细辛杀螨活性物质及作用机理研究
|
摘要
本文采用HPLC-MS、GC-MS、1H-NMR、电镜显微技术等研究方法对药用植物细辛杀螨活性物质的提取、分离、结构鉴定、作用机理和剂型加工等进行了系统研究,明确了细辛的杀螨活性并阐明了其杀螨作用机理,纯化出了杀螨活性单体,鉴定了其化学结构,并研制出了一种细辛杀螨物质的实用剂型。本研究成果为药用植物细辛杀螨物质进一步开发应用奠定了坚实基础。
研究了20种低毒药用植物甲醇提取物的杀螨活性。研究结果表明,槟榔、细辛、黄连、苦参和苦楝子等的提取物的生物活性较强,以10mg/mL浓度处理72h后雌成螨的校正死亡率达到100%,处理5d后卵的孵化率低于40%,对螨的LCso在0.47-2.14mg/mL之间,对卵的LC5o在0.88-2.20mg/mL之间。
对杀螨活性最强的药用植物细辛进行了深入研究,结果表明：细辛甲醇提取物对二斑叶螨雌成螨和卵的触杀活性较强,成螨处理24 h和卵处理5d后,1mg/mL细辛甲醇提取物对雌成螨和卵的校正死亡率分别为66.5%和45.7%,对雌成螨与卵的LCso值分别为0.57 mg/mL与0.88 mg/mL。细辛甲醇提取物对二斑叶螨具有较强的产卵抑制作用,以1 mg/mL浓度处理,24与48 h的产卵抑制率分别为60.25%和61.45%,以4mg/mL浓度处理,24与48 h的产卵抑制率分别为92.89%与94.7%。细辛甲醇提取物对二斑叶螨还表现出驱避作用,以0.5 mg/mL处理,12 h后对螨的驱避率为57.14%,在大于2 mg/ml浓度时,从12至72h的驱避率均接近100%。细辛甲醇提取物还具有一定的胃毒毒性,但弱于触杀毒性。以1mg/mL浓度处理,48h的成螨校正死亡率和产卵抑制率分别为28.2%和53.21%。浓度增大,胃毒作用增强,在8mg/mL浓度下,48h的成螨校正死亡率和产卵抑制率分别为82.05%与92.66%。
明确了细辛杀螨活性物质的作用机理。二斑叶螨进行触杀处理后,螨的体壁外观超微结构发生改变：体表失水、螨体皱缩、体壁肤纹间隙变大、肤纹突变小、表皮层和细胞内结构有不同程度的破坏。细辛提取物抑制二斑叶螨体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、Na+, K+-ATP酶、多功能氧化酶的酶活性,增强超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化氢酶活性,对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶表现出先升后降的趋势,对酯酶和单胺氧化酶没有显著影响,表明乙酰胆碱酯酶、Na+, K+-ATP酶、多功能氧化酶可能是细辛杀螨活性物质的作用靶标,同时氧化应激反应也与其杀螨作用机制有关。
对细辛提取物进行了杀螨活性跟踪、分离和纯化,分离鉴定了杀螨活性单体。采用硅胶柱层析结合薄层层析、重结晶技术等方法得到杀螨活性单体,经HPLC-MS和GC-MS及1H-NMR等技术鉴定分析,确定杀螨活性物质为细辛脂素。生物活性测定结果表明细辛脂素的杀螨活性较强,LC5o为0.1237 mg/mL,毒力较细辛提取物增强。
研制了细辛提取物乳油剂。配方组成：10%细辛提取物+80%溶剂(二甲苯)+10%复合乳化剂(3%农乳500+2%农乳600+5%吐温-80)。细辛乳油的乳化性、分散性、乳液的稳定性、低温稳定性以及热贮稳定性、挥发性等质量指标均符合要求。室内生测结果表明10%细辛提取物乳油400倍稀释液与15%哒螨灵3000倍稀释液对二斑叶螨的室内防效相当。
对细辛挥发油的化学组成、杀螨活性进行了研究。经GC-MS分析,细辛挥发油中的9种主要成分占了86.15%,其中甲基丁香酚含量最高,为22.9%,其次是黄樟醚,含量为19.8%。生物测定结果表明细辛挥发油对二斑叶螨具有较强的熏蒸活性和驱避活性,在8μg/mL浓度下,24 h的螨死亡率为72.6%,在48 h后,达到100%,驱避率为86.1%。细辛挥发油对螨体内的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和Na+,K+-ATP酶产生影响,细辛挥发油处理后,二斑叶螨体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性随着时间的推移有先升高后降低的趋势,而Na+,K+-ATP酶活性降低,表明这两种酶酶活性的改变,可能与细辛挥发油对螨的毒性作用机制有关。
In this paper, systematic studies were done for the extraction, separation, chemical identification, mechanism and dosage formulation of medial plant asarum acaridal substances using techniques of HPLC-MS, GC-MS,1H-NMR, Electron microscopy et al. The acaricidal activity to Tetranychus urticae was confirmed, and the acaricidal mechanisms were primarily elucidated, also, an acaricidal monomer was isolated, of which chemical structure was identified, meanwhile, a practical dosage formulation was prepared. The research results laid a solid foundation for further development of asarum acaricidal substances.
The toxicity of methanol extracts of 20 medicinal plants to female adults and eggs of T. urticae were evaluated. Bioassay showed that Areca catechu L. Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum, Coptis chinensis Franch, Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc, and Sophora flavescens Ait possessed better biological activity toward the female adults and eggs of T. urticae, with 100% modified mortality for female adults at concentration of 10 mg/mL after 72 h treatment, and≤40% egg hatching rate at concentration of 10 mg/mL after 5 days treatment.
Asarum demonstrated excellent and was chosen for further acaricidal assay. After 24h treatment of 1mg/mL asarum extract for female adults (24 h) and eggs (5 d), the modified mortality was 66.5% for female adults and 45.7% for eggs, and the LD50S were 0.57 mg/mL and 0.88 mg/mL for female adults and eggs respectively. The asarum extract showed oviposition inhibition, at concentration 1 mg/mL, the inhibition rate was 60.25% and 61.45% at 24 h and 48 h respectively, while at 4 mg/mL, the inhibition rate was 92.89% and 94.7% at 24 h and 48 h respectively. The asarum extract also showed deterrent activity, at 0.5 mg/ml, the deterrent rate was 57.14% after 24 h, it declined to 50% after 72 h; at concentrations more than 2 mg/ml, the deterrent rates from 24 to 72h were nearly to 100%. The asarum extract also showed stomach toxicity, which was indicated by the mortality of female adults and oviposition inhibition, but this toxicity was weaker than the direct touch toxicity. At concentration of 1 mg/mL, the mortality of female adults was 28.2%, and oviposition inhibition was 53.1% after 48 h treatment. At 8mg/mL, the modified mortality was 82.05% for female adults, and oviposition inhibition rate reached to 92.66%.
The acaricidal mechanisms of asarum extract were elucidated. The mite ultrastructure after asarum treatment showed various changes of the epidermis and cell structure, such as water loss in surface, mite body shrinkage, the integumentary lobes gap becoming bigger, and the granules becoming small. The asarum extract was found to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, Na+, K+-ATPase and mixed function oxidases; increase activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase; increase early and decrease latter the activity of glutathiones-transferase, there were no significant changes found for monoamine oxidase and esterase. The results hint acetylcholinesterase, Na+, K+-ATPase and mixed function oxidases are the targets of asarum extract, and oxidative stress is involved in the mechanism of toxicity to T. urticae.
The main acaricidal monomer of asarum was isolated and identified. Tracking acaricidal activity, separation and purification of acaridal substances of asarum were done. Applying column chromatography and crystallizatin/recrytallization techniques, a monomeric compound was isolated. HPLC-MS and GC-MS and 1H-NMR analysis revealed the monomer was (-) asarinin. Bioassay showed (-) asarinin possessed good activity against T. urticae with LC50 of 0.1237 mg/mL, indicating the toxicity of (-) asarinin was more than that of asarum extract.
Emulsifiable concentrate of asarum extract was prepared. The final resulted formulation was 10% asarum extract+80% solvent (xylene)+10% emulsifier mixture (3% pesticide emulsifier 500+2% pesticide emulsifier 600+5% tween-80). Emulsification, dispersion, the stability, low temperature stability, heat storage stability and volatility of the prepared EC met the requirements of EC quality. Bioassay results for determining indoor toxicity against T. urticae showed that 400 X diluted asarum extracts EC possessed comparable toxicity with 3000 X diluted 15% pyridaben EC.
The chemical components and effect on T. urticae of asarum essential oils were primarily investigated. Chemical analysis by GC-MS showed that 9 major constituents composed 86.15% of the total peak areas, methyleugenol (22.9%) was the most abundant, followed by safrole (19.8%). Bioassay showed that the asarum essential oils possessed fumigant toxicity and deterrent activity, at 8μg/mL, the mortality was 72.6%,100% after 24 and 48 respectively, the deterrent rate 86.1%. Asarum essential oils affected some enzymes of T. urticae, they decreased the mite activity of Na+, K+-ATPase, and increased at first and decreased latter the activity of glutathione S-transferase, suggesting the two enzymes are involved in the toxicity mechanism of asarum essential oils.
研究了20种低毒药用植物甲醇提取物的杀螨活性。研究结果表明,槟榔、细辛、黄连、苦参和苦楝子等的提取物的生物活性较强,以10mg/mL浓度处理72h后雌成螨的校正死亡率达到100%,处理5d后卵的孵化率低于40%,对螨的LCso在0.47-2.14mg/mL之间,对卵的LC5o在0.88-2.20mg/mL之间。
对杀螨活性最强的药用植物细辛进行了深入研究,结果表明：细辛甲醇提取物对二斑叶螨雌成螨和卵的触杀活性较强,成螨处理24 h和卵处理5d后,1mg/mL细辛甲醇提取物对雌成螨和卵的校正死亡率分别为66.5%和45.7%,对雌成螨与卵的LCso值分别为0.57 mg/mL与0.88 mg/mL。细辛甲醇提取物对二斑叶螨具有较强的产卵抑制作用,以1 mg/mL浓度处理,24与48 h的产卵抑制率分别为60.25%和61.45%,以4mg/mL浓度处理,24与48 h的产卵抑制率分别为92.89%与94.7%。细辛甲醇提取物对二斑叶螨还表现出驱避作用,以0.5 mg/mL处理,12 h后对螨的驱避率为57.14%,在大于2 mg/ml浓度时,从12至72h的驱避率均接近100%。细辛甲醇提取物还具有一定的胃毒毒性,但弱于触杀毒性。以1mg/mL浓度处理,48h的成螨校正死亡率和产卵抑制率分别为28.2%和53.21%。浓度增大,胃毒作用增强,在8mg/mL浓度下,48h的成螨校正死亡率和产卵抑制率分别为82.05%与92.66%。
明确了细辛杀螨活性物质的作用机理。二斑叶螨进行触杀处理后,螨的体壁外观超微结构发生改变：体表失水、螨体皱缩、体壁肤纹间隙变大、肤纹突变小、表皮层和细胞内结构有不同程度的破坏。细辛提取物抑制二斑叶螨体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、Na+, K+-ATP酶、多功能氧化酶的酶活性,增强超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化氢酶活性,对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶表现出先升后降的趋势,对酯酶和单胺氧化酶没有显著影响,表明乙酰胆碱酯酶、Na+, K+-ATP酶、多功能氧化酶可能是细辛杀螨活性物质的作用靶标,同时氧化应激反应也与其杀螨作用机制有关。
对细辛提取物进行了杀螨活性跟踪、分离和纯化,分离鉴定了杀螨活性单体。采用硅胶柱层析结合薄层层析、重结晶技术等方法得到杀螨活性单体,经HPLC-MS和GC-MS及1H-NMR等技术鉴定分析,确定杀螨活性物质为细辛脂素。生物活性测定结果表明细辛脂素的杀螨活性较强,LC5o为0.1237 mg/mL,毒力较细辛提取物增强。
研制了细辛提取物乳油剂。配方组成：10%细辛提取物+80%溶剂(二甲苯)+10%复合乳化剂(3%农乳500+2%农乳600+5%吐温-80)。细辛乳油的乳化性、分散性、乳液的稳定性、低温稳定性以及热贮稳定性、挥发性等质量指标均符合要求。室内生测结果表明10%细辛提取物乳油400倍稀释液与15%哒螨灵3000倍稀释液对二斑叶螨的室内防效相当。
对细辛挥发油的化学组成、杀螨活性进行了研究。经GC-MS分析,细辛挥发油中的9种主要成分占了86.15%,其中甲基丁香酚含量最高,为22.9%,其次是黄樟醚,含量为19.8%。生物测定结果表明细辛挥发油对二斑叶螨具有较强的熏蒸活性和驱避活性,在8μg/mL浓度下,24 h的螨死亡率为72.6%,在48 h后,达到100%,驱避率为86.1%。细辛挥发油对螨体内的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和Na+,K+-ATP酶产生影响,细辛挥发油处理后,二斑叶螨体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性随着时间的推移有先升高后降低的趋势,而Na+,K+-ATP酶活性降低,表明这两种酶酶活性的改变,可能与细辛挥发油对螨的毒性作用机制有关。
In this paper, systematic studies were done for the extraction, separation, chemical identification, mechanism and dosage formulation of medial plant asarum acaridal substances using techniques of HPLC-MS, GC-MS,1H-NMR, Electron microscopy et al. The acaricidal activity to Tetranychus urticae was confirmed, and the acaricidal mechanisms were primarily elucidated, also, an acaricidal monomer was isolated, of which chemical structure was identified, meanwhile, a practical dosage formulation was prepared. The research results laid a solid foundation for further development of asarum acaricidal substances.
The toxicity of methanol extracts of 20 medicinal plants to female adults and eggs of T. urticae were evaluated. Bioassay showed that Areca catechu L. Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum, Coptis chinensis Franch, Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc, and Sophora flavescens Ait possessed better biological activity toward the female adults and eggs of T. urticae, with 100% modified mortality for female adults at concentration of 10 mg/mL after 72 h treatment, and≤40% egg hatching rate at concentration of 10 mg/mL after 5 days treatment.
Asarum demonstrated excellent and was chosen for further acaricidal assay. After 24h treatment of 1mg/mL asarum extract for female adults (24 h) and eggs (5 d), the modified mortality was 66.5% for female adults and 45.7% for eggs, and the LD50S were 0.57 mg/mL and 0.88 mg/mL for female adults and eggs respectively. The asarum extract showed oviposition inhibition, at concentration 1 mg/mL, the inhibition rate was 60.25% and 61.45% at 24 h and 48 h respectively, while at 4 mg/mL, the inhibition rate was 92.89% and 94.7% at 24 h and 48 h respectively. The asarum extract also showed deterrent activity, at 0.5 mg/ml, the deterrent rate was 57.14% after 24 h, it declined to 50% after 72 h; at concentrations more than 2 mg/ml, the deterrent rates from 24 to 72h were nearly to 100%. The asarum extract also showed stomach toxicity, which was indicated by the mortality of female adults and oviposition inhibition, but this toxicity was weaker than the direct touch toxicity. At concentration of 1 mg/mL, the mortality of female adults was 28.2%, and oviposition inhibition was 53.1% after 48 h treatment. At 8mg/mL, the modified mortality was 82.05% for female adults, and oviposition inhibition rate reached to 92.66%.
