plant fresh weight, and improve the root activity.
2. Spraying plant growth nutrient solution at different period all can reduce REC andMDA content of leaves at each growth period,and increase free proline content andactivities of protective enzymes; the REC, MDA content and freeproline are significantdifference influence by spraying plant growth nutrient solution at Potato tuber expansionperiod; spraying plant growth nutrient solution at different period all can significantlyincrease SOD and CAT activity, and have a small effect in POD activity.
3. Plant growth nutrient solution can improving the SPAD value of leaves, andslowing SPAD value decreased under severe water stress. The water stress reducedphotosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Spraying Plant growthnutrient solution can enhance photosynthetic rate, reducing transpiration rate and stomatalconductance. Plant growth nutrient solution can reduce the REC, reducing theaccumulation of MDA, and severe water stress is the largest. Plant growth nutrient solutioncan increasing the osmotic adjustment substance, and has a greater impact on content offree-proline, the maximum increase is25.25%. Plant growth nutrient solution can improvethe activity of protection enzyme, and increase scale in tuber bulking stage is the mostsignificant.
4. In seedling stage, Spraying Plant growth nutrient solution has no significant effecton physiological characteristics of normal supply water in potato, but has the largerinfluence on the drought treatments. Under persistent drought, SPAD value increasedsignificantly at the seventh days after spraying plant growth nutrient solution, the REC ofleaves reduce significantly at5,7d, and MDAcontent（P<0.05）reduce significantly at7d,free-proline and soluble protein content increase significantly at7d of persistent drought,soluble sugar content improve significantly at the fifth day (P<0.05), plant growth andnutrient solution treatment significantly increase protective enzyme activity and rootactivity in the later period of drought.
5.Under water stress, Spraying plant growth nutrient solution improve significantlythe photosynthetic characteristics of potato, reduce significantly the REC and MDAcontent of roots and leaves (P<0.05), inhibited significantly the synthesis of MDA（P<0.05）; Osmoregulation Substances Content in leaves more than in root, the effect ishigher on Osmoregulation Substances of leaves; there are a larger increase scale inSOD,POD,CAT activity, and the protective enzyme activities of the leaves is greater thanthe roots, improve significantly the root activity. After re-watering, there is no significantdifference between the plant growth nutrient solution under moderate water stress andnormal water treatment, plant growth nutrient solution under severe water stress treatmenthave the significant different with normal water supply. The impacts of plant growthnutrient solution on potato are greater than after re-watering under water stress treatment.Under Severe water stress, the plant growth nutrient solution treatments get the biggestincrease in yield, up to7.55%.
6.Under different irrigation methods, plant growth nutrient solution treatment increasephotosynthetic rate, reduce the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance compared with the control, there are significantly different under the drought farming condition (P<0.05);plant growth nutrient solution treatments reduce the REC of different organs is3.62%to25.08%, and the MDA content is4.56%to20.11%, drought farming treatments get thelargest decline; plant growth nutrient solution treatments increase free-proline, solublesugar and soluble protein content, there are larger effect in the leaves than stems and roots;different organ protective enzyme activity show that: leaves> roots> stems, plant growthand nutrient solution increase significantly protective enzyme activity of leaves, have lesseffect on the roots and stems, and under the condition of low irrigation, spraying plantgrowth nutrient solution is benefit to enhance the activity of the protection enzyme. Plantgrowth nutrient solution increase the yield by9.70%-24.36%, and drought farming> dripirrigation> sprinkler irrigation; plant growth nutrient solution improve dry matter andstarch content.
7.The correlation analysis showed that plant height, plant fresh weight, root activity,SPAD of leaves, photosynthetic rate of the potato have an extremely significant correlationwith yield; the REC, MDA and free-proline content of different organs have an extremelysignificant negative correlation with yield; the POD and CAT activity of roots and stemssignificantly or extremely significant negative correlation with yield, the POD of leaveshas a significantly negative correlation with yield. Above all, those indicators could be aneffective index to judge drought resistance and yield of potato under different waterconditions.
