利用剩余污泥吸附铜、镉的研究
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摘要
近年来,为了控制水污染和污水的资源化,世界各国已加大了废水处理的力度。活性污泥法广泛应用于废水处理过程中,处理过程中产生的废弃污泥的处理及处置一直是国内外水处理行业中较难解决的问题,剩余活性污泥产生量大,成分复杂,随意处置会使生态环境得到破坏,污染土壤和危及人类健康。故污泥必须处理以达到减量化、稳定化、无害化之后再作土地利用等最终处置。如何将产量巨大、成分复杂的污泥经过合理经济的处理处置,已成为全世界关注的课题之一。
    选用何种污泥处理处置技术取决于污泥的性质和技术、经济的可行性。对剩余污泥处置主要有以下几个途径:填埋、焚烧、投海、农用、建材。但由于种种原因实施起来并不十分理想。能否找到其它的处置方法,是目前污泥处置所追求的一大目标。
    与此同时,重金属的废水也是主要的环境污染之一,水环境中的重金属进入环境后不能被生物降解,最终危害人体健康。而一般处理含重金属废水的方法有一个共同的缺点就是当用于处理1-100ppM的重金属废水时,往往操作费用和原材料成本相对过高,或者由于杂质干扰导致处理效果差。因此如何有效的把重金属控制在允许范围内已经成为当前在环境污染治理的重要问题。
    重金属的生物吸附是近几年来国内外研究的焦点,采用廉价的生物材料作为吸附剂吸附废水中的重金属具有效率高、速度快等特点,生物吸附法是指利用某些生物体本身的化学结构及成份特性来吸附溶于水中的金属离子,在通过固液两相分离来去除水溶液金属离子的方法。
    
    生物吸附作为处理重金属污染的一项新技术与其它同类技术相比具有成本低,处理效率高,PH值和温度条件范围宽等优点,是目前被广泛认可的处理低浓度重金属废水的方法。
    利用剩余活性污泥吸附重金属离子在国外已有大量报道,它是污水厂内产生的生物质废物,产生量大,处理处置需要耗费大量的资金。利用污泥吸附重金属是污泥利用的一个好途径,即可以减轻企业污染治理的费用,又可以使污泥得到合理的处置,经济效益、社会效益显著。是污泥利用的一个好途径,以废治废,成本低。吸附的重金属采用降低pH或生物淋滤方法,用生物固定化技术固定的生物吸附剂易于再生回用。
    利用剩余污泥吸附重金属,原料来源广泛,成本低,又是污水厂污泥利用的一个新途径,以废治废,便于实际应用。对剩余活性污泥吸附典型重金属作深入的研究必将有重大的应用价值。
    目前对金属生物吸附的研究大多处在生物材料吸附重金属阳离子的实验室的试验阶段,吸附操作过程的工业化还需要更多的实验室研究和工业模拟,如选择高性能廉价的吸附剂、吸附过程的优化、环境条件等。
    本研究采用不同污水厂的剩余活性污泥作为生物吸附剂吸附废水中的重金属,探讨技术上的可行性,确定适用于吸附重金属的剩余污泥种类,对生物吸附的影响因子进行筛选,为后续开发剩余污泥的综合利用,即将剩余污泥做吸附剂用于一些高浓度重金属工业废水的厂内处理,及其工艺方法提供技术参数。
    实际的工业废水往往含有多种重金属,Cu2+和Cd2+是广泛存在于工矿企业废水中的重金属离子,而且在pH较大范围内是可溶的。中研究选用长春市及吉林市内企业的四种处理不同废水的剩余污
    
    
    泥,选择低浓度单一组分的Cu2+和Cd2+作为吸附离子,做有关剩余污泥吸附Cu2+和Cd2+的静态实验,比较不同污泥对低浓度单一组分Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附性能,同时研究pH、温度、污泥量、吸附时间等主要因子对吸附性能的影响,
    实验结果表明:不同种类的剩余活性污泥对单一组分铜镉离子均有程度不同的吸附作用,对金属去除能力顺序是:吉化工业泥>大成泥>吉化生活泥>汽车厂泥。
    汽车厂剩余污泥中含有大量的重金属,对Cu2+、Cd2+溶液吸附率很低,不宜选做吸附剂。吉化工业泥呈碱性,但对Cu2+、Cd2+溶液的去除主要是由于化学沉淀的原因,属化学沉淀剂。 大成厂污泥和吉化生活泥对铜镉吸附作用较理想,可作为生物吸附剂。
    同种条件、金属溶液浓度为100mg/L以下,同一种污泥对较低浓度的金属溶液吸附率大
    大成厂污泥对镉离子吸附率在同种实验条件下,比对同浓度的铜离子吸附率大30%左右,而汽车厂污泥和吉化生活污泥对同浓度的铜、镉离子最大吸附率相差不大。
    常温下,吸附时间对吸附率有一定的影响,剩余污泥对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附2小时接近吸附率最大值,4小时左右基本上就达到了吸附平衡。
    增加污泥量是提高吸附率的方式之一。在所研究的铜镉浓度范围内,不同污泥通过增加污泥量为1—7g/L(干泥),都可以将吸附率提高到90%以上,但对于60、100mg/L铜镉离子,增加污泥量不会显著提高汽车厂污泥吸附率。而且污泥量的对数与吸附率在所研究的浓度范围内极显著相关。
    pH值是吸附过程的最重要因素,不同的剩余污泥在不同浓度
    