The acaricidal mechanisms of asarum extract were elucidated. The mite ultrastructure after asarum treatment showed various changes of the epidermis and cell structure, such as water loss in surface, mite body shrinkage, the integumentary lobes gap becoming bigger, and the granules becoming small. The asarum extract was found to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, Na+, K+-ATPase and mixed function oxidases; increase activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase; increase early and decrease latter the activity of glutathiones-transferase, there were no significant changes found for monoamine oxidase and esterase. The results hint acetylcholinesterase, Na+, K+-ATPase and mixed function oxidases are the targets of asarum extract, and oxidative stress is involved in the mechanism of toxicity to T. urticae.
The main acaricidal monomer of asarum was isolated and identified. Tracking acaricidal activity, separation and purification of acaridal substances of asarum were done. Applying column chromatography and crystallizatin/recrytallization techniques, a monomeric compound was isolated. HPLC-MS and GC-MS and 1H-NMR analysis revealed the monomer was (-) asarinin. Bioassay showed (-) asarinin possessed good activity against T. urticae with LC50 of 0.1237 mg/mL, indicating the toxicity of (-) asarinin was more than that of asarum extract.
Emulsifiable concentrate of asarum extract was prepared. The final resulted formulation was 10% asarum extract+80% solvent (xylene)+10% emulsifier mixture (3% pesticide emulsifier 500+2% pesticide emulsifier 600+5% tween-80). Emulsification, dispersion, the stability, low temperature stability, heat storage stability and volatility of the prepared EC met the requirements of EC quality. Bioassay results for determining indoor toxicity against T. urticae showed that 400 X diluted asarum extracts EC possessed comparable toxicity with 3000 X diluted 15% pyridaben EC.
The chemical components and effect on T. urticae of asarum essential oils were primarily investigated. Chemical analysis by GC-MS showed that 9 major constituents composed 86.15% of the total peak areas, methyleugenol (22.9%) was the most abundant, followed by safrole (19.8%). Bioassay showed that the asarum essential oils possessed fumigant toxicity and deterrent activity, at 8μg/mL, the mortality was 72.6%,100% after 24 and 48 respectively, the deterrent rate 86.1%. Asarum essential oils affected some enzymes of T. urticae, they decreased the mite activity of Na+, K+-ATPase, and increased at first and decreased latter the activity of glutathione S-transferase, suggesting the two enzymes are involved in the toxicity mechanism of asarum essential oils.
引文
[1]蔡国琴,周俊,徐运.1997.除去细辛挥发油中有害物质黄樟醚方法的研究,中成药.7：37-37.
[2]蔡少青,王禾.1996.北细辛非挥发性化学成分的研究.北京医科大学学报,28(3)：228-230.
[3]蔡少青,王璇主编2003.常用中药材品种整理和质量研究,北方编.第6册.北京医科大学出版社.
[4]蔡双虎、程立生.2003.二斑叶螨的研究进展.热带农业科学,23(2)：68-74
[5]曹挥,刘素琪,王鸿雷等.2003.万寿菊根提取物对山楂叶螨几种酶活性的影响.林业科学,39(2)：114-118.
[6]曹挥,王有年,刘素琪,等.2007.地肤提取物对山楂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响.林业科学.43(2)：68-73.
[7]岑伊静,庞雄飞,周琼等.2004.非嗜食植物提取物对桔全爪螨产卵的驱避性测定.应用生态学报,15(9)：1687-1690.
[9]陈丽华,王展旭.2009.环烷基轻质油为介质的25%丙环唑乳油配方.农药.48(3)：177-182.
[10]成卓敏主编2005.农业生物灾害预防与控制研究.北京：农业科技出版社,747-751.
[11]程绪生,余志坤,李小龙.1999.霸螨灵等杀螨剂室内毒力测定.中国南方果树,28(4)：13.
[12]董力,王海洋,马立辉,杨珂,2010.细辛属植物资源开发应用.黑龙江农业科学,(1)：55-58.
[13]方才君,胡士林.1997.植物精油对朱砂叶螨的毒性试验.西南师范大学学报,1997,22(4)：470-472.
[14]冯安伟,章玉苹,岑伊静等.2010.薇甘菊乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉自然种群的控制作用及其对蜘蛛的影响.环境昆虫学报,32(1)：54-59.
[15]郭红祥,袁超,郭爱芳,等.2005.超临界CO2萃取花椒挥发油的杀虫活性研究.河南农业大学学报,39(1)：79-81,92.
[16]郭红祥,张慧珍,袁超,等.2005.花椒挥发油对玉米象酯酶及同工酶活性的影响.河南工业大学学报(自然科学版),26(1)：78-80.
[17].郭锦全,陈家骅,杨建全,等.2006.甲基丁香酚与农药配合使用对橘小实蝇的诱杀效果.福建农林大学学报：自然科学版,35(4)：356-358.
[18]郭增军,刘辉.2001.HPLC法测定不同品种商品细辛中细辛脂素和芝麻脂素的含量.中药材,24(4)：273-274.
[19.]韩建勇,曾鑫年,杜利香等.2003.几种植物的杀螨活性研究初报.广东农业科学,(2)：43-46.
[20]韩建勇,曾鑫年,杜利香.2004.白花丹根提取物的杀螨活性.植物保护学报,31(1)：85-90.
[21]韩招久,韩召军,姜志宽,等.2004.沙蚕毒素类农药的毒理学研究新进展.现代农药,3(6)：5-8.
[22]何道航,徐汉虹.2001.植物源番荔枝内酯的杀虫作用(综述).安徽农业大学学报,28(4)：385-389.
[23]何运转,李梅.2001.拟除虫菊酯对家蝇Ca-ATPase和Ca-Mg-ATPase的抑制作用.昆虫学报44(3)：297-303.
[24]洪亮星.1997农药乳油质量调控.福建化工,(3)：36-39.
[25]洪晓月,王萌长,尤子平.1994a.朱砂叶螨表皮结构和蜕皮过程.南京农业大学学报.17(4)：42-48.
[26]洪晓月,王荫长.1994b.朱砂叶螨体表的扫描电镜观察.南京农业大学学报.17(2)：48-53.
[27]侯华民,张兴.2001.植物精油杀虫活性的研究进展.世界农业,4：40-42.
[28]侯辉,赵莉蔺,曹挥,等.2004.地肤中杀螨活性成分的提取与初步分离.山东农业科学,1：47-48,
[29]侯辉,赵莉蔺,师光禄,等.2004.地肤提取物杀螨活性的研究.植物保护,30(3)：42-45.
[30]华昌培,杨德军,胡仕林,等.1988.植物精油对仓库害虫的毒性试验.四川日化,1：20-25.
[31]华世豪,绍维忠.乳油化学工业出版社,1985年9月北京第一版.
[32]黄奔立,朱华,顾艳,等.2006.中草药对5种蔬菜病菌的抑制作用.扬州大学学报27(3)：84-86.
[33]黄世佐,明海霞,李军,等.2009.单叶细辛镇痛及抗炎效应的实验研究.甘肃中医,22(12)：63-65.
[34]姜志宽,韩招久,王宗德等.2009.昆虫驱避剂的发展概况.中华卫生杀虫药械,15(2)：85-89.
[35]蒋桂福,泮之海,赵敦田,吕家勋.1998.阿维菌素生物农药防治二斑叶螨药效试验.植物检疫,12,276-277.
[36]李兵,魏辉,黄建,等.2006.土荆芥精油的超临界CO2萃取条件及杀虫活性的初步研究[J].华东昆虫学报,15(4)：305-308.
[37]李海屏.2004.杀虫剂新品种开发进展及特点.江苏化工,32(1)：6-11.
[38]李时珍,本草纲目.13卷,吉林大学出版社.2009.
[39]李水清,张钟宁.2004.艾蒿提取物对菜青虫的生物活性.昆虫知识,41(5)：439-442.
[40]廉永善.2005.沙棘属植物天然产物及其主要生理药理功能.沙棘18(13)：5-16.
[41]梁沛,申继忠,游文丽.1999.杀螨剂作用机制研究进展.农药科学与管理,24(4)：16-20.
[42]刘传云,姜永嘉.1994.花椒挥发油组分的分离鉴定及对赤拟谷盗毒力测定的研究.郑州粮食学院学报,15(3)：11-13.
[43]刘东吉,刘春生,2010.不同产地栽培辽细辛的挥发油研究.中国实验方剂学杂志,16(9)：79-82.
[44]刘海燕,高微微,樊瑛,等.2007.细辛挥发油抗植物病原真菌活性初步研究.植物病理学报,37(1)：95-98.
[45刘奎,符悦冠,金启安.2005.大叶桃花心木提取物对香蕉皮氏叶螨忌避作用的初步研究.中国南方果树,34(2)：48-49.
[46]刘寿山.1965.中药研究文献摘要,科学出版社.
[47]刘树民,罗明媚,杜心懿,尹红.2006.细辛挥发油对栖北散白蚁毒效作用.中药材,29(6)：539-541.
[48]刘燕萍,高平,潘为高,等.2004.紫茎泽兰等几种植物提取物对两种农业害螨的毒力作用研究.四川大学学报(自然科学版),41(1)：212-215.
[49]娄永根,程家安.2000.虫害诱导的植物挥发物：丛本特性、生态学功能及释放机制.生态学报,20(6)：1097-1106.
[50]吕帅,吴迪,吴兆华,高慧媛,孙博航,吴立军.2010.辽细辛地下部分的化学成分(Ⅱ).沈阳药科大学学报,27(9)：707-710.
[51]罗都强,张兴.2001.植物源杀虫剂研究进展.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),29(增刊)：94-99.
[52]罗彭,高平,吴俊,等.2006.银杏外种皮杀螨活性物质的分离纯化研究[J].化学研究与应用,18(9)：1061-1065
[53]马淑娥,王家红,徐春荣.1998.几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨敏感种群毒力测定.中国果树,(2)：24-26.
[54]孟和生.2002.两种生物方法对杀螨剂毒力测定结果的影响比较.植物保护,28(3)：49-51.
[55]孟威,江冬,夏爱华,等.2001.辽宁省苹果病虫害发生动态及防治对策.辽宁农业科学,(4)：38-39.
[56]孟威,刘明达,刘莹等.1998.辽宁省果园暴发一种新害螨-二斑叶螨.北方果树,(2)：23-24.
[57]莫建初,张时妙,滕立,等.2003.细辛对黄胸散白蚁的毒效[J].农药学学报,5(4)：80-84.
[58]莫茂军,吴洪基,韩诗畴,赵一虎,苏丽婷.2008.16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨的生物活性测定.环境昆虫学报,30(1)：44-49
[59]莫美华1996.鱼藤混剂对柑桔锈蜘蛛的毒力及药效研究.In中国植物保护研究进展(第三次全国农作物病虫害综合防治学术讨论会论文集).
[60]农业部农药检定所.2004.关于撤销甲胺磷等5种高毒农药产品登记的通知.农药科学与管理,2004,(5)：1.
[61]潘炯光,徐植灵,王光辉,等.1984.中国细辛属植物挥发油的气相色谱-质谱分析Ⅱ.中药通报,9(4)：31-33.
[62]潘为高,高平,刘燕萍,等.2004.瑞香狼毒各组分杀螨活性及组分间相互作用的研究.四川大学学报(自然科学版),41(1)：208-211.
[63]秦学功,马忠海,元英进.2002.苦豆子生物碱的农用活性初步研究.佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版),20(3)：340-344.
[64]尚德斌,骆星丹,李春华,张永强,丁伟,2007.黄花蒿杀螨活性物质的提取分离及活性评价.中国农学通报,23,360-363.
[65]申照静,王海香,师光禄,等.2008.三种植物提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的影响[J].北京农学院学报,23(1)：22-24
[66]沈慧敏,杨宝生.2001.二点叶螨对16种杀虫、杀螨剂的抗药性.植物保护学报,28(4)：362-36.
[67]沈建国,翟海枝,林奇英,等.2002.我国植物源农药研究进展.福建农林大学学报.31(1)：26-31
[68]沈寅初,张一宾.生物农药.北京,化学工业出版社,2000,p7-8
[69]石含秀,韩林,贾波,等.2009.细辛含药血清对大鼠心肌细胞钠通道的影响.浙江中西医结合杂志,40(10)：599-602.
[70]石健泉,黎明盛,马承文,等.2006.0.3%苦参碱植物源杀虫剂防治柑桔红蜘蛛的田间药效试验.广西园艺,17(3)：36-36.
[71]孙小洁,李庆,易成波.2004.植物源杀虫剂开发利用现状及前景展望.经济林研究,22(2)：73-77.
[72]孙阳,张淑颖,2008.甲基丁香酚挥发物对桔小实蝇成虫的引诱作用.安徽农业科学,36(20)：8685-8687.
[73]王春,华昌培,刘克等.1990.植物精油对烟草甲越冬幼虫的熏杀试验.四川日化,4：14-16.
[74]王桂芳,张守尧.1999.HPLC法测定细辛中芝麻脂素和细辛脂素的含量.药物分析杂志,19(4)：251-253.
[75]王桂清,姬兰柱,张弘.2008.辽细辛精油对淡色库蚊的杀伤作用.中国生物防治,24(2)：112-115
[76]王桂清,姬兰柱.2007b.细辛精油对5种木本花卉病害的离体抑菌效果比较.北方园艺,(9)：220-222.
[77]王桂清.2007a.细辛精油对7种玉米病害的离体抑菌效果.沈阳农业大学学报,38(6)：807-810.
[78]王桂清.2008.离体条件下细辛精油对3种棉花病害致病菌的抑菌活性.农业科技与装备,(4)：41-43.
[79]王树桐,曹克强,胡同乐,等.2004.对番茄灰霉病菌有抑菌活性的丁香和细辛提取物提取条件研究.河北农业大学学报,27(1)：69-72.
[80]王学川.2002.表面活性剂在皮革工业中的应用原理与技术[M].陕西：陕西科学技术出版社.
[81]王占永,刘国新,刘彦芳.2004.2.8%阿维菌素乳油的研制.河北化工,(6)：56-56.
[82]魏青春,吕惠子.2010.汉城细辛化学成分的分离与鉴定.时珍国医国药,21(3)：676-677.
[83]吴学民,徐妍.2009.农药制剂加工实验.化学工业出版社.
[84]项伟,姚娉,张宏杰,孙汉董,李良.2000.云南红豆杉中的非紫杉烷类化合物.中草药,31(4)：246-247.
[85]肖崇厚.1993.中药化学[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社.
[86]肖进新.2003.赵振国.表面活性剂应用原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社.