1．喷施不同浓度植物生长营养液均能增加马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积系数、植株干物质，以稀释500倍浓度增幅最大，单产提高29.45%。不同灌溉方式下，喷施植物生长营养液均可增加马铃薯株高、茎粗、植株鲜重，提高根系活力。
2．不同时期喷施植物生长营养液均能降低各生育时期叶片REC和MDA含量，增加游离脯氨酸含量和保护酶活性，其中块茎膨大期喷施处理对马铃薯块茎膨大期叶片REC、MDA含量和游离脯氨酸影响均达显著差异；不同生育时期喷施处理均能显著提高各生育时期的SOD和CAT活性，对POD活性影响较小。
3．植物生长营养液能提高马铃薯叶片SPAD值，延缓重度水分胁迫SPAD值的下降。水分胁迫降低了光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度，喷施植物生长营养液可提高光合速率，降低蒸腾速率和气孔导度。植物生长营养液能降低REC，减少MDA的积累，对重度水分胁迫处理降幅最大。植物生长营养液能增加渗透调节物质，其中对游离脯氨酸含量影响较大，增幅最大值为25.25%。植物生长营养液可提高保护酶活性，以块茎膨大期增幅最显著。
4．在苗期，喷施植物生长营养液对正常供水的马铃薯生理特性无显著影响，对干旱处理的影响较大。持续干旱下，喷施植物生长营养液后的第7d叶片SPAD值显著增加，显著降低第5、7d叶片REC和第7d MDA含量（P<0.05），干旱第7d显著提高游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量，可溶性糖含量在第5d显著增加（P<0.05），植物生长营养液处理显著增加干旱后期保护酶活性和根系活力。
5．水分胁迫下，喷施植物生长营养液显著改善了马铃薯光合特性（P<0.05）；显著降低了根系和叶片的REC和MDA含量（P<0.05），明显抑制了MDA的合成；叶片渗透调节物质含量大于根系，对叶片渗透调节物质的影响较大；对SOD、POD、CAT活性增幅较大，叶片的保护酶活性大于根系，显著提高根系活力。复水后，中度水分胁迫下植物生长营养液处理与正常供水处理差异较小，重度水分胁迫下植物生长营养液处理仍与正常供水差异较大。植物生长营养液对水分胁迫下马铃薯的影响大于复水后的影响。重度水分胁迫下植物生长营养液处理产量增幅最大，达7.55%。
6．不同灌溉方式下植物生长营养液均较对照增加光合速率，降低蒸腾速率和气孔导度，在旱作下均达显著差异水平（P<0.05）；植物生长营养液处理降低不同器官REC达3.62%~25.08%，MDA含量达4.56%~20.11%，旱作处理降幅最大；植物生长营养液处理增加游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量，对叶片影响大于茎和根系；不同器官保护酶活性大小为：叶片>根系>茎，植物生长营养液显著提高叶片保护酶活性，对根系和茎保护酶影响较小，且在灌水量低条件下喷施植物生长营养液有利于保护酶活性提高；植物生长营养液处理增产9.70%~24.36%，增产幅度为旱作＞滴灌＞喷灌；提高干物质和淀粉含量。
7．相关分析表明，马铃薯株高、植株鲜重、根系活力、叶片SPAD值、光合速率均与产量呈极显著正相关；不同器官中REC、MDA和游离脯氨酸含量与产量呈极显著负相关；根系和茎POD和CAT活性与产量呈显著或者极显著负相关，叶片POD活性与产量呈显著负相关。以上均可作为植物生长营养液对不同水分条件下马铃薯抗旱增产的影响指示。
China is the largest country in potato acreage, but per unit area yield is lower than theworld average of19.18%, currently China's potato production need to solve the problemwhich increasing the per unit area yield,Inner Mongolia is one of the main potatoproducing provinces in China, more than80%of the area is dry farming, Drought hasbecome the important factors limiting the growth and yield increase of potato.Plant growthnutrient solution is a new type of foliar fertilizer containing humic acid substances, it hasplay a positive role in drought resistance and increasing yield for potato In view of thedrought and low production, through combining the pot and field, and through sprayingwith different concentrations of plant growth nutrient solution.at different with differentconcentrations of plant growth nutrient solution.at different period. Under different waterconditions and drought stress after re-watering conditions, this paper studies the impact ofpotato growth, physiological reaction in different organs of potato and yield,anddiscussion on the mechanism of plant growth and yield, then screening the appropriateconcentration; Explore the nutrient solution on plant growth regulatory mechanisms,potatoyield and drought, provide a theoretical basis and technical support for improving droughtresistance, increasing the yield of potato and achieving stable production of potato.
