政府投资项目代建人信用评价体系与信用管理研究
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摘要
我国自2004年大力推行代建制至今,全国47个副省级市均已开展了代建制改革的相关工作,代建人在代建项目中掌握着巨额的投资资金、决定着项目目标的实现程度。随着近年来政府投资项目数量和规模的逐年上涨,代建人承担了巨大的风险,对代建人的信用要求越来越高。在我国大力建设社会信用体系的同时,国务院出台了《关于社会信用体系建设的若干意见》,明确指出行业信用建设是社会信用体系建设的重要组成部分,工程建设行业则是信用治理的重点领域,在这种背景下研究代建人信用的评价及管理问题,有利于代建人明确自身在行业中的位置,找准发展目标督促代建人在经营活动中遵守市场经济秩序,能促进代建制健康发展,同时也能推动建筑行业的信用体系构建,加快诚信社会的建设。
本文首先从信用的内涵引出了对代建人信用的定义,从三个层面分析了代建人信用风险,并对代建人信用风险表现进行了识别。分析出代建人信用风险产生的根本原因是由于信息不对称、不完全契约和信用突发事件导致的,现实原因是因为法律法制不健全、政府监管缺失、缺少激励机制和代建人风险和利益不对等,针对以上原因,构建了基于代建人信用风险控制的代建人信用管理框架,该框架包括代建人信用评价体系、代建人信用管理体系和代建人信用管理机制,三部分相辅相成,共同作用,使代建人信用风险得到有效控制。
本文结合频率统计法和WBS技术建立了代建人信用评价内容层次图,并从中筛选出指标,通过专家调研法进行调整,完成了信用评价指标的初步确定；然后再基于粗糙集的属性约简算法进行指标优化,最终确定代建人信用评价指标体系,该体系共分四个层次,64个决策指标,文章对每个评价指标的涵义及考察内容逐一进行了详细说明。
本文根据代建人信用评价的特征,建立了基于AHP-熵的代建人信用模糊物元评价模型,该评价模型中指标的权重是首先通过层次分析法得到主观权重,通过熵得到客观权重,再以最小二乘法为工具得到优化组合权重,而指标的评价得分是通过模糊物元模型的指标关联值得到,最后加权计算得到代建人的信用值。最后以信用分值为基础通过K-平均聚类划分方法对所有代建人进行信用评级,文中用简单算例进行了验证。
本文通过对代建人信用管理特点的研究,构建了由政府组织,发改委牵头的代建人信用虚拟组织,并对该虚拟组织的组成部门及各部门的职责进行了分析。通过借鉴国外的信用管理模式,构建了以政府为主导,行业协会、社会监督、司法机构、信用专业机构参与的外部宏观监督,以及企业内部信用自控六位一体的代建人信用协同管理模式,并从内部和外部分别详细介绍了代建人信用监管的实施方式和实施内容,并梳理了代建人信用管理的总流程。
本文从管理机制的概念入手,从管理机制的运行机制、动力机制和约束机制三个基本构成方面构建了代建人信用管理机制,代建人信用管理的运行机制涵盖信用信息传递、信用认证和信用公示三个主要内容；信用管理动力机制包括激励机制和失信惩戒机制；信用约束机制包括监管机制和社会心理约束两方面的因素,文章还对每一机制进行了详细阐述。
最后,本文还对代建人信用评价及管理平台进行了设计,该信息平台融合了本文所研究的代建人信用评价和信用管理内容,该系统要实现代建人、政府部门、评审专家、委托人和公众不同权限的登录,能实现代建人信用数据的收集、审核、公示,代建人信用评价及评价的查询、公示,实现对代建人监管信息的发布和查询,并留有建言和举报的窗口,提供交流的平台。
本文的项目支持—北京市哲学社会科学规划项目(北京政府投资项目代建人信用评价体系与管理机制研究,09BaJG260)已结题并通过验收,本文的相关研究成果对北京市代建市场信用体系的建立给予了理论和方法的支持,推动了相关政策的出台。
With active promotion of Agent Construction System (ACS) in China since2004, there are47sub-provincial cities in the whole country, have already carried out relevant works of ACS reform. In an agent project, the agent holds huge amounts of investment capital and determines the achievement of project goals. With the yearly increasing number and scale of government investment projects in the recent years, the agents take huge risks, and the credit requirements on agents are also getting higher and higher. While China vigorously builds the social credit system, the State Council issued Several Opinions on Social Credit System Construction, which indicates clearly that industry credit construction is an important part of the social credit system construction, and engineering construction industry is the focus of the credit governance. In this context, researching problems of agents' credit evaluation and management will be conductive for agent to clear its own position in the industry and to identify its development goals. To urge the agents comply with market economy orders in operating activities, and it will stimulate the healthy development of ACS, promote the credit system establishment in construction industry simultaneously, and speed up the construction of credibility society.