[87]谢伟,陆满文.1993.毛细辛挥发油的中枢抑制、解热镇痛和抗炎作用.中国药理学通报,(5)：389.
[88]谢一兵,毛培坤.1999.新型高效农药乳化剂的应用研究.安徽化工,25(2)：11-13.
[89]熊玉兰,荆宇,尚明英,等.2009.细辛非挥发性提取物抗炎镇痛作用研究.中国中药杂志,(17)：2252-2257.
[90]徐河山,马雅军.2006.植物源杀虫剂作用方式和机理的研究进展.热带医学杂志6(6)：743-744,716.
[91]徐任生.天然产物化学导论.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[92]徐植灵,潘炯光,朱启聪,等.1986.中国细辛属植物挥发油的气相色谱-质谱分析(第三报).中药通报,(1)：46-49.
[93]许磊,吕帅,孙博航,高慧媛,吴立军.2008.辽细辛地上部分化学成分的分离与鉴定.沈阳药科大学学报,25(009)：699-701.
[94]杨浩,王磊,魏景莉,等.2010.细辛替代吗啡镇痛可行性实验研究.中国临床研究23(7)：568-570.
[95]杨厚玲,邱琴,陈婷婷,等.2007.不同方法提取的北细辛挥发油的气质联用成分分析.中国医疗前沿,(13)：1031-1033.
[96]杨会芝,李庆,雷慧德,等.2007.植物源杀螨剂研究与应用前景.农药,46(2)：81-85.
[97]杨文飞,杜小凤,季国宝,等.2006.0.36%苦参碱水剂防治苹果园山楂叶螨试验.中国果树,(1)：29-30.
[98]杨秀娟,何玉仙,卢学松,陈福如,卢同.2004.植物提取液对南方根结线虫的抑杀作用.福建农业学报,19(2)：78-81.
[99]杨银,史智勇,等.2002.8种植物挥发性对媒介硬蜱的驱避效果研究.医学动物防制18(5)：234-235.
[100]杨志玲,蒋梅香,李福双,等.2006.城南细辛的化学成分研究(Ⅱ).中药材,29(2)：130-132.
[101]杨志玲,颜冬兰,李福双,等.2005.城南细辛化学成分研究(Ⅰ).中南药学3(5)：304-305.
[102]尹红,杜心懿,刘树民,等.2007.细辛醇提物对栖北散白蚁的毒效及含量测定研究.中华卫生杀虫药械,13(4)：263-266.
[103]袁文金,马德英,郭冬雪,等.2007.我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展.新疆农业科学.44(6)：892-897.
[104]袁晓琴,孙莲芬,郑进.2009b.细辛的镇痛作用部位及机制研究.上海中医药杂志43(5)：72-75.
[105]袁晓琴,孙莲芬.2009a.细辛挥发油镇痛作用机制的初步实验研究.现代生物医学进展,9(4)：718-720.
[106]曾虹燕,金永钟,曾美霞,王平,包罗涛.2004.超临界CO2和微波辅助萃取辽细辛挥发油.过程工程学报4,367-371,
[107]张斌.2002.植物源杀虫剂研究动态综述.江西农业科技.6：29-31.
[108]张峰,王龙星,罗茜,肖红斌,梁鑫淼,蔡少青.2002.气相色谱-质谱分析北细辛根和根茎中的挥发性成分.色谱,5：467-470
[109]张国珍,樊瑛,丁万隆,等.1995.麻黄和细辛挥发油的抗真菌作用.植物保护学报,22(4)：373-374.
[110]张静,马志卿,冯俊涛,等.2005.细辛醚对家蝇和淡色库蚊的生物活性.农药学学报,7(1)：85-87.
[111]张磊,陈晓辉,刘玉磊,张加,毕开顺.2008.RP-HPLC法同时测定辽细辛中L-细辛脂素,L-芝麻脂素和卡枯醇.中草药.39(7).1098-1100.
[112]张丽丽,李述峰,张烁,聂宏刚,关振中,杨宝峰.2006.细辛脂素抗心脏移植急性排斥反应的作用及对黏附分子表达的影响.中国中药杂志31,494-497.
[113]张谦瑾,陶士强,吴福安.2009.葎草提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的研究.江苏蚕业.(1)：10-13
[114]张守尧周本杰汪艳.2002.高效液相色谱法测定不同部位两面针原植物中L-芝麻脂素和L-细辛脂素的含量.第一军医大学学报.22(7)：654-655.
[115]张淑红,周宝利,张磊,等.2006.天然植物提取物对茄子黄萎病菌的抑制活性.应用生态学报,17(6)：1137-1140.
[116]张新虎,沈慧敏.2001.芬兰钝绥螨对二点叶螨捕食作用的研究.甘肃科学学报,13(2)：35-37.
[117]张兴,王兴林,冯俊涛,赵善欢.1993.植物性杀虫剂川楝素的开发研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),21(4)：1-5.
[118]张学堂,李建东,霍瑞霞.2000.砀山地区苹果二斑叶螨的发生与防治.落叶果树,5：50-51.
[119]张瑶,宋志永,王林丽.2007.细辛的药理作用及临床应用.中国药业,16(14)：62-63.
[120]张永强,丁伟,赵志模.2007.姜黄素类化合物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性.昆虫学报,50,1304-1308.
[121]张永强,丁传,赵志模,等.2008.黄花蒿提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的研究[J].中国农业科学,41(3)：720-726
[122]张永强.2005.中药植物姜黄杀虫杀螨活性及作用机理研究：西南农业大学[硕十学位论文].
[123]张友军,张文吉.1997.乙酰胆碱酯酶分子生物学研究.昆虫知识.34(4)：242-246.
[124]张宗炳,樊德方.1989.杀虫药剂的环境毒理学[M].农业出版社.
[125]张宗俭.2009.农药助剂的应用与研究进展.农药科学与管理,30(1)：42-47.
[126]赵白鸽,申效诚,靳秀兰.1998.郑州市果园和梨园发现二斑叶螨危害的调查.河南农业科学,1：22-23.
[127]赵春,李水清.2003.艾蒿提取物的生物活性研究[J].湖北农业科学,(4)：44-46.
[128]赵建周,剧正理.1994.杀螨剂生物测定的三种新方法.植物保护,4：44-45.
[129]赵金锁,李雅清.2008.花椒提取物对山楂叶螨的生物活性及作用机理的研究,山西农业科学,36(8)：38-41.
[130]赵莉蔺,刘素琪,侯辉等.2004.植物源杀螨剂的研究进展.植物医生,17(3)：4-6.
[131]赵莉蔺,刘素琪,侯辉等.2004.河蒴荛花对山楂叶螨活性的研究.山西农业大学学报(自然科学版)24(2)：183-186.
[132]赵善欢.1993.昆虫毒理学[M].北京：农业出版社.
[133]赵玉强,甄天民,李士根,等.1999.微板法检测蚊虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,10(2)：99-101.
[134]郑和斌,郭海明,王金辉,张玲.2006.植物源杀虫剂开发利用现状及其前景展望.湖南农业科学,(1)：52-54,56.
[135]中国药典委员会.2005.中国药典,化工出版社.北匕京
[136]周琼,梁广文,曾玲,等.2002.多种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜试验种群的控制作用.中国农业科学,35(11)：1356
[137]周顺玉,李庆,杨群芳,等.2004.18种植物乙醇提取物对柑桔全爪螨的生物活性.中国南方果树,33(6)：29-31.
[138]周天,郭继勋,韩德复,等.2006.黄蒿挥发油对蚊虫的毒杀活性及其化学成分.应用生态学报,17(5)：907-910.
[139]周勇,姚三桃,吴琦,等.1981.细辛挥发油抗真菌作用及其有效成分黄樟醚的研究.中医杂志22(12)：62-64.
[140]周宇杰,丁伟,王春升.2006.青蒿粗提物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的初步研究.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),28(2)：305-308.
[141]棕黔冀,尚稚珍.1998.拟除虫菊酯对昆虫ATPse的影响研究.烟台大学学报：自然科学与工程版,11(4)：285-289.
[142]Abbott WS.1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol,18, 265-267.
[143]Abdel Rasoul G M, Abou Salem, M E, Mechael, A A, et al.2008. Effects of occupational pesticide exposure on children applying pesticides. NeuroToxicol,29(5):833-838.
[144]Afify A, Ali F, Mohamed M, Turky A.2009. Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Chamomile, Marjoram and Eucalyptus against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch:biology and enzymes. Acarines 3,9-15.
[145]Ahmad R, Salem NM, Estaitieh H.2010. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in eggs, chicken and meat in Jordan. Chemosphere,78(6):667-671.
[146]Ahmed S M.1986. Vapour toxicity and repellency of some essential oil to insect pests. Indian Perfumer,130:273-278.
[147]Ahmed S.1985. Natural pesticides hold promise for developing country farmers. Ambio,14(1):2.
[148]Allan E, Eeswara J, Jarvis A, et al.2002. Induction of hairy root cultures of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and their production of azadirachtin and other important insect bioactive metabolites. Plant Cell Rep,21(4):374-379.
[149]Antonious G F, and Snyder J C.2006. Natural products:repellency and toxicity of wild tomato leaf extracts to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. J Environ Sci Health B,41(1): 43-55.
[150]Antonious G F, Dahlman D L, and Hawkins L M.2003. Insecticidal and acaricidal performance of methyl ketones in wild tomato leaves. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,71(2):400-407.
[151]Antonious G F.2004. Residues and half-lives of pyrethrins on field-grown pepper and tomato. J Environ Sci Health B,39(4):491-503.
[152]Ascher K.1993. Nonconventional insecticidal effects of pesticides available from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol,22(3-4):433-449.
[153]Ay R, and Yorulmaz S.2010. Inheritance and detoxification enzyme levels in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:Tetranychidae) strain selected with chlorpyrifos. J Pest Sci.83(2):85-93.
[154]Azaizeh H. Kobaisy M. Dakwar S. et al.2007. Botanical pesticides as a source of safe bioacaricides for the control of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung.42 (1):143-152
[155]Baffi MA, de Souza GR, Vieira CU, et al.2007. Identification of point mutations in a putative carboxylesterase and their association with acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari:Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol,148(3-4):301-309.
[156]Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, et al.2008. Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food Chem Toxicol,46(2):446-475.
[157]Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, et al.2000. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. Nat Neurosci,3(12):1301-1306.
[158]Bomford MK, and lsman MB.1996. Desensitization of fifth instar Spodoptera litura to azadirachtin and neem. Entomol Exp Appl,81(3):307-313.
[159]Borges LM, Ferri PH, Silva WJ, et al.2003. In vitro efficacy of extracts of Melia azedarach against the tick Boophilus microplus. Med Vet Entomol,17(2):228-231.
[160]Bostanian NJ, Akalach M and Chiasson H,2005. Effects of a Chenopodium-based botanical insecticide/acaricide on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera:Braconidae). Pest Manag Sci,61(10):979-984.
[161]Brennan R J, Kandikonda S, Khrimian A P, et al.1996. Saturated and monofluoro analogs of the oriental fruit fly attractant methyl eugenol show reduced genotoxic activities in yeast. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol,369(3-4):175-181.
[162]Cabras P, Caboni P, Cabras M, et al.2002. Rotenone residues on olives and in olive oil. J Agric Food Chem,50(9):2576-2580.
[163]Casida JE, Quistad GB.1995. Pyrethrum Flowers:Production, Chemistry, Toxicology and Uses. Oxford, UK:Oxford Univ. Press.356 pp.
[164]Chen W, Isman M B, and Chiu S F.1995. Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of the limonoid toosendanin and Melia toosendan extracts on the variegated cutworm, Peridromasaucia (Lep, Noctuidae). J Appl Entomol,119(1-5):367-370.
[165]Chiasson H, Belanger A, Bostanian N, et al.2001. Acaricidal Properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) Essential Oils Obtained by Different Methods of Extraction. J Econ Entomol,94:167-171.
[166]Chiasson H, Bostanian N J, and Vincent C.2004. Acaricidal properties of a Chenopodium-based botanical. J Econ Entomol 97(4):1373-1377.
[167]Clark A G, Drake B.1984. Purification and properties of glutathione S-transferases from larvae of Wiseana cervinata. Biochem J,217(1):41-50.
[168]Clark J M, Scott J G, Campos F, et al.1995. Resistance to avermectins:extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Annu Rev Entomol,40:1-30.
[169]Dan Y, Liu H, Gao W, et al.2010. Activities of essential oils from Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum against five phytopathogens. Crop Prot,29(3):295-299.
[170]Davies TGE, O'Reilly AO, Field LM, et al.2008. Knockdown resistance to DDT and pyrethroids: from target-site mutations to molecular modelling. Pest Manag Sci,64(11):1126-1130.
[171]de Cassia Seffrin R, Shikano I, Akhtar Y, et al.2010. Effects of crude seed extracts of Annona atemoya and Annona squamosa L. against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusiani in the laboratory and greenhouse. Crop Prot,29(1):20-24.
[172]Dekeyser MA, and Downer RGH.1994. Biochemical and physiological targets for miticides. Pest Sci, 40(2):85-101.
[173]Devine G J and Denholm I.2009. Insecticide and Acaricide Resistance. In Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition) (H. R. Vincent, and T. C. Ring, Eds.):pp.505-511. Academic Press, San Diego.
[174]Dou W, Xiao L, Niu J, et al.2010. Characterization of the purified glutathione S-transferases from two Psocids Liposcelis bostrychophila and L. entomophila. Agri Sci China,9(7):1008-1016.
[175]Duso C, Malagnini V, Pozzebon A, et al.2008. Comparative toxicity of botanical and reduced-risk insecticides to Mediterranean populations of Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae). Biol Control,47(1):16-21.
[176]Duval RA, Lewin G, Peris E, et al.2006. Heterocyclic analogues of squamocin as inhibitors of mitochondrial complex i. on the role of the terminal lactone of annonaceous acetogenins. Biochemistry, 45(8):2721-2728.
[177]Enan E.2001. Insecticidal activity of essential oils:octopaminergic sites of action. Comp Biochem Physio C:Toxicol Pharmaco,130(3):325-337.
[178]FAO.1999. The use of spices and medicinals as bioactive protectants for grains. Agri Serv Bull,137, 201-213.
[179]FAO.1980. Revised method for spider mites and their eggs (Tetranychus spp-and Panonychus ulmi) [J].-FAO Plant Production,21:49-54.
[180]Feng RY, Chen W K, and Isman M B.1995. Synergism of malathion and inhibition of midgut esterase activities by an extract from Melia toosendan (Meliaceae). Pest Biochem Physiol,53(1): 34-41.
[181]Fiong F, Alegria H A, Jantunen L M, et al.2008. Organochlorine pesticides in soils and air of southern Mexico:Chemical profiles and potential for soil emissions. Atmos. Environ.42(33): 7737-7745.
[182]Gan-Mor S, Matthews GA.2003. Recent Developments in Sprayers for Application of Biopesticides--an Overview. Biosys engine,84(2):119-125.