1. Spraying plant growth nutrient solution with different concentrations all canincrease the potato plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, dry matter, diluted500times had the largest increase, Per unit area yield increases29.45%, Under differentirrigation methods, Spraying plant growth nutrient solution all can increase the potato plantheight, stem diameter and plant fresh weight, and improve the root activity.
2. Spraying plant growth nutrient solution at different period all can reduce REC andMDA content of leaves at each growth period,and increase free proline content andactivities of protective enzymes; the REC, MDA content and freeproline are significantdifference influence by spraying plant growth nutrient solution at Potato tuber expansionperiod; spraying plant growth nutrient solution at different period all can significantlyincrease SOD and CAT activity, and have a small effect in POD activity.
3. Plant growth nutrient solution can improving the SPAD value of leaves, andslowing SPAD value decreased under severe water stress. The water stress reducedphotosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Spraying Plant growthnutrient solution can enhance photosynthetic rate, reducing transpiration rate and stomatalconductance. Plant growth nutrient solution can reduce the REC, reducing theaccumulation of MDA, and severe water stress is the largest. Plant growth nutrient solutioncan increasing the osmotic adjustment substance, and has a greater impact on content offree-proline, the maximum increase is25.25%. Plant growth nutrient solution can improvethe activity of protection enzyme, and increase scale in tuber bulking stage is the mostsignificant.
4. In seedling stage, Spraying Plant growth nutrient solution has no significant effecton physiological characteristics of normal supply water in potato, but has the largerinfluence on the drought treatments. Under persistent drought, SPAD value increasedsignificantly at the seventh days after spraying plant growth nutrient solution, the REC ofleaves reduce significantly at5,7d, and MDAcontent（P<0.05）reduce significantly at7d,free-proline and soluble protein content increase significantly at7d of persistent drought,soluble sugar content improve significantly at the fifth day (P<0.05), plant growth andnutrient solution treatment significantly increase protective enzyme activity and rootactivity in the later period of drought.
5.Under water stress, Spraying plant growth nutrient solution improve significantlythe photosynthetic characteristics of potato, reduce significantly the REC and MDAcontent of roots and leaves (P<0.05), inhibited significantly the synthesis of MDA（P<0.05）; Osmoregulation Substances Content in leaves more than in root, the effect ishigher on Osmoregulation Substances of leaves; there are a larger increase scale inSOD,POD,CAT activity, and the protective enzyme activities of the leaves is greater thanthe roots, improve significantly the root activity. After re-watering, there is no significantdifference between the plant growth nutrient solution under moderate water stress andnormal water treatment, plant growth nutrient solution under severe water stress treatmenthave the significant different with normal water supply. The impacts of plant growthnutrient solution on potato are greater than after re-watering under water stress treatment.Under Severe water stress, the plant growth nutrient solution treatments get the biggestincrease in yield, up to7.55%.
6.Under different irrigation methods, plant growth nutrient solution treatment increasephotosynthetic rate, reduce the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance compared with the control, there are significantly different under the drought farming condition (P<0.05);plant growth nutrient solution treatments reduce the REC of different organs is3.62%to25.08%, and the MDA content is4.56%to20.11%, drought farming treatments get thelargest decline; plant growth nutrient solution treatments increase free-proline, solublesugar and soluble protein content, there are larger effect in the leaves than stems and roots;different organ protective enzyme activity show that: leaves> roots> stems, plant growthand nutrient solution increase significantly protective enzyme activity of leaves, have lesseffect on the roots and stems, and under the condition of low irrigation, spraying plantgrowth nutrient solution is benefit to enhance the activity of the protection enzyme. Plantgrowth nutrient solution increase the yield by9.70%-24.36%, and drought farming> dripirrigation> sprinkler irrigation; plant growth nutrient solution improve dry matter andstarch content.
7.The correlation analysis showed that plant height, plant fresh weight, root activity,SPAD of leaves, photosynthetic rate of the potato have an extremely significant correlationwith yield; the REC, MDA and free-proline content of different organs have an extremelysignificant negative correlation with yield; the POD and CAT activity of roots and stemssignificantly or extremely significant negative correlation with yield, the POD of leaveshas a significantly negative correlation with yield. Above all, those indicators could be aneffective index to judge drought resistance and yield of potato under different waterconditions.
引文
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