This paper firstly draws the definition of agent credit from the credit connotation, and analyzes agent credit risks in three levels. Then, with analysis of agent's responsibilities and obligations in different agent modes, agent credit risks performance is recognized. It analyzes that the root cause of agent credit risk is information asymmetry, incomplete contract and credit emergencies, and the practical reason includes imperfect legal system, lack of government regulation, lack of the incentives, asymmetry of agent risks and benefits. According to these reasons, based on agent credit risk control, the agent credit management framework is built. The framework includes credit evaluation system, credit management system and credit management mechanism, which three parts complements each other and work together to make the agent credit risk being effectively controlled.
With the frequency statistics method and WBS technique, establishes hierarchical graph of agent's credit evaluation context, after which, indicators are selected from the context and adjusted with expert investigation, in which way credit performance evaluation indicators are initially identified. After then, indicators are optimized with attribute reduction algorithm based on Rough Sets, and it is finally determined that agent's credit evaluation would be carried out in terms of four levels, and64decision indicators, besides, the article describes each indicator's meanings and examining contents in detail.
Based on research on evaluation methods, agent's credit evaluation model builds agent's credit fuzzy element model on the basis of AHP entropy, compromising subjective and objective weighting methods weight according to agent's credit evaluation characteristics. In the evaluation model, subjective weights are obtained with analytic hierarchy process and objective weights are obtained with entropy, and least square method is used as a tool to build an optimization model of determining indicators' weights to obtain optimized weights combination. And the score of evaluating is get by fuzzy matter-element model, finally get the credit value through weighting caculation. Finally, based on credit score, grading all the agents'credit through K-The average clustering partition method. This is verified by an example.
This paper studies the specialty of agent credit management. The paper builds a virtual organization of agent'credit which is consisted of governmental departments and leaded by the Development and Reform Commission. The departments' composition and responsibilities of the virtual organization are analyzed. By referring to foreign credit management model, the paper builds a government-led agent's credit collaborative management and a six-in-one model:external macro supervision of industry associations, social supervision, the judiciary and the credit professional organizations, as well as credit self-control in internal corporate. It also respectively introduces implementation mode and content in detail from internal and external supervision aspect, and combs the general process of agent's credit management.
Starting from the concept of management mechanism, the paper establishes agent's credit management mechanism in three basic components, which are operation mechanism, dynamic mechanism and restraint mechanism of management. The operation mechanism of agent's credit management covers three main elements:credit information transfer, credit certification and credit publicity; credit management dynamic mechanism includes incentives and penalizing mechanism; credit constraint mechanism includes two aspects of regulatory mechanisms and social psychological constraints. The article also elaborates the each mechanism in detail.
Finally, agent's credit evaluation and management platform is designed in the paper. The information platform combines content and process of agent's credit evaluation and credit management researched in the article. The system realizes the login of users with different permission, such as the agent, government departments, evaluation experts, principal and the public. It also realizes the agent's credit data collection, audit and publicity, and agent's credit evaluation, the evaluation query, the evaluation publicity, and the project-based agent's credit supervision, besides, it provides an exchange platform with suggesting and reporting windows.