[183]Gao M, Huang W, Liu C. Z.2007. Separation of scutellarin from crude extracts of Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand. Mazz. By macroporus resins. J Chromatography B,858(l-2):22-26.
[184]Gatehouse AMR, Powell KS, Van D, et al. Insecticidal properties of plant lectins:their potential in plant protection[M].London,1995.
[185]Gencsoylu I.2007. The effect of asphedolus aestivus brot. as a botanical acaricide against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd. (Acari:Tetranychidae), Int J Agri Res,2:189-192.
[186]Gentz M C, Murdoch G, King G F.2010. Tandem use of selective insecticides and natural enemies for effective, reduced-risk pest management. Biol Control,52(3):208-215.
[187]Georghiou GP, and Taylor C E.1977. Genetic and biological influences in the evolution of insecticide resistance. J Econ Entomol,70(3):319-323.
[188]Gleye C, Lewin G, Laurens A, et al.2003. Acaricidal activity of tonka bean extracts. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of bioactive derivatives. J Nat Prod,66(5):690-692.
[189]Gonzalez-Coloma A, Reina M, Diaz CE, and Fraga B M.2010. Natural product-based biopesticides for insect control, in comprehensive natural products Ⅱ, pp.237-268. Elsevier, Oxford.
[190]Guardia-Rubio M, Ayora-Canada M J, and Ruiz-Medina A.2007. Effect of washing on pesticide residues in Olives. J Food Sci,72(2):C139-C143.
[191]Gurusubramanian G, Rahman A, Sarmah M, et al.2008. Pesticide usage pattern in tea ecosystem, their retrospects and alternative measures. J Environ Biol,29(6):813-826.
[192]Hardin MR, Benrey B, Coll M, et al.1995. Arthropod pest resurgence:an overview of potential mechanisms. Crop Prot,14(1):3-18.
[193]Helene C, Andre B. and Bostanian N.,et al.2001.Acaricidal Properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) essential oils obtained by three methods of extraction. Hort Entom, 94(1):167-171.
[194]Hollingworth R M, Ahammadsahib K I, Gadelhak G, et al.1994. New inhibitors of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain with activity as pesticides. Biochem Soc Trans.22(1):230-233.
[195]Huang Y, Ho S, Lee H, et al.2002. Insecticidal properties of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and their effects on nutrition of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae). J Stored Prod Res,38(5):403-412.
[196]Hussen H, Abou-Elella M,Amer S A A,et al.2006. Repellency and Toxicity of Extracts fromCapparis aegyptiaL. toTet-ranychus urticaeKoch. (Acar:i Tetranychidae). Acta Phytopathologica etHungarica,41(3-4):331-340
[197]Isman M B, and Machial C M.2006. Chapter 2 Pesticides based on plant essential oils:from traditional practice to commercialization Volume 3,29-44.
[198]Isman M B.2000. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot 19(8-10):603-608.
[199]Isman M, Miresmailli S, and Machial C.2010. Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products. Phytochemistry Rev,1-8.
[200]Isman MB.1999. Pesticides based on plant essential oils. Pestic. Outlook 10:68-72
[201]Isman MB.2006. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol,51,45-66.
[202]Isman MB.1994.Botanical insecticides and antifeedants:New sources and perspectives. J Pest Res, 6:11-19.
[203]Jaenson T G, Palsson K, and Borg-Karlson A K.2005. Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden. Med Vet Entomol,19(4):345-352.
[204]Jaenson TGT, Garboui S, P lsson K.2006. Repellency of oils of lemon eucalyptus, geranium, and lavender and the mosquito repellent MyggA natural to Ixodes ricinus (Acari:Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field. J Med Entomol,43(4):731-736.
[205]Joonseok Oh, In Hyun Hwang, Dong Chun Kim, Sun-Chul Kang, Tae-Su Jang, Seung Ho Lee, and MinKyun Na. Anti-listerial compounds from Asari Radix. Arch Pharm Res,2010,33(9):1339-1345.
[206]Kaneko H.2010. Pyrethroid Chemistry and Metabolism. In Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition) (K. Robert, Ed.), pp.1635-1663. Academic Press, New York.
[207]Kaur S, Singh H P, Mittal S, et al.2010. Phytotoxic effects of volatile oil from Artemisia scoparia against weeds and its possible use as a bioherbicide. Ind Crop Prod,32(1):54-61.
[208]Kebede Y, Gebre-Michael T, and Balkew M.2010. Laboratory and field evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) oils as repellents against Phlebotomus orientalis and P. bergeroti (Diptera:Psychodidae) in Ethiopia. Acta Tropica,113(2): 145-150.
[209]Keen A M, Elizabeth G C, Jeffrey G. Variability in response of laboratory-reared and field-collected popula-tions of Tetranychus spp.(Acari:Tetranychidae) to hexythiazox. J Entomol, 1991,84(4):1128-1134.
[210]Kejlova K, Jirova D, Bendova H, et al.2010. Phototoxicity of essential oils intended for cosmetic use. Toxicol In Vitro,24(8):2084-2089.
[211]Kern K A, Pergo E M, Kagami F L, et al.2009. The phytotoxic effect of exogenous ethanol on Euphorbia heterophylla L. Plant Physiol Biochem,47(11-12):1095-1101.
[212]Khan M.2010. Sesamin attenuates behavioral, biochemical and histological alterations induced by reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rats. Chem-Biol Interact,183(1):255-263.
[213]Kilanowicz A, Sitarek K, Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M, et al.2011. Prenatal developmental toxicity of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the rat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,74(3):504-512.
[214]Kim EH, Kim HK, and Ahn YJ.2003. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari:Acaridae). J Asia Pac Entomol,6(1):77-82.
[215]Kim HK, Kim JR, and Ahn YJ.2004. Acaricidal activity of cinnamaldehyde and its congeners against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari:Acaridae). J Stored Prod Res.40(1):55-63.
[216]Kim J, Park I.2008. Fumigant toxicity of Korean medicinal plant essential oils and components from Asiasarum sieboldi root against Sitophilus oryzae L. Flavour Frag J,23(2):79-83.
[217]Kim SI, Na Y, Yi JH, et al.2007. Contact and fumigant toxicity of oriental medicinal plant extracts against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari:Dermanyssidae). Vet Parasitol,145(3-4):377-382.
[218]Kim SI, Roh J, Kim D, et al.2003. Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis. J Stored Prod Res,39(3):293-303.
[219]Kmellar B, Pareja L, Ferrer C, et al.2011. Study of the effects of operational parameters on multiresidue pesticide analysis by LC-MS/MS. Talanta,84(2):262-273.
[220]Koh SH, Ahn J, Im JS, et al.2009. Monitoring of acaricide resistance of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Korean apple orchards. J. Asia Pacific Entomol,12(1):15-21.
[221]Kostyukovsky M, Rafaeli A, Gileadi C, et al.2002. Activation of octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents isolated from aromatic plants:possible mode of action against insect pests. Pest Manag Sci,58(11):1101-1106.
[222]Kotan R, Kordali S, Cakir A, et al.2008. Antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of essential oil isolated from Turkish Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Benth. Biochem Sys Ecol,36(5-6):360-368.
[223]Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal G.2008a. Essential Oils as Green Pesticides:Potential and Constraints. Biopestic Int,4(1):63-842008.
[224]Koul O.2008b. Phytochemicals and Insect Control:An Antifeedant Approach. Crc Cr Rev Plant Sci, 27(1):1-24.
[225]Koumaglo K, Akogo Y, Dotse K, et al.2004. Evaluation de la teneur en gedunine dans differents organes d'Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Comptes Rendus Chimie,7(10-11):1047-1050.
[226]Kreutzweiser DP, Capell SS, and Scarr TA.1999. Acute Lethal and Sublethal Effects of a Neem-Based Insecticide on Nontarget Aquatic Insects in Stream Channels. Bull. Environ Contam Toxicol,63(3):365-371.
[227]Kristen U.1997. Use of higher plants as screens for toxicity assessment. Toxicol In Vitro,11(1-2): 181-191.
[228]Kwon J H, and Ahn Y J.2002. Acaricidal activity of butylidenephthalide identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome against dermatophagoides farinae and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J Agric Food Chem,50(16):4479-4483.
[229]Kwon JH and Ahn YJ.2003. Acaricidal activity of Cnidium officinale rhizome-derived butylidenephthalide against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari:Acaridae). Pest Manag Sci, 59(1):119-123.
[230]Leatemia JA and Isman M B.2004. secticidal activity of crude seed extracts of Annona spp., Lansium domesticum and Sandoricum koetjape against lepidopteran larvae. Phytoparasitica,32(1):30-37.
[231]LeDoux M.2011. Analytical methods applied to the determination of pesticide residues in foods of animal origin. A review of the past two decades. J Chromatogr A,1218(8):1021-1036.
[232]Lee H S.2004. Acaricidal activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit oil against Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari:Pyroglyphidae). J Agric Food Chem,52(10):2887-2889.
[233]Lee H S.2005. Food protective effect of acaricidal components isolated from anise seeds against the stored food mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). J Food Prot,68(6):1208-1210.
[234]Lee S, Tsao R, Peterson C, et al.1997. Insecticidal activity of monoterpenoids to western corn rootworm (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), twospotted spider mite (Acari:Tetranychidae), and house fly (Diptera:Muscidae). J Econ Entomol,90(4):883-892.
[235]Lei H, Wang Y, Liang F, et al.2010. Composition and variability of essential oils of Platycladus orientalis growing in China. Biochem Sys Ecol,38(5):1000-1006.
[236]Leonard SS, Harris GK, and Shi X.2004. Metal-induced oxidative stress and signal transduction. Free Rad Bio Med.37(12):1921-1942.
[237]Lima AG, Mcnamara JC, Terra WR.1997. Regulation of hemolymph osmolytes and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activities during acclimation to saline media in the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann,1836) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol,215(1): 81-91.
[238]Liu GY, Ju XL, Cheng J, et al.2010.3D-QSAR studies of insecticidal anthranilic diamides as ryanodine receptor activators using CoMFA, CoMSIA and DISCOtech. Chemosphere,78(3):300-306.
[239]Lowery D and Isman M.1995. Toxicity of neem to natural enemies of aphids. Phytoparasitica,23(4): 297-306.
[240]Maciel MV, Morais S M, Bevilaqua C M L, et al.2006. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Melia azedarach extracts on Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol,140(1-2):98-104.
[241]Mackeen MM, Ali AM, Abdullah MA, et al.1997. Antinematodal activity of some Malaysian plant extracts against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus [J]. Pest Sci,51(2):165-170.
[242]Madarena G, Dazzi G, Campanini G, et al.1982. Organochlorine pesticide residues in meat of various species. Meat Sci,4(2):157-166.
[243]Mansour F, Azaizeh H, Saad B, et al.2004. The potential of middle eastern flora as a source of new safe bio-acaricides to control Tetranychus cinnabarinus, the carmine spider mite. Phytoparasitica, 32(1):66-72.
[244]Mansour F, Ravid U, and Putievsky E.1986.Studies of the effects of essential oils isolated from 14 species of Labiatae on the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus). Phytoparasitica, 14(2):137-142.
[245]Mao YB, Cai WJ, Wang JW, et al.2007, Silencing a cotton bollworm P450 monooxygenase gene by plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval tolerance of gossypol. Nat Biotech 25,1307-1313.
[246]McClay W.2000. Rotenone use in north America (1988-1997). Fisheries,25(5):15-21.
[247]McCord Jr E, Price J, Nagle C.2009. Biological Control of the Twospotted Spider Mite on Landscape Plant Beds Using Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari:Phytoseiidae) Predatory Mite. In, pp. 591-594.
[248]McGarry JW, and Trees A J.1991. Trap perches to assess the activity of pyrethrins against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae in cage birds. Exp Appl Acarol,12(1-2):1-7.
[249]Miresmailli S, Isman M B.2006. Efficacy and persistence of rosemary oil as an acaricide against twospotted spider mite (Acari:Tetranychidae) on greenhouse tomato. J Econ Entomol,99(6): 2015-2023.
[250]Morallo-Rejesus B.1987. Botanical pest control research in the Philippines. Philippine Entomology, 7:1-30.
[251]Morgan E D.2009. Azadirachtin, a scientific gold mine. Bioorg. Med. Chem.17(12):4096-4105.
[252]Mothes U, and KA Seitz.1981. Functional microscopic anatomy of the digestive system of Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae). Acarologia 22(3):257-270.
[253]Mothes-Wagner U.1984. Fine structure of the cuticle and structural changes occuring during moulting in the mite Tetranychus urticae. Ⅱ. Moulting process (Chelicerata, Acarina). Zoomorphology 104(2):105-110.
[254]Osborne LS, Pena J, Oi DH.1995. Predation by Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on twospotted spider mites (Acari:Tetranychidae) in Florida greenhouses. Florida Entomologist,78.565-570.
[255]Park C, Kim SI, and Ahn YJ.2003. Insecticidal activity of asarones identified in Acorus gramineus rhizome against three coleopteran stored-product insects. J. Stored Products Res,39(3):333-342.
[256]Pasay C, Walton S, Fischer K, et al.2006. PCR-based assay to survey for knockdown resistance to pyrethroid acaricides in human scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis). Am J Trop Med Hyg, 74(4):649-657.
[257]Pascual-Villalobos MJ and Robledo A.1998. Screening for anti-insect activity in Mediterranean plants. Ind. Crop Prod,8:183-194.
[258]Patil PR, Rakesh SU, Dhabale P, et al.2009. Pharmacological activities of Areca catechu Linn. A Review. J Pharm Res 2(4):683-687.
[259]Perumalsamy H, Chang KS, Park C, et al.2010. larvicidal activity of asarum heterotropoides root constituents against insecticide-susceptible and -resistant culex pipiens pallens and aedes aegypti and ochlerotatus togoi. J Agri Food Chem,58(18):10001-10006.
[260]Perumalsamy H, Kim N J, and Ahn Y J.2009. Larvicidal activity of compounds isolated from Asarum heterotropoides against Culex pipiens pallens, Aedes aegypti, and Ochlerotatus togoi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 46(6):1420-1423.
[361]Philogene B, Arnason J, Berg C, Duval F, et al.1985. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Naturally Occurring Phototoxin Alpha-terthienyl as a Control Agent for Larvae of Aedes intrudens, Aedes atropalpus (Diptera:Culicidae) and Simulium verecundum (Diptera:Simuliidae). J Med Entomol, 78(1):121-126.
[262]Philogene BJR, Arnason JT, Towers GHN, et al.1984. Berberine:A naturally occurring phototoxic alkaloid. J Chem Eco,10(1):115-123.
[263]Ping G, Yanping L, Shigui L.2004. Effects of dp-B on ATPase activity of insect plasma membrane. Pestic Biochem Phys,80(3):157-162.
[264]Plimmer JR.1993. Regulatory problems associated with natural products and biopesticides. Pest Sci, 39(2):103-108.
[265]Pontes WJT, Oliveira JCG, Camara CAG, et al.2007. Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of the leaf and fruit essential oils of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae). Acta Amazonica,37,103-109.