    
    的溶液中,随着pH值增大吸附率都在显著的增大。pH对大成玉米加工厂的剩余污泥的影响较其它污泥显著,pH值对Cu2+吸附率的影响大于对Cd2+的影响。
    温度对这两种金属离子的吸附影响无明显规律,可以认为在自然温度下操作即可。
    剩余污泥对重金属的吸附与元素本身、污泥的物理化学性质有关。Langmuir吸附等温曲线可以很好地描述热力学?
Activate sludge process is one of the most used wastewater treatment technologies. However ,excessive sludge production always troubles engineers. Waste activated sludge have high-yield ,contain high concentrations of metal-ion and other harmful material ,can not be reject randomly. How to economically dispose and utilize sludge is widely focused at home and abroad.
    Sludge character, economic feasibility determine sludge disposal .The common methods is not perfect because of some causes. Other disposition methods solving excess sludge productions is a subject.
    The heavy metals wastewaters is the one of environment pollution. It is well recognized that heavy metals in the environment is not decomposed and can be detrimental to a variety of living species, including man. The methods which have been used to remove 1-100ppm heavy metal ions have been found to be limited, since they often involve high capital and operational costs or impurity in sludge interfere handle the result .
    It is the important problem in the treatment of environment pollution that the concentration of heavy metal accrod with the emission control criterion.
    The use of microorganisms as biosorbents for heavy metals offers a cheap biomaterial ,and be more effective and rapidity for the
    
    
    treatment low pollutant concentrations.
    The biosorption is well recognized,as a new technique for the treatment of low pollutant concentrations ,because has distinct advantages over the conventional methods: the low cost,more effective,extensive pH and temperature.
    Biosorption for heavy metal pollution was widely studied oveseas. The waste actibated sludge was produced by municipal sewage treatment plant when it cleans sewage ,and have high-yield and requie high handle cost. Residues sludges adsorb heavy metal is a good approach,which the method of obtain better economic and environmental benefits. Decreasing pH or microbiological leaching can regenerate absorbents.
    Biosorption of heavy metals using residues sludges has been suggested as a method to effectively treat metal containing wastewater. Compared with conventional methods, biosorption offers certain advantages, such as abundant and inexpensive source, low capital investment, low operation costs ,especially a new approach for sludge using . Deep study in the range may be more significative.
    Recently ,the studies on biosorption for metal-ion are focused on biomaterial uptakeing metal cation ,the industrialization of absortion operational process still need more research in the lab and simulative industrial operation.
    This paper discussed feasibility of the technique that four residual sludge cleaning different sewage as biosorbent uptake heavy metal-ion in the sewage,and determine which sludge is fit for biosorbent.
    
    Practical industrial sewage always contain several kinds heavy metal-ions,such as Cu2+ and Cd2+.This paper is summarizes that four residual sludge cleaning different sewage in the Changchun and Jilinshi ,absorb mono-element Cu2+ and Cd2+ .This study aimed at doing some absorption experiment in the laboratory in order to compare the uptake capacities of different sludge on low concentration Cu2+、Cd2+. Factors having effects on the metal uptake process ,such as pH,temperature,,the quantities of sludge ,absorption time ect.,are discussed in detail.
    The result indicate that all of the sludge can absorb mono-component Cu2+、Cd2+ .The order of the metal uptake abilities is Jihua sludge cleaning industrial sewage > Dacheng sludge > Jihua sludge cleaning living sewage > Qichechang sludge.
    Qichechang sludge is not chosen as sorbent because the efficiency of absorption is low and sludge include plentiful heavy metal. Jihua sludge cleaning industrial sewage is alkalescent and be chosen as precipitator ,which deposit Cu2+、Cd2+.Dacheng sludge and Jihua sludge cleaning living sewage may be chosen as sorbet.
    In the same condition ,the absorption efficiency on Cd2 of Dacheng sludge is more 30% than the same concertration Cu2.T
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