The research is sponsored by Beijing philosophy and social science plan, the title is that The Research of Agent Credit Evaluation System and Management Mechanism in Beijing Government Investment Project(NO.09BaJG260). The achievement of the research project has passed the examination, and it providers theory and method for Beijing agent market's credit system construction, some polices are put forward follow the plan's implementation.
本文首先从信用的内涵引出了对代建人信用的定义,从三个层面分析了代建人信用风险,并对代建人信用风险表现进行了识别。分析出代建人信用风险产生的根本原因是由于信息不对称、不完全契约和信用突发事件导致的,现实原因是因为法律法制不健全、政府监管缺失、缺少激励机制和代建人风险和利益不对等,针对以上原因,构建了基于代建人信用风险控制的代建人信用管理框架,该框架包括代建人信用评价体系、代建人信用管理体系和代建人信用管理机制,三部分相辅相成,共同作用,使代建人信用风险得到有效控制。
本文结合频率统计法和WBS技术建立了代建人信用评价内容层次图,并从中筛选出指标,通过专家调研法进行调整,完成了信用评价指标的初步确定；然后再基于粗糙集的属性约简算法进行指标优化,最终确定代建人信用评价指标体系,该体系共分四个层次,64个决策指标,文章对每个评价指标的涵义及考察内容逐一进行了详细说明。
本文根据代建人信用评价的特征,建立了基于AHP-熵的代建人信用模糊物元评价模型,该评价模型中指标的权重是首先通过层次分析法得到主观权重,通过熵得到客观权重,再以最小二乘法为工具得到优化组合权重,而指标的评价得分是通过模糊物元模型的指标关联值得到,最后加权计算得到代建人的信用值。最后以信用分值为基础通过K-平均聚类划分方法对所有代建人进行信用评级,文中用简单算例进行了验证。
本文通过对代建人信用管理特点的研究,构建了由政府组织,发改委牵头的代建人信用虚拟组织,并对该虚拟组织的组成部门及各部门的职责进行了分析。通过借鉴国外的信用管理模式,构建了以政府为主导,行业协会、社会监督、司法机构、信用专业机构参与的外部宏观监督,以及企业内部信用自控六位一体的代建人信用协同管理模式,并从内部和外部分别详细介绍了代建人信用监管的实施方式和实施内容,并梳理了代建人信用管理的总流程。
本文从管理机制的概念入手,从管理机制的运行机制、动力机制和约束机制三个基本构成方面构建了代建人信用管理机制,代建人信用管理的运行机制涵盖信用信息传递、信用认证和信用公示三个主要内容；信用管理动力机制包括激励机制和失信惩戒机制；信用约束机制包括监管机制和社会心理约束两方面的因素,文章还对每一机制进行了详细阐述。
最后,本文还对代建人信用评价及管理平台进行了设计,该信息平台融合了本文所研究的代建人信用评价和信用管理内容,该系统要实现代建人、政府部门、评审专家、委托人和公众不同权限的登录,能实现代建人信用数据的收集、审核、公示,代建人信用评价及评价的查询、公示,实现对代建人监管信息的发布和查询,并留有建言和举报的窗口,提供交流的平台。
本文的项目支持—北京市哲学社会科学规划项目(北京政府投资项目代建人信用评价体系与管理机制研究,09BaJG260)已结题并通过验收,本文的相关研究成果对北京市代建市场信用体系的建立给予了理论和方法的支持,推动了相关政策的出台。
With active promotion of Agent Construction System (ACS) in China since2004, there are47sub-provincial cities in the whole country, have already carried out relevant works of ACS reform. In an agent project, the agent holds huge amounts of investment capital and determines the achievement of project goals. With the yearly increasing number and scale of government investment projects in the recent years, the agents take huge risks, and the credit requirements on agents are also getting higher and higher. While China vigorously builds the social credit system, the State Council issued Several Opinions on Social Credit System Construction, which indicates clearly that industry credit construction is an important part of the social credit system construction, and engineering construction industry is the focus of the credit governance. In this context, researching problems of agents' credit evaluation and management will be conductive for agent to clear its own position in the industry and to identify its development goals. To urge the agents comply with market economy orders in operating activities, and it will stimulate the healthy development of ACS, promote the credit system establishment in construction industry simultaneously, and speed up the construction of credibility society.