[266]Price DN, and Berry MS.2006. Comparison of effects of octopamine and insecticidal essential oils on activity in the nerve cord, foregut, and dorsal unpaired median neurons of cockroaches. J Insect Physiol,52(3):309-319.
[267]Priestley CM, Williamson E M, Wafford K A, et al.2003. Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil, is a positive allosteric modulator of human GABA(A) receptors and a homo-oligomeric GABA receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. Br J Pharmacol,140(8):1363-72.
[268]Qiu X, Li W, Tian Y, Leng X.2003. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae):tissue difference and induction. Journal of economic entomology 96, 1283-1289.
[269]Quan CS, Liu Q, Tian WJ.et al.2005. Biodegradation of an endocrine-disrupting chemieal, di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate by Bacillus subtilis.No.661 Mierobio Bioreeh,66:701-710.
[270]Quistad G B, Staiger L E, Schooley D A, et al.1979. The possible role of carnitine in the selective toxicity of the miticide cycloprate. Pest Biochem Physiol,11(1-3):159-165.
[271]Ralf N, Thomais B, Alfred E, et al. Spilodiclofen and spiromesifen. Pesticide Outlook,2003 (12): 243-245.
[272]Ramasubramanian T, Ramaraju K, Regupathy A.2005. Acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:Tetranychidae)-global scenario. J Entom,2(1):33-39.
[273]Ranson H, Cornel AJ, Fournier D, Vaughan A, Collins FH and Hemingway J.1997. Cloning and localization of a glutathione S-transferase class I gene from Anopheles gambiae. J Biol Chem 272: 5464-5468.
[274]Rasikari HL, Leach DN, Waterman PG, et al.2005. Acaricidal and cytotoxic activities of extracts from selected genera of Australian Lamiaceae. J Econ Entom.98,1259-1266.
[275]Rasikari HL, Leach DN, Waterman PG, et al.2005. Acaricidal and cytotoxic activities of extracts from selected genera of Australian Lamiaceae. Journal of economic entomology 98(4):1259-1266.
[276]Rattan R S.2010. Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin. Crop Prot,29(9):913-920.
[277]Rim IS and Jee CH.2006. Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari:Pyroglyphidae) and qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal). Korean J Parasitol 44(2):133-138.
[278]Rogers LL, Zeng L, McLaughlin JL.1998. New bioactive steroids from Melia volkensii. J Org Chem, 63(11):3781-3785.
[279]Rogi T, Tomimori N, Ono Y, et al.2011. The Mechanism Underlying the Synergetic Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Sesamin and A-Tocopherol in Rats Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet. Pharmacol Sci,115(3):408-416.
[280]Roldan-Tapi L, Leyva A, Laynez F, et al.2005. Chronic neuropsychological sequelae of cholinesterase inhibitors in the absence of structural brain damage:two cases of acute poisoning. Environ Health Perspect,113(6):762-6.
[281]Rumf,S., V.Storch, H. Vogt, and S. A. Hassan.1992. Effect of juvenoids on larvae of Chrisoperla carnea steph(Chrysopidae). Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung.,27:557-563
[282]Sabol SZ, Hu S, and Hamer D.1998. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Human Genetics.103(3):273-279.
[283]Schenk P, Imdorf A, Fluri P.2001. Effects of neem oil on Varroa Mites and bees. Am Bee J, 141(12):878-880.
[284]Schmeller T, Latz-Briining B, Wink M.1997. Biochemical activities of berberine, palmatine and sanguinarine mediating chemical defence against microorganisms and herbivores. Phytochemistry, 44(2):257-266.
[285]Schmidt G. H, and Streloke M.1994. Effect of Acorus calamus (L.) (Araceae) oil and its main compound [beta]-asarone on Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera:Bostrichidae). J Stored Prod Res,30(3):227-235.
[286]Scott JG.1999. Cytochromes P450 and insecticide resistance. Insect Biochem Molec,29,757-777.
[287]Sertkaya E, Kaya K, Soylu S.2010. Acaricidal activities of the essential oils from several medicinal plants against the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.) (Acarina:Tetranychidae). Ind Crop Prod,31(1):107-112.
[288]Sheehan D, Meade G, Foley V, Dowd C.2001. Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases:implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily. Biochemical Journal 360,1-16.
[289]Sheppard WS, Gardner M, Hasher S et al.2003. Use of sucrose octanoate esters to control the parasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor. Am Bee J,143(12):982-985.
[290]Shi G. L, Liu S. Q. and Cao H., et al.2004. Acaricidal Activities of extracts of stellera chamaejasme against Tetranychus viennensis (Acari:Tetranychidae). J Econ Entomol, 97(6):1912-1916.
[291]Simmonds MSJ, Blaney WM, Ley SV, et al.1999. Azadirachitin:structural requirements for reducing growth and increasing mortality in lepidopterous larvae. Entomol Exp Appl,55(2):169-182.
[292]Stroh J, Wan M T, Isman M B, et al.1998. Evaluation of the acute toxicity to juvenile Pacific coho salmon and rainbow trout of some plant essential oils, a formulated product, and the carrier. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,60(6):923-930.
[293]Stumpf CF, Comins DL, Sparks TC, et al.2007. Insecticidal activity and mode of action of novel nicotinoids synthesized by new acylpyridinium salt chemistry and directed lithiation. Pest Biochem Physiol,87(3):211-219.
[294]Stumpf N, Nauen R.2002. Biochemical markers linked to abamectin resistance in tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae). Pestic Biochem Phys,72(2):111-121.
[295]Susurluk HZ, Caliskan O, Giirkan S, Kirmizigiil and N. Goren.2007. Antifeedant activity of some Tanacetum species and bioassay guided isolation of the secondary metabolites of Tanacetum cadmeum ssp. cadmeum (Compositae). Ind Crop Prod,2007,26:220-228.
[296]Swain T.1977.Secondary compounds as protective agents. Ann Rev Plant Physiol,28:497-451.
[297]Tang DS, Zhang L, Chen HL, Liang YR, Lu JL, Liang HL, Zheng XQ.2007. Extraction and Purification of solanesol from tobacco:(I). Extraction and silica gel column chromatography separation of solanesol.56(3):291-295.
[298]Tang E. and Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin[M]. Springer, New York, USA; 1992.
[299]Thacker JRM.2002. An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge Univ. Press.2002.343 pp.
[300]Tian T, Grafton-Cardwell EE, Granett J.1992. Resistance of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) to cyhexatin and fenbutatin-oxide in California pears. Insect Res Res Manag, 85(6):2088-2095.
[301]Tsukamoto T, Nakatani S, Yoshioka Y, et al.2006. Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers. Biol Pharm Bull,29(3):592-594.
[302]Wan M T, Watts R G, Isman M B, et al.1996. Evaluation of the acute toxicity to juvenile pacific northwest Salmon of Azadirachtin, Neem extract, and Neem-based products. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,56(3):432-439.
[303]Wang S, Ghisalberti E L, and Ridsdill-Smith J.1999. Volatiles from Trifolium as feeding deterrents of redlegged earth mites. Phytochemistry,52(4):601-605.
[304]Wang Y, Wang H, Shen Z, et al.2009. Methyl palmitate, an acaricidal compound occurring in green walnut husks. J Eco Entom,102(1):196-202.
[305]Ware GW.1983. Pesticides. Theory and Application. San Francisco:Freeman.308 pp.
[306]Whalon M E.2008. Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods. CABI.
[307]Williams LAD, and Mansingh A.1996. The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds fromAzadirachta indica (A. Juss.) and their use in tropical pest management. Integr Pest Manag Rev, 1(3):133-145.
[308]Wu H Q, Li J, He ZD, et al.2010. Acaricidal activities of traditional Chinese medicine against the house dust mite, Dermat farinae. Parasit,137(6):975-983.
[309]Yu H, Y Zhang, K Wu, XW Gao, and YY Guo.2008. Field-testing of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects. Environ.Entomol.37:1410-1415.
[310]Zahavi M, and Tahori AS.1970. Sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase in spider mites to organo-phosphorus compounds. Biochem Pharmacol,19(1):219-225.
[311]Zhang Y, Ding W, Zhao ZM, et al.2008. Studies on acaricidal bioactivities of artemisia annua L. extracts against tetranychus cinnabarinus bois.(acari:tetranychidae). Agri Sci China,7(5):577-584.
[312]Zhang, ZQ.2003. Book review, mites of greenhouses:identification, biology and control. CAB international. Exp Appl Acarol,31(3):317-318.
[313]Zheng YQ, Yao JR, Shao XD. Review on the constituents and agricultural application of sophora flavescens ait. Pest Sci Admin,2000,21(1):24-26,30.
[314]Zhou P, Wu Y, Yin S, et al.2011. National survey of the levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in the breast milk of mothers in China. Environ Pollut,159(2):524-531.
[2]蔡少青,王禾.1996.北细辛非挥发性化学成分的研究.北京医科大学学报,28(3)：228-230.
[3]蔡少青,王璇主编2003.常用中药材品种整理和质量研究,北方编.第6册.北京医科大学出版社.
[4]蔡双虎、程立生.2003.二斑叶螨的研究进展.热带农业科学,23(2)：68-74
[5]曹挥,刘素琪,王鸿雷等.2003.万寿菊根提取物对山楂叶螨几种酶活性的影响.林业科学,39(2)：114-118.
[6]曹挥,王有年,刘素琪,等.2007.地肤提取物对山楂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响.林业科学.43(2)：68-73.
[7]岑伊静,庞雄飞,周琼等.2004.非嗜食植物提取物对桔全爪螨产卵的驱避性测定.应用生态学报,15(9)：1687-1690.
[9]陈丽华,王展旭.2009.环烷基轻质油为介质的25%丙环唑乳油配方.农药.48(3)：177-182.
[10]成卓敏主编2005.农业生物灾害预防与控制研究.北京：农业科技出版社,747-751.
[11]程绪生,余志坤,李小龙.1999.霸螨灵等杀螨剂室内毒力测定.中国南方果树,28(4)：13.
[12]董力,王海洋,马立辉,杨珂,2010.细辛属植物资源开发应用.黑龙江农业科学,(1)：55-58.
[13]方才君,胡士林.1997.植物精油对朱砂叶螨的毒性试验.西南师范大学学报,1997,22(4)：470-472.
[14]冯安伟,章玉苹,岑伊静等.2010.薇甘菊乙醇提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉自然种群的控制作用及其对蜘蛛的影响.环境昆虫学报,32(1)：54-59.
[15]郭红祥,袁超,郭爱芳,等.2005.超临界CO2萃取花椒挥发油的杀虫活性研究.河南农业大学学报,39(1)：79-81,92.
[16]郭红祥,张慧珍,袁超,等.2005.花椒挥发油对玉米象酯酶及同工酶活性的影响.河南工业大学学报(自然科学版),26(1)：78-80.
[17].郭锦全,陈家骅,杨建全,等.2006.甲基丁香酚与农药配合使用对橘小实蝇的诱杀效果.福建农林大学学报：自然科学版,35(4)：356-358.
[18]郭增军,刘辉.2001.HPLC法测定不同品种商品细辛中细辛脂素和芝麻脂素的含量.中药材,24(4)：273-274.
[19.]韩建勇,曾鑫年,杜利香等.2003.几种植物的杀螨活性研究初报.广东农业科学,(2)：43-46.
[20]韩建勇,曾鑫年,杜利香.2004.白花丹根提取物的杀螨活性.植物保护学报,31(1)：85-90.
[21]韩招久,韩召军,姜志宽,等.2004.沙蚕毒素类农药的毒理学研究新进展.现代农药,3(6)：5-8.
[22]何道航,徐汉虹.2001.植物源番荔枝内酯的杀虫作用(综述).安徽农业大学学报,28(4)：385-389.
[23]何运转,李梅.2001.拟除虫菊酯对家蝇Ca-ATPase和Ca-Mg-ATPase的抑制作用.昆虫学报44(3)：297-303.
[24]洪亮星.1997农药乳油质量调控.福建化工,(3)：36-39.
[25]洪晓月,王萌长,尤子平.1994a.朱砂叶螨表皮结构和蜕皮过程.南京农业大学学报.17(4)：42-48.
[26]洪晓月,王荫长.1994b.朱砂叶螨体表的扫描电镜观察.南京农业大学学报.17(2)：48-53.
[27]侯华民,张兴.2001.植物精油杀虫活性的研究进展.世界农业,4：40-42.
[28]侯辉,赵莉蔺,曹挥,等.2004.地肤中杀螨活性成分的提取与初步分离.山东农业科学,1：47-48,
[29]侯辉,赵莉蔺,师光禄,等.2004.地肤提取物杀螨活性的研究.植物保护,30(3)：42-45.
[30]华昌培,杨德军,胡仕林,等.1988.植物精油对仓库害虫的毒性试验.四川日化,1：20-25.
[31]华世豪,绍维忠.乳油化学工业出版社,1985年9月北京第一版.
[32]黄奔立,朱华,顾艳,等.2006.中草药对5种蔬菜病菌的抑制作用.扬州大学学报27(3)：84-86.
[33]黄世佐,明海霞,李军,等.2009.单叶细辛镇痛及抗炎效应的实验研究.甘肃中医,22(12)：63-65.
[34]姜志宽,韩招久,王宗德等.2009.昆虫驱避剂的发展概况.中华卫生杀虫药械,15(2)：85-89.
[35]蒋桂福,泮之海,赵敦田,吕家勋.1998.阿维菌素生物农药防治二斑叶螨药效试验.植物检疫,12,276-277.
[36]李兵,魏辉,黄建,等.2006.土荆芥精油的超临界CO2萃取条件及杀虫活性的初步研究[J].华东昆虫学报,15(4)：305-308.
[37]李海屏.2004.杀虫剂新品种开发进展及特点.江苏化工,32(1)：6-11.
[38]李时珍,本草纲目.13卷,吉林大学出版社.2009.
[39]李水清,张钟宁.2004.艾蒿提取物对菜青虫的生物活性.昆虫知识,41(5)：439-442.
[40]廉永善.2005.沙棘属植物天然产物及其主要生理药理功能.沙棘18(13)：5-16.
[41]梁沛,申继忠,游文丽.1999.杀螨剂作用机制研究进展.农药科学与管理,24(4)：16-20.
[42]刘传云,姜永嘉.1994.花椒挥发油组分的分离鉴定及对赤拟谷盗毒力测定的研究.郑州粮食学院学报,15(3)：11-13.
[43]刘东吉,刘春生,2010.不同产地栽培辽细辛的挥发油研究.中国实验方剂学杂志,16(9)：79-82.
[44]刘海燕,高微微,樊瑛,等.2007.细辛挥发油抗植物病原真菌活性初步研究.植物病理学报,37(1)：95-98.
[45刘奎,符悦冠,金启安.2005.大叶桃花心木提取物对香蕉皮氏叶螨忌避作用的初步研究.中国南方果树,34(2)：48-49.
[46]刘寿山.1965.中药研究文献摘要,科学出版社.
[47]刘树民,罗明媚,杜心懿,尹红.2006.细辛挥发油对栖北散白蚁毒效作用.中药材,29(6)：539-541.
[48]刘燕萍,高平,潘为高,等.2004.紫茎泽兰等几种植物提取物对两种农业害螨的毒力作用研究.四川大学学报(自然科学版),41(1)：212-215.
[49]娄永根,程家安.2000.虫害诱导的植物挥发物：丛本特性、生态学功能及释放机制.生态学报,20(6)：1097-1106.
[50]吕帅,吴迪,吴兆华,高慧媛,孙博航,吴立军.2010.辽细辛地下部分的化学成分(Ⅱ).沈阳药科大学学报,27(9)：707-710.
[51]罗都强,张兴.2001.植物源杀虫剂研究进展.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),29(增刊)：94-99.
[52]罗彭,高平,吴俊,等.2006.银杏外种皮杀螨活性物质的分离纯化研究[J].化学研究与应用,18(9)：1061-1065
[53]马淑娥,王家红,徐春荣.1998.几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨敏感种群毒力测定.中国果树,(2)：24-26.
[54]孟和生.2002.两种生物方法对杀螨剂毒力测定结果的影响比较.植物保护,28(3)：49-51.
[55]孟威,江冬,夏爱华,等.2001.辽宁省苹果病虫害发生动态及防治对策.辽宁农业科学,(4)：38-39.
[56]孟威,刘明达,刘莹等.1998.辽宁省果园暴发一种新害螨-二斑叶螨.北方果树,(2)：23-24.
[57]莫建初,张时妙,滕立,等.2003.细辛对黄胸散白蚁的毒效[J].农药学学报,5(4)：80-84.
[58]莫茂军,吴洪基,韩诗畴,赵一虎,苏丽婷.2008.16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨的生物活性测定.环境昆虫学报,30(1)：44-49
[59]莫美华1996.鱼藤混剂对柑桔锈蜘蛛的毒力及药效研究.In中国植物保护研究进展(第三次全国农作物病虫害综合防治学术讨论会论文集).
[60]农业部农药检定所.2004.关于撤销甲胺磷等5种高毒农药产品登记的通知.农药科学与管理,2004,(5)：1.
[61]潘炯光,徐植灵,王光辉,等.1984.中国细辛属植物挥发油的气相色谱-质谱分析Ⅱ.中药通报,9(4)：31-33.
[62]潘为高,高平,刘燕萍,等.2004.瑞香狼毒各组分杀螨活性及组分间相互作用的研究.四川大学学报(自然科学版),41(1)：208-211.
[63]秦学功,马忠海,元英进.2002.苦豆子生物碱的农用活性初步研究.佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版),20(3)：340-344.
[64]尚德斌,骆星丹,李春华,张永强,丁伟,2007.黄花蒿杀螨活性物质的提取分离及活性评价.中国农学通报,23,360-363.
[65]申照静,王海香,师光禄,等.2008.三种植物提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的影响[J].北京农学院学报,23(1)：22-24
[66]沈慧敏,杨宝生.2001.二点叶螨对16种杀虫、杀螨剂的抗药性.植物保护学报,28(4)：362-36.
[67]沈建国,翟海枝,林奇英,等.2002.我国植物源农药研究进展.福建农林大学学报.31(1)：26-31
[68]沈寅初,张一宾.生物农药.北京,化学工业出版社,2000,p7-8
[69]石含秀,韩林,贾波,等.2009.细辛含药血清对大鼠心肌细胞钠通道的影响.浙江中西医结合杂志,40(10)：599-602.
[70]石健泉,黎明盛,马承文,等.2006.0.3%苦参碱植物源杀虫剂防治柑桔红蜘蛛的田间药效试验.广西园艺,17(3)：36-36.
[71]孙小洁,李庆,易成波.2004.植物源杀虫剂开发利用现状及前景展望.经济林研究,22(2)：73-77.
[72]孙阳,张淑颖,2008.甲基丁香酚挥发物对桔小实蝇成虫的引诱作用.安徽农业科学,36(20)：8685-8687.
[73]王春,华昌培,刘克等.1990.植物精油对烟草甲越冬幼虫的熏杀试验.四川日化,4：14-16.
[74]王桂芳,张守尧.1999.HPLC法测定细辛中芝麻脂素和细辛脂素的含量.药物分析杂志,19(4)：251-253.
[75]王桂清,姬兰柱,张弘.2008.辽细辛精油对淡色库蚊的杀伤作用.中国生物防治,24(2)：112-115
[76]王桂清,姬兰柱.2007b.细辛精油对5种木本花卉病害的离体抑菌效果比较.北方园艺,(9)：220-222.
[77]王桂清.2007a.细辛精油对7种玉米病害的离体抑菌效果.沈阳农业大学学报,38(6)：807-810.
[78]王桂清.2008.离体条件下细辛精油对3种棉花病害致病菌的抑菌活性.农业科技与装备,(4)：41-43.
[79]王树桐,曹克强,胡同乐,等.2004.对番茄灰霉病菌有抑菌活性的丁香和细辛提取物提取条件研究.河北农业大学学报,27(1)：69-72.
[80]王学川.2002.表面活性剂在皮革工业中的应用原理与技术[M].陕西：陕西科学技术出版社.
[81]王占永,刘国新,刘彦芳.2004.2.8%阿维菌素乳油的研制.河北化工,(6)：56-56.
[82]魏青春,吕惠子.2010.汉城细辛化学成分的分离与鉴定.时珍国医国药,21(3)：676-677.
[83]吴学民,徐妍.2009.农药制剂加工实验.化学工业出版社.
[84]项伟,姚娉,张宏杰,孙汉董,李良.2000.云南红豆杉中的非紫杉烷类化合物.中草药,31(4)：246-247.
[85]肖崇厚.1993.中药化学[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社.
[86]肖进新.2003.赵振国.表面活性剂应用原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社.
[87]谢伟,陆满文.1993.毛细辛挥发油的中枢抑制、解热镇痛和抗炎作用.中国药理学通报,(5)：389.
[88]谢一兵,毛培坤.1999.新型高效农药乳化剂的应用研究.安徽化工,25(2)：11-13.
[89]熊玉兰,荆宇,尚明英,等.2009.细辛非挥发性提取物抗炎镇痛作用研究.中国中药杂志,(17)：2252-2257.
[90]徐河山,马雅军.2006.植物源杀虫剂作用方式和机理的研究进展.热带医学杂志6(6)：743-744,716.
[91]徐任生.天然产物化学导论.北京：科学出版社,2006.
[92]徐植灵,潘炯光,朱启聪,等.1986.中国细辛属植物挥发油的气相色谱-质谱分析(第三报).中药通报,(1)：46-49.
[93]许磊,吕帅,孙博航,高慧媛,吴立军.2008.辽细辛地上部分化学成分的分离与鉴定.沈阳药科大学学报,25(009)：699-701.
[94]杨浩,王磊,魏景莉,等.2010.细辛替代吗啡镇痛可行性实验研究.中国临床研究23(7)：568-570.
[95]杨厚玲,邱琴,陈婷婷,等.2007.不同方法提取的北细辛挥发油的气质联用成分分析.中国医疗前沿,(13)：1031-1033.
[96]杨会芝,李庆,雷慧德,等.2007.植物源杀螨剂研究与应用前景.农药,46(2)：81-85.
[97]杨文飞,杜小凤,季国宝,等.2006.0.36%苦参碱水剂防治苹果园山楂叶螨试验.中国果树,(1)：29-30.
[98]杨秀娟,何玉仙,卢学松,陈福如,卢同.2004.植物提取液对南方根结线虫的抑杀作用.福建农业学报,19(2)：78-81.
[99]杨银,史智勇,等.2002.8种植物挥发性对媒介硬蜱的驱避效果研究.医学动物防制18(5)：234-235.
[100]杨志玲,蒋梅香,李福双,等.2006.城南细辛的化学成分研究(Ⅱ).中药材,29(2)：130-132.
[101]杨志玲,颜冬兰,李福双,等.2005.城南细辛化学成分研究(Ⅰ).中南药学3(5)：304-305.
[102]尹红,杜心懿,刘树民,等.2007.细辛醇提物对栖北散白蚁的毒效及含量测定研究.中华卫生杀虫药械,13(4)：263-266.
[103]袁文金,马德英,郭冬雪,等.2007.我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展.新疆农业科学.44(6)：892-897.
[104]袁晓琴,孙莲芬,郑进.2009b.细辛的镇痛作用部位及机制研究.上海中医药杂志43(5)：72-75.
[105]袁晓琴,孙莲芬.2009a.细辛挥发油镇痛作用机制的初步实验研究.现代生物医学进展,9(4)：718-720.
[106]曾虹燕,金永钟,曾美霞,王平,包罗涛.2004.超临界CO2和微波辅助萃取辽细辛挥发油.过程工程学报4,367-371,
[107]张斌.2002.植物源杀虫剂研究动态综述.江西农业科技.6：29-31.
[108]张峰,王龙星,罗茜,肖红斌,梁鑫淼,蔡少青.2002.气相色谱-质谱分析北细辛根和根茎中的挥发性成分.色谱,5：467-470
[109]张国珍,樊瑛,丁万隆,等.1995.麻黄和细辛挥发油的抗真菌作用.植物保护学报,22(4)：373-374.
[110]张静,马志卿,冯俊涛,等.2005.细辛醚对家蝇和淡色库蚊的生物活性.农药学学报,7(1)：85-87.
[111]张磊,陈晓辉,刘玉磊,张加,毕开顺.2008.RP-HPLC法同时测定辽细辛中L-细辛脂素,L-芝麻脂素和卡枯醇.中草药.39(7).1098-1100.
[112]张丽丽,李述峰,张烁,聂宏刚,关振中,杨宝峰.2006.细辛脂素抗心脏移植急性排斥反应的作用及对黏附分子表达的影响.中国中药杂志31,494-497.
[113]张谦瑾,陶士强,吴福安.2009.葎草提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的研究.江苏蚕业.(1)：10-13
[114]张守尧周本杰汪艳.2002.高效液相色谱法测定不同部位两面针原植物中L-芝麻脂素和L-细辛脂素的含量.第一军医大学学报.22(7)：654-655.
[115]张淑红,周宝利,张磊,等.2006.天然植物提取物对茄子黄萎病菌的抑制活性.应用生态学报,17(6)：1137-1140.
[116]张新虎,沈慧敏.2001.芬兰钝绥螨对二点叶螨捕食作用的研究.甘肃科学学报,13(2)：35-37.
[117]张兴,王兴林,冯俊涛,赵善欢.1993.植物性杀虫剂川楝素的开发研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),21(4)：1-5.
[118]张学堂,李建东,霍瑞霞.2000.砀山地区苹果二斑叶螨的发生与防治.落叶果树,5：50-51.
[119]张瑶,宋志永,王林丽.2007.细辛的药理作用及临床应用.中国药业,16(14)：62-63.
[120]张永强,丁伟,赵志模.2007.姜黄素类化合物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性.昆虫学报,50,1304-1308.
[121]张永强,丁传,赵志模,等.2008.黄花蒿提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的研究[J].中国农业科学,41(3)：720-726
[122]张永强.2005.中药植物姜黄杀虫杀螨活性及作用机理研究：西南农业大学[硕十学位论文].
[123]张友军,张文吉.1997.乙酰胆碱酯酶分子生物学研究.昆虫知识.34(4)：242-246.
[124]张宗炳,樊德方.1989.杀虫药剂的环境毒理学[M].农业出版社.
[125]张宗俭.2009.农药助剂的应用与研究进展.农药科学与管理,30(1)：42-47.
[126]赵白鸽,申效诚,靳秀兰.1998.郑州市果园和梨园发现二斑叶螨危害的调查.河南农业科学,1：22-23.
[127]赵春,李水清.2003.艾蒿提取物的生物活性研究[J].湖北农业科学,(4)：44-46.
[128]赵建周,剧正理.1994.杀螨剂生物测定的三种新方法.植物保护,4：44-45.
[129]赵金锁,李雅清.2008.花椒提取物对山楂叶螨的生物活性及作用机理的研究,山西农业科学,36(8)：38-41.
[130]赵莉蔺,刘素琪,侯辉等.2004.植物源杀螨剂的研究进展.植物医生,17(3)：4-6.
[131]赵莉蔺,刘素琪,侯辉等.2004.河蒴荛花对山楂叶螨活性的研究.山西农业大学学报(自然科学版)24(2)：183-186.
[132]赵善欢.1993.昆虫毒理学[M].北京：农业出版社.
[133]赵玉强,甄天民,李士根,等.1999.微板法检测蚊虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,10(2)：99-101.
[134]郑和斌,郭海明,王金辉,张玲.2006.植物源杀虫剂开发利用现状及其前景展望.湖南农业科学,(1)：52-54,56.
[135]中国药典委员会.2005.中国药典,化工出版社.北匕京
[136]周琼,梁广文,曾玲,等.2002.多种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜试验种群的控制作用.中国农业科学,35(11)：1356
[137]周顺玉,李庆,杨群芳,等.2004.18种植物乙醇提取物对柑桔全爪螨的生物活性.中国南方果树,33(6)：29-31.
[138]周天,郭继勋,韩德复,等.2006.黄蒿挥发油对蚊虫的毒杀活性及其化学成分.应用生态学报,17(5)：907-910.
[139]周勇,姚三桃,吴琦,等.1981.细辛挥发油抗真菌作用及其有效成分黄樟醚的研究.中医杂志22(12)：62-64.
[140]周宇杰,丁伟,王春升.2006.青蒿粗提物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的初步研究.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),28(2)：305-308.
[141]棕黔冀,尚稚珍.1998.拟除虫菊酯对昆虫ATPse的影响研究.烟台大学学报：自然科学与工程版,11(4)：285-289.
[142]Abbott WS.1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol,18, 265-267.
[143]Abdel Rasoul G M, Abou Salem, M E, Mechael, A A, et al.2008. Effects of occupational pesticide exposure on children applying pesticides. NeuroToxicol,29(5):833-838.
[144]Afify A, Ali F, Mohamed M, Turky A.2009. Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Chamomile, Marjoram and Eucalyptus against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch:biology and enzymes. Acarines 3,9-15.
[145]Ahmad R, Salem NM, Estaitieh H.2010. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in eggs, chicken and meat in Jordan. Chemosphere,78(6):667-671.
[146]Ahmed S M.1986. Vapour toxicity and repellency of some essential oil to insect pests. Indian Perfumer,130:273-278.
[147]Ahmed S.1985. Natural pesticides hold promise for developing country farmers. Ambio,14(1):2.
[148]Allan E, Eeswara J, Jarvis A, et al.2002. Induction of hairy root cultures of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and their production of azadirachtin and other important insect bioactive metabolites. Plant Cell Rep,21(4):374-379.
[149]Antonious G F, and Snyder J C.2006. Natural products:repellency and toxicity of wild tomato leaf extracts to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. J Environ Sci Health B,41(1): 43-55.