This paper firstly draws the definition of agent credit from the credit connotation, and analyzes agent credit risks in three levels. Then, with analysis of agent's responsibilities and obligations in different agent modes, agent credit risks performance is recognized. It analyzes that the root cause of agent credit risk is information asymmetry, incomplete contract and credit emergencies, and the practical reason includes imperfect legal system, lack of government regulation, lack of the incentives, asymmetry of agent risks and benefits. According to these reasons, based on agent credit risk control, the agent credit management framework is built. The framework includes credit evaluation system, credit management system and credit management mechanism, which three parts complements each other and work together to make the agent credit risk being effectively controlled.
With the frequency statistics method and WBS technique, establishes hierarchical graph of agent's credit evaluation context, after which, indicators are selected from the context and adjusted with expert investigation, in which way credit performance evaluation indicators are initially identified. After then, indicators are optimized with attribute reduction algorithm based on Rough Sets, and it is finally determined that agent's credit evaluation would be carried out in terms of four levels, and64decision indicators, besides, the article describes each indicator's meanings and examining contents in detail.
Based on research on evaluation methods, agent's credit evaluation model builds agent's credit fuzzy element model on the basis of AHP entropy, compromising subjective and objective weighting methods weight according to agent's credit evaluation characteristics. In the evaluation model, subjective weights are obtained with analytic hierarchy process and objective weights are obtained with entropy, and least square method is used as a tool to build an optimization model of determining indicators' weights to obtain optimized weights combination. And the score of evaluating is get by fuzzy matter-element model, finally get the credit value through weighting caculation. Finally, based on credit score, grading all the agents'credit through K-The average clustering partition method. This is verified by an example.
This paper studies the specialty of agent credit management. The paper builds a virtual organization of agent'credit which is consisted of governmental departments and leaded by the Development and Reform Commission. The departments' composition and responsibilities of the virtual organization are analyzed. By referring to foreign credit management model, the paper builds a government-led agent's credit collaborative management and a six-in-one model:external macro supervision of industry associations, social supervision, the judiciary and the credit professional organizations, as well as credit self-control in internal corporate. It also respectively introduces implementation mode and content in detail from internal and external supervision aspect, and combs the general process of agent's credit management.
Starting from the concept of management mechanism, the paper establishes agent's credit management mechanism in three basic components, which are operation mechanism, dynamic mechanism and restraint mechanism of management. The operation mechanism of agent's credit management covers three main elements:credit information transfer, credit certification and credit publicity; credit management dynamic mechanism includes incentives and penalizing mechanism; credit constraint mechanism includes two aspects of regulatory mechanisms and social psychological constraints. The article also elaborates the each mechanism in detail.
Finally, agent's credit evaluation and management platform is designed in the paper. The information platform combines content and process of agent's credit evaluation and credit management researched in the article. The system realizes the login of users with different permission, such as the agent, government departments, evaluation experts, principal and the public. It also realizes the agent's credit data collection, audit and publicity, and agent's credit evaluation, the evaluation query, the evaluation publicity, and the project-based agent's credit supervision, besides, it provides an exchange platform with suggesting and reporting windows.
The research is sponsored by Beijing philosophy and social science plan, the title is that The Research of Agent Credit Evaluation System and Management Mechanism in Beijing Government Investment Project(NO.09BaJG260). The achievement of the research project has passed the examination, and it providers theory and method for Beijing agent market's credit system construction, some polices are put forward follow the plan's implementation.
引文
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