[150]Antonious G F, Dahlman D L, and Hawkins L M.2003. Insecticidal and acaricidal performance of methyl ketones in wild tomato leaves. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,71(2):400-407.
[151]Antonious G F.2004. Residues and half-lives of pyrethrins on field-grown pepper and tomato. J Environ Sci Health B,39(4):491-503.
[152]Ascher K.1993. Nonconventional insecticidal effects of pesticides available from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol,22(3-4):433-449.
[153]Ay R, and Yorulmaz S.2010. Inheritance and detoxification enzyme levels in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:Tetranychidae) strain selected with chlorpyrifos. J Pest Sci.83(2):85-93.
[154]Azaizeh H. Kobaisy M. Dakwar S. et al.2007. Botanical pesticides as a source of safe bioacaricides for the control of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung.42 (1):143-152
[155]Baffi MA, de Souza GR, Vieira CU, et al.2007. Identification of point mutations in a putative carboxylesterase and their association with acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari:Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol,148(3-4):301-309.
[156]Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, et al.2008. Biological effects of essential oils-a review. Food Chem Toxicol,46(2):446-475.
[157]Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, et al.2000. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. Nat Neurosci,3(12):1301-1306.
[158]Bomford MK, and lsman MB.1996. Desensitization of fifth instar Spodoptera litura to azadirachtin and neem. Entomol Exp Appl,81(3):307-313.
[159]Borges LM, Ferri PH, Silva WJ, et al.2003. In vitro efficacy of extracts of Melia azedarach against the tick Boophilus microplus. Med Vet Entomol,17(2):228-231.
[160]Bostanian NJ, Akalach M and Chiasson H,2005. Effects of a Chenopodium-based botanical insecticide/acaricide on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera:Braconidae). Pest Manag Sci,61(10):979-984.
[161]Brennan R J, Kandikonda S, Khrimian A P, et al.1996. Saturated and monofluoro analogs of the oriental fruit fly attractant methyl eugenol show reduced genotoxic activities in yeast. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol,369(3-4):175-181.
[162]Cabras P, Caboni P, Cabras M, et al.2002. Rotenone residues on olives and in olive oil. J Agric Food Chem,50(9):2576-2580.
[163]Casida JE, Quistad GB.1995. Pyrethrum Flowers:Production, Chemistry, Toxicology and Uses. Oxford, UK:Oxford Univ. Press.356 pp.
[164]Chen W, Isman M B, and Chiu S F.1995. Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of the limonoid toosendanin and Melia toosendan extracts on the variegated cutworm, Peridromasaucia (Lep, Noctuidae). J Appl Entomol,119(1-5):367-370.
[165]Chiasson H, Belanger A, Bostanian N, et al.2001. Acaricidal Properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) Essential Oils Obtained by Different Methods of Extraction. J Econ Entomol,94:167-171.
[166]Chiasson H, Bostanian N J, and Vincent C.2004. Acaricidal properties of a Chenopodium-based botanical. J Econ Entomol 97(4):1373-1377.
[167]Clark A G, Drake B.1984. Purification and properties of glutathione S-transferases from larvae of Wiseana cervinata. Biochem J,217(1):41-50.
[168]Clark J M, Scott J G, Campos F, et al.1995. Resistance to avermectins:extent, mechanisms, and management implications. Annu Rev Entomol,40:1-30.
[169]Dan Y, Liu H, Gao W, et al.2010. Activities of essential oils from Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum against five phytopathogens. Crop Prot,29(3):295-299.
[170]Davies TGE, O'Reilly AO, Field LM, et al.2008. Knockdown resistance to DDT and pyrethroids: from target-site mutations to molecular modelling. Pest Manag Sci,64(11):1126-1130.
[171]de Cassia Seffrin R, Shikano I, Akhtar Y, et al.2010. Effects of crude seed extracts of Annona atemoya and Annona squamosa L. against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusiani in the laboratory and greenhouse. Crop Prot,29(1):20-24.
[172]Dekeyser MA, and Downer RGH.1994. Biochemical and physiological targets for miticides. Pest Sci, 40(2):85-101.
[173]Devine G J and Denholm I.2009. Insecticide and Acaricide Resistance. In Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition) (H. R. Vincent, and T. C. Ring, Eds.):pp.505-511. Academic Press, San Diego.
[174]Dou W, Xiao L, Niu J, et al.2010. Characterization of the purified glutathione S-transferases from two Psocids Liposcelis bostrychophila and L. entomophila. Agri Sci China,9(7):1008-1016.
[175]Duso C, Malagnini V, Pozzebon A, et al.2008. Comparative toxicity of botanical and reduced-risk insecticides to Mediterranean populations of Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae). Biol Control,47(1):16-21.
[176]Duval RA, Lewin G, Peris E, et al.2006. Heterocyclic analogues of squamocin as inhibitors of mitochondrial complex i. on the role of the terminal lactone of annonaceous acetogenins. Biochemistry, 45(8):2721-2728.
[177]Enan E.2001. Insecticidal activity of essential oils:octopaminergic sites of action. Comp Biochem Physio C:Toxicol Pharmaco,130(3):325-337.
[178]FAO.1999. The use of spices and medicinals as bioactive protectants for grains. Agri Serv Bull,137, 201-213.
[179]FAO.1980. Revised method for spider mites and their eggs (Tetranychus spp-and Panonychus ulmi) [J].-FAO Plant Production,21:49-54.
[180]Feng RY, Chen W K, and Isman M B.1995. Synergism of malathion and inhibition of midgut esterase activities by an extract from Melia toosendan (Meliaceae). Pest Biochem Physiol,53(1): 34-41.
[181]Fiong F, Alegria H A, Jantunen L M, et al.2008. Organochlorine pesticides in soils and air of southern Mexico:Chemical profiles and potential for soil emissions. Atmos. Environ.42(33): 7737-7745.
[182]Gan-Mor S, Matthews GA.2003. Recent Developments in Sprayers for Application of Biopesticides--an Overview. Biosys engine,84(2):119-125.
[183]Gao M, Huang W, Liu C. Z.2007. Separation of scutellarin from crude extracts of Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand. Mazz. By macroporus resins. J Chromatography B,858(l-2):22-26.
[184]Gatehouse AMR, Powell KS, Van D, et al. Insecticidal properties of plant lectins:their potential in plant protection[M].London,1995.
[185]Gencsoylu I.2007. The effect of asphedolus aestivus brot. as a botanical acaricide against Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd. (Acari:Tetranychidae), Int J Agri Res,2:189-192.
[186]Gentz M C, Murdoch G, King G F.2010. Tandem use of selective insecticides and natural enemies for effective, reduced-risk pest management. Biol Control,52(3):208-215.
[187]Georghiou GP, and Taylor C E.1977. Genetic and biological influences in the evolution of insecticide resistance. J Econ Entomol,70(3):319-323.
[188]Gleye C, Lewin G, Laurens A, et al.2003. Acaricidal activity of tonka bean extracts. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of bioactive derivatives. J Nat Prod,66(5):690-692.
[189]Gonzalez-Coloma A, Reina M, Diaz CE, and Fraga B M.2010. Natural product-based biopesticides for insect control, in comprehensive natural products Ⅱ, pp.237-268. Elsevier, Oxford.
[190]Guardia-Rubio M, Ayora-Canada M J, and Ruiz-Medina A.2007. Effect of washing on pesticide residues in Olives. J Food Sci,72(2):C139-C143.
[191]Gurusubramanian G, Rahman A, Sarmah M, et al.2008. Pesticide usage pattern in tea ecosystem, their retrospects and alternative measures. J Environ Biol,29(6):813-826.
[192]Hardin MR, Benrey B, Coll M, et al.1995. Arthropod pest resurgence:an overview of potential mechanisms. Crop Prot,14(1):3-18.
[193]Helene C, Andre B. and Bostanian N.,et al.2001.Acaricidal Properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) essential oils obtained by three methods of extraction. Hort Entom, 94(1):167-171.
[194]Hollingworth R M, Ahammadsahib K I, Gadelhak G, et al.1994. New inhibitors of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain with activity as pesticides. Biochem Soc Trans.22(1):230-233.
[195]Huang Y, Ho S, Lee H, et al.2002. Insecticidal properties of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and their effects on nutrition of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae). J Stored Prod Res,38(5):403-412.
[196]Hussen H, Abou-Elella M,Amer S A A,et al.2006. Repellency and Toxicity of Extracts fromCapparis aegyptiaL. toTet-ranychus urticaeKoch. (Acar:i Tetranychidae). Acta Phytopathologica etHungarica,41(3-4):331-340
[197]Isman M B, and Machial C M.2006. Chapter 2 Pesticides based on plant essential oils:from traditional practice to commercialization Volume 3,29-44.
[198]Isman M B.2000. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot 19(8-10):603-608.
[199]Isman M, Miresmailli S, and Machial C.2010. Commercial opportunities for pesticides based on plant essential oils in agriculture, industry and consumer products. Phytochemistry Rev,1-8.
[200]Isman MB.1999. Pesticides based on plant essential oils. Pestic. Outlook 10:68-72
[201]Isman MB.2006. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol,51,45-66.
[202]Isman MB.1994.Botanical insecticides and antifeedants:New sources and perspectives. J Pest Res, 6:11-19.
[203]Jaenson T G, Palsson K, and Borg-Karlson A K.2005. Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden. Med Vet Entomol,19(4):345-352.
[204]Jaenson TGT, Garboui S, P lsson K.2006. Repellency of oils of lemon eucalyptus, geranium, and lavender and the mosquito repellent MyggA natural to Ixodes ricinus (Acari:Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field. J Med Entomol,43(4):731-736.
[205]Joonseok Oh, In Hyun Hwang, Dong Chun Kim, Sun-Chul Kang, Tae-Su Jang, Seung Ho Lee, and MinKyun Na. Anti-listerial compounds from Asari Radix. Arch Pharm Res,2010,33(9):1339-1345.
[206]Kaneko H.2010. Pyrethroid Chemistry and Metabolism. In Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Third Edition) (K. Robert, Ed.), pp.1635-1663. Academic Press, New York.
[207]Kaur S, Singh H P, Mittal S, et al.2010. Phytotoxic effects of volatile oil from Artemisia scoparia against weeds and its possible use as a bioherbicide. Ind Crop Prod,32(1):54-61.
[208]Kebede Y, Gebre-Michael T, and Balkew M.2010. Laboratory and field evaluation of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) oils as repellents against Phlebotomus orientalis and P. bergeroti (Diptera:Psychodidae) in Ethiopia. Acta Tropica,113(2): 145-150.
[209]Keen A M, Elizabeth G C, Jeffrey G. Variability in response of laboratory-reared and field-collected popula-tions of Tetranychus spp.(Acari:Tetranychidae) to hexythiazox. J Entomol, 1991,84(4):1128-1134.
[210]Kejlova K, Jirova D, Bendova H, et al.2010. Phototoxicity of essential oils intended for cosmetic use. Toxicol In Vitro,24(8):2084-2089.
[211]Kern K A, Pergo E M, Kagami F L, et al.2009. The phytotoxic effect of exogenous ethanol on Euphorbia heterophylla L. Plant Physiol Biochem,47(11-12):1095-1101.
[212]Khan M.2010. Sesamin attenuates behavioral, biochemical and histological alterations induced by reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rats. Chem-Biol Interact,183(1):255-263.
[213]Kilanowicz A, Sitarek K, Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M, et al.2011. Prenatal developmental toxicity of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the rat. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,74(3):504-512.
[214]Kim EH, Kim HK, and Ahn YJ.2003. Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari:Acaridae). J Asia Pac Entomol,6(1):77-82.
[215]Kim HK, Kim JR, and Ahn YJ.2004. Acaricidal activity of cinnamaldehyde and its congeners against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari:Acaridae). J Stored Prod Res.40(1):55-63.
[216]Kim J, Park I.2008. Fumigant toxicity of Korean medicinal plant essential oils and components from Asiasarum sieboldi root against Sitophilus oryzae L. Flavour Frag J,23(2):79-83.
[217]Kim SI, Na Y, Yi JH, et al.2007. Contact and fumigant toxicity of oriental medicinal plant extracts against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari:Dermanyssidae). Vet Parasitol,145(3-4):377-382.
[218]Kim SI, Roh J, Kim D, et al.2003. Insecticidal activities of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis. J Stored Prod Res,39(3):293-303.
[219]Kmellar B, Pareja L, Ferrer C, et al.2011. Study of the effects of operational parameters on multiresidue pesticide analysis by LC-MS/MS. Talanta,84(2):262-273.
[220]Koh SH, Ahn J, Im JS, et al.2009. Monitoring of acaricide resistance of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from Korean apple orchards. J. Asia Pacific Entomol,12(1):15-21.
[221]Kostyukovsky M, Rafaeli A, Gileadi C, et al.2002. Activation of octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents isolated from aromatic plants:possible mode of action against insect pests. Pest Manag Sci,58(11):1101-1106.
[222]Kotan R, Kordali S, Cakir A, et al.2008. Antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of essential oil isolated from Turkish Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Benth. Biochem Sys Ecol,36(5-6):360-368.
[223]Koul O, Walia S, Dhaliwal G.2008a. Essential Oils as Green Pesticides:Potential and Constraints. Biopestic Int,4(1):63-842008.
[224]Koul O.2008b. Phytochemicals and Insect Control:An Antifeedant Approach. Crc Cr Rev Plant Sci, 27(1):1-24.
[225]Koumaglo K, Akogo Y, Dotse K, et al.2004. Evaluation de la teneur en gedunine dans differents organes d'Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Comptes Rendus Chimie,7(10-11):1047-1050.
[226]Kreutzweiser DP, Capell SS, and Scarr TA.1999. Acute Lethal and Sublethal Effects of a Neem-Based Insecticide on Nontarget Aquatic Insects in Stream Channels. Bull. Environ Contam Toxicol,63(3):365-371.
[227]Kristen U.1997. Use of higher plants as screens for toxicity assessment. Toxicol In Vitro,11(1-2): 181-191.
[228]Kwon J H, and Ahn Y J.2002. Acaricidal activity of butylidenephthalide identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome against dermatophagoides farinae and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J Agric Food Chem,50(16):4479-4483.
[229]Kwon JH and Ahn YJ.2003. Acaricidal activity of Cnidium officinale rhizome-derived butylidenephthalide against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari:Acaridae). Pest Manag Sci, 59(1):119-123.
[230]Leatemia JA and Isman M B.2004. secticidal activity of crude seed extracts of Annona spp., Lansium domesticum and Sandoricum koetjape against lepidopteran larvae. Phytoparasitica,32(1):30-37.
[231]LeDoux M.2011. Analytical methods applied to the determination of pesticide residues in foods of animal origin. A review of the past two decades. J Chromatogr A,1218(8):1021-1036.
[232]Lee H S.2004. Acaricidal activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit oil against Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari:Pyroglyphidae). J Agric Food Chem,52(10):2887-2889.
[233]Lee H S.2005. Food protective effect of acaricidal components isolated from anise seeds against the stored food mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). J Food Prot,68(6):1208-1210.
[234]Lee S, Tsao R, Peterson C, et al.1997. Insecticidal activity of monoterpenoids to western corn rootworm (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), twospotted spider mite (Acari:Tetranychidae), and house fly (Diptera:Muscidae). J Econ Entomol,90(4):883-892.
[235]Lei H, Wang Y, Liang F, et al.2010. Composition and variability of essential oils of Platycladus orientalis growing in China. Biochem Sys Ecol,38(5):1000-1006.
[236]Leonard SS, Harris GK, and Shi X.2004. Metal-induced oxidative stress and signal transduction. Free Rad Bio Med.37(12):1921-1942.
[237]Lima AG, Mcnamara JC, Terra WR.1997. Regulation of hemolymph osmolytes and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activities during acclimation to saline media in the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann,1836) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol,215(1): 81-91.
[238]Liu GY, Ju XL, Cheng J, et al.2010.3D-QSAR studies of insecticidal anthranilic diamides as ryanodine receptor activators using CoMFA, CoMSIA and DISCOtech. Chemosphere,78(3):300-306.
[239]Lowery D and Isman M.1995. Toxicity of neem to natural enemies of aphids. Phytoparasitica,23(4): 297-306.
[240]Maciel MV, Morais S M, Bevilaqua C M L, et al.2006. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Melia azedarach extracts on Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol,140(1-2):98-104.
[241]Mackeen MM, Ali AM, Abdullah MA, et al.1997. Antinematodal activity of some Malaysian plant extracts against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus [J]. Pest Sci,51(2):165-170.
[242]Madarena G, Dazzi G, Campanini G, et al.1982. Organochlorine pesticide residues in meat of various species. Meat Sci,4(2):157-166.
[243]Mansour F, Azaizeh H, Saad B, et al.2004. The potential of middle eastern flora as a source of new safe bio-acaricides to control Tetranychus cinnabarinus, the carmine spider mite. Phytoparasitica, 32(1):66-72.
[244]Mansour F, Ravid U, and Putievsky E.1986.Studies of the effects of essential oils isolated from 14 species of Labiatae on the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus). Phytoparasitica, 14(2):137-142.
[245]Mao YB, Cai WJ, Wang JW, et al.2007, Silencing a cotton bollworm P450 monooxygenase gene by plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval tolerance of gossypol. Nat Biotech 25,1307-1313.
[246]McClay W.2000. Rotenone use in north America (1988-1997). Fisheries,25(5):15-21.
[247]McCord Jr E, Price J, Nagle C.2009. Biological Control of the Twospotted Spider Mite on Landscape Plant Beds Using Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari:Phytoseiidae) Predatory Mite. In, pp. 591-594.
[248]McGarry JW, and Trees A J.1991. Trap perches to assess the activity of pyrethrins against the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae in cage birds. Exp Appl Acarol,12(1-2):1-7.
[249]Miresmailli S, Isman M B.2006. Efficacy and persistence of rosemary oil as an acaricide against twospotted spider mite (Acari:Tetranychidae) on greenhouse tomato. J Econ Entomol,99(6): 2015-2023.
[250]Morallo-Rejesus B.1987. Botanical pest control research in the Philippines. Philippine Entomology, 7:1-30.
[251]Morgan E D.2009. Azadirachtin, a scientific gold mine. Bioorg. Med. Chem.17(12):4096-4105.
[252]Mothes U, and KA Seitz.1981. Functional microscopic anatomy of the digestive system of Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae). Acarologia 22(3):257-270.
[253]Mothes-Wagner U.1984. Fine structure of the cuticle and structural changes occuring during moulting in the mite Tetranychus urticae. Ⅱ. Moulting process (Chelicerata, Acarina). Zoomorphology 104(2):105-110.
[254]Osborne LS, Pena J, Oi DH.1995. Predation by Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on twospotted spider mites (Acari:Tetranychidae) in Florida greenhouses. Florida Entomologist,78.565-570.
[255]Park C, Kim SI, and Ahn YJ.2003. Insecticidal activity of asarones identified in Acorus gramineus rhizome against three coleopteran stored-product insects. J. Stored Products Res,39(3):333-342.
[256]Pasay C, Walton S, Fischer K, et al.2006. PCR-based assay to survey for knockdown resistance to pyrethroid acaricides in human scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis). Am J Trop Med Hyg, 74(4):649-657.
[257]Pascual-Villalobos MJ and Robledo A.1998. Screening for anti-insect activity in Mediterranean plants. Ind. Crop Prod,8:183-194.
[258]Patil PR, Rakesh SU, Dhabale P, et al.2009. Pharmacological activities of Areca catechu Linn. A Review. J Pharm Res 2(4):683-687.
[259]Perumalsamy H, Chang KS, Park C, et al.2010. larvicidal activity of asarum heterotropoides root constituents against insecticide-susceptible and -resistant culex pipiens pallens and aedes aegypti and ochlerotatus togoi. J Agri Food Chem,58(18):10001-10006.
[260]Perumalsamy H, Kim N J, and Ahn Y J.2009. Larvicidal activity of compounds isolated from Asarum heterotropoides against Culex pipiens pallens, Aedes aegypti, and Ochlerotatus togoi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 46(6):1420-1423.
[361]Philogene B, Arnason J, Berg C, Duval F, et al.1985. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Naturally Occurring Phototoxin Alpha-terthienyl as a Control Agent for Larvae of Aedes intrudens, Aedes atropalpus (Diptera:Culicidae) and Simulium verecundum (Diptera:Simuliidae). J Med Entomol, 78(1):121-126.
[262]Philogene BJR, Arnason JT, Towers GHN, et al.1984. Berberine:A naturally occurring phototoxic alkaloid. J Chem Eco,10(1):115-123.
[263]Ping G, Yanping L, Shigui L.2004. Effects of dp-B on ATPase activity of insect plasma membrane. Pestic Biochem Phys,80(3):157-162.
[264]Plimmer JR.1993. Regulatory problems associated with natural products and biopesticides. Pest Sci, 39(2):103-108.
[265]Pontes WJT, Oliveira JCG, Camara CAG, et al.2007. Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of the leaf and fruit essential oils of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Burseraceae). Acta Amazonica,37,103-109.
[266]Price DN, and Berry MS.2006. Comparison of effects of octopamine and insecticidal essential oils on activity in the nerve cord, foregut, and dorsal unpaired median neurons of cockroaches. J Insect Physiol,52(3):309-319.
[267]Priestley CM, Williamson E M, Wafford K A, et al.2003. Thymol, a constituent of thyme essential oil, is a positive allosteric modulator of human GABA(A) receptors and a homo-oligomeric GABA receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. Br J Pharmacol,140(8):1363-72.
[268]Qiu X, Li W, Tian Y, Leng X.2003. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the cotton bollworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae):tissue difference and induction. Journal of economic entomology 96, 1283-1289.
[269]Quan CS, Liu Q, Tian WJ.et al.2005. Biodegradation of an endocrine-disrupting chemieal, di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate by Bacillus subtilis.No.661 Mierobio Bioreeh,66:701-710.
[270]Quistad G B, Staiger L E, Schooley D A, et al.1979. The possible role of carnitine in the selective toxicity of the miticide cycloprate. Pest Biochem Physiol,11(1-3):159-165.
[271]Ralf N, Thomais B, Alfred E, et al. Spilodiclofen and spiromesifen. Pesticide Outlook,2003 (12): 243-245.
[272]Ramasubramanian T, Ramaraju K, Regupathy A.2005. Acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:Tetranychidae)-global scenario. J Entom,2(1):33-39.
[273]Ranson H, Cornel AJ, Fournier D, Vaughan A, Collins FH and Hemingway J.1997. Cloning and localization of a glutathione S-transferase class I gene from Anopheles gambiae. J Biol Chem 272: 5464-5468.
[274]Rasikari HL, Leach DN, Waterman PG, et al.2005. Acaricidal and cytotoxic activities of extracts from selected genera of Australian Lamiaceae. J Econ Entom.98,1259-1266.
[275]Rasikari HL, Leach DN, Waterman PG, et al.2005. Acaricidal and cytotoxic activities of extracts from selected genera of Australian Lamiaceae. Journal of economic entomology 98(4):1259-1266.
[276]Rattan R S.2010. Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin. Crop Prot,29(9):913-920.
[277]Rim IS and Jee CH.2006. Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari:Pyroglyphidae) and qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal). Korean J Parasitol 44(2):133-138.
[278]Rogers LL, Zeng L, McLaughlin JL.1998. New bioactive steroids from Melia volkensii. J Org Chem, 63(11):3781-3785.
[279]Rogi T, Tomimori N, Ono Y, et al.2011. The Mechanism Underlying the Synergetic Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Sesamin and A-Tocopherol in Rats Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet. Pharmacol Sci,115(3):408-416.
[280]Roldan-Tapi L, Leyva A, Laynez F, et al.2005. Chronic neuropsychological sequelae of cholinesterase inhibitors in the absence of structural brain damage:two cases of acute poisoning. Environ Health Perspect,113(6):762-6.
[281]Rumf,S., V.Storch, H. Vogt, and S. A. Hassan.1992. Effect of juvenoids on larvae of Chrisoperla carnea steph(Chrysopidae). Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung.,27:557-563
[282]Sabol SZ, Hu S, and Hamer D.1998. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Human Genetics.103(3):273-279.
[283]Schenk P, Imdorf A, Fluri P.2001. Effects of neem oil on Varroa Mites and bees. Am Bee J, 141(12):878-880.
[284]Schmeller T, Latz-Briining B, Wink M.1997. Biochemical activities of berberine, palmatine and sanguinarine mediating chemical defence against microorganisms and herbivores. Phytochemistry, 44(2):257-266.
[285]Schmidt G. H, and Streloke M.1994. Effect of Acorus calamus (L.) (Araceae) oil and its main compound [beta]-asarone on Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera:Bostrichidae). J Stored Prod Res,30(3):227-235.
[286]Scott JG.1999. Cytochromes P450 and insecticide resistance. Insect Biochem Molec,29,757-777.
[287]Sertkaya E, Kaya K, Soylu S.2010. Acaricidal activities of the essential oils from several medicinal plants against the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.) (Acarina:Tetranychidae). Ind Crop Prod,31(1):107-112.
[288]Sheehan D, Meade G, Foley V, Dowd C.2001. Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases:implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily. Biochemical Journal 360,1-16.
[289]Sheppard WS, Gardner M, Hasher S et al.2003. Use of sucrose octanoate esters to control the parasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor. Am Bee J,143(12):982-985.
[290]Shi G. L, Liu S. Q. and Cao H., et al.2004. Acaricidal Activities of extracts of stellera chamaejasme against Tetranychus viennensis (Acari:Tetranychidae). J Econ Entomol, 97(6):1912-1916.
[291]Simmonds MSJ, Blaney WM, Ley SV, et al.1999. Azadirachitin:structural requirements for reducing growth and increasing mortality in lepidopterous larvae. Entomol Exp Appl,55(2):169-182.
[292]Stroh J, Wan M T, Isman M B, et al.1998. Evaluation of the acute toxicity to juvenile Pacific coho salmon and rainbow trout of some plant essential oils, a formulated product, and the carrier. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,60(6):923-930.
[293]Stumpf CF, Comins DL, Sparks TC, et al.2007. Insecticidal activity and mode of action of novel nicotinoids synthesized by new acylpyridinium salt chemistry and directed lithiation. Pest Biochem Physiol,87(3):211-219.
[294]Stumpf N, Nauen R.2002. Biochemical markers linked to abamectin resistance in tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae). Pestic Biochem Phys,72(2):111-121.
[295]Susurluk HZ, Caliskan O, Giirkan S, Kirmizigiil and N. Goren.2007. Antifeedant activity of some Tanacetum species and bioassay guided isolation of the secondary metabolites of Tanacetum cadmeum ssp. cadmeum (Compositae). Ind Crop Prod,2007,26:220-228.
[296]Swain T.1977.Secondary compounds as protective agents. Ann Rev Plant Physiol,28:497-451.
[297]Tang DS, Zhang L, Chen HL, Liang YR, Lu JL, Liang HL, Zheng XQ.2007. Extraction and Purification of solanesol from tobacco:(I). Extraction and silica gel column chromatography separation of solanesol.56(3):291-295.
[298]Tang E. and Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin[M]. Springer, New York, USA; 1992.
[299]Thacker JRM.2002. An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge Univ. Press.2002.343 pp.
[300]Tian T, Grafton-Cardwell EE, Granett J.1992. Resistance of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) to cyhexatin and fenbutatin-oxide in California pears. Insect Res Res Manag, 85(6):2088-2095.
[301]Tsukamoto T, Nakatani S, Yoshioka Y, et al.2006. Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers. Biol Pharm Bull,29(3):592-594.
[302]Wan M T, Watts R G, Isman M B, et al.1996. Evaluation of the acute toxicity to juvenile pacific northwest Salmon of Azadirachtin, Neem extract, and Neem-based products. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,56(3):432-439.
[303]Wang S, Ghisalberti E L, and Ridsdill-Smith J.1999. Volatiles from Trifolium as feeding deterrents of redlegged earth mites. Phytochemistry,52(4):601-605.
[304]Wang Y, Wang H, Shen Z, et al.2009. Methyl palmitate, an acaricidal compound occurring in green walnut husks. J Eco Entom,102(1):196-202.
[305]Ware GW.1983. Pesticides. Theory and Application. San Francisco:Freeman.308 pp.
[306]Whalon M E.2008. Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods. CABI.
[307]Williams LAD, and Mansingh A.1996. The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds fromAzadirachta indica (A. Juss.) and their use in tropical pest management. Integr Pest Manag Rev, 1(3):133-145.
[308]Wu H Q, Li J, He ZD, et al.2010. Acaricidal activities of traditional Chinese medicine against the house dust mite, Dermat farinae. Parasit,137(6):975-983.
[309]Yu H, Y Zhang, K Wu, XW Gao, and YY Guo.2008. Field-testing of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as attractants for beneficial insects. Environ.Entomol.37:1410-1415.
[310]Zahavi M, and Tahori AS.1970. Sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase in spider mites to organo-phosphorus compounds. Biochem Pharmacol,19(1):219-225.
[311]Zhang Y, Ding W, Zhao ZM, et al.2008. Studies on acaricidal bioactivities of artemisia annua L. extracts against tetranychus cinnabarinus bois.(acari:tetranychidae). Agri Sci China,7(5):577-584.
[312]Zhang, ZQ.2003. Book review, mites of greenhouses:identification, biology and control. CAB international. Exp Appl Acarol,31(3):317-318.
[313]Zheng YQ, Yao JR, Shao XD. Review on the constituents and agricultural application of sophora flavescens ait. Pest Sci Admin,2000,21(1):24-26,30.
[314]Zhou P, Wu Y, Yin S, et al.2011. National survey of the levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides in the breast milk of mothers in China. Environ Pollut,159(2):524-531.