生态村里供给水—极端条件下水循环和给水研究
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摘要
生态村这个词最早源于1992年的里约热内卢地球峰会。在1987年世界环境委员会的布兰特蓝报告指出我们面临的危机:全球变暖、缺水、物种灭绝和世界贫困人口增多之后,178个国家的领导人齐聚里约热内卢探讨地球的未来。
生态村是生态和村落的组合。它是如合作居住和意图性社区这些微社会项目的一员。生态村的描绘是一个自给自足的项目,种类多样,但有一个共同点即重新给予人类与生态系统下的环境的和谐。其基本原则是人类的索取应小于对自然的给予。
然而,人类的行为在任何地方都是相似的。人类需要消耗水这种对于生命至关重要的资源以生存。水是地球上最重要的元素之一。它对于保护生态系统也是必不可少的。但是水是有限的。事实上,地球表面72%是水,但是这些水的97%是咸水,2%被封锁在冰盖下。因此,只有很少一部分能够用以浇灌和饮用。水是二十一世纪最重要的问题之一,它正在一点一点地从这个星球上消失。
生态村有两个目标:成为独立的自消耗社区和保护环境。在生态村中创建良好的水管理能够帮助达到这些目标。因此,减少水的浪费、循环用水和良好的水消耗管理是最好的解决方法。
The word ecovillage first appeared during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992. Following the Brundtland report of the world environment commission board produced in 1987, stating alarming facts like global warming, scarcity of water, living species and the increase of poverty in the world, the leaders of 178 countries gathered in Rio to discuss the future of the planet.
―Ecovillage‖is a combination of the terms ecology and village. It joins the wave of models of micro-society projects such as co-habitation or intentional communities. An ecovillage having a prospect of self-sufficiency variable from one project to another and where the priority is to re-give more balanced place to Man in harmony with his environment in a respect of present ecosystems. The basic principle is not to take from the Earth more than what we can give back.
However, all human activities are the same everywhere. Man needs to consume essential resources like water to live. Water is one of the most important elements on the Earth. It is also necessary to preserve ecosystems. But water is a limited resource. In fact, 72 % of the surface of the Earth is water, but 97 % of this water is salted, 2 % of it locked away in icecaps. Hence only a small percentage of it left for crop irrigation and enable humanity to live. Water is one of the great issues of the 21st century, beginning to disappear little by little in some parts of the planet.
Ecovillages have two main goals, in one hand to be independent of consumption society, in the other hand to preserve the environment. To have a good water management in ecovillages is one important way to reach these goals. So, to avoid waste of water, recycling and a good consumption management are the best solution.
生态村是生态和村落的组合。它是如合作居住和意图性社区这些微社会项目的一员。生态村的描绘是一个自给自足的项目,种类多样,但有一个共同点即重新给予人类与生态系统下的环境的和谐。其基本原则是人类的索取应小于对自然的给予。
然而,人类的行为在任何地方都是相似的。人类需要消耗水这种对于生命至关重要的资源以生存。水是地球上最重要的元素之一。它对于保护生态系统也是必不可少的。但是水是有限的。事实上,地球表面72%是水,但是这些水的97%是咸水,2%被封锁在冰盖下。因此,只有很少一部分能够用以浇灌和饮用。水是二十一世纪最重要的问题之一,它正在一点一点地从这个星球上消失。
生态村有两个目标:成为独立的自消耗社区和保护环境。在生态村中创建良好的水管理能够帮助达到这些目标。因此,减少水的浪费、循环用水和良好的水消耗管理是最好的解决方法。
The word ecovillage first appeared during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1992. Following the Brundtland report of the world environment commission board produced in 1987, stating alarming facts like global warming, scarcity of water, living species and the increase of poverty in the world, the leaders of 178 countries gathered in Rio to discuss the future of the planet.
―Ecovillage‖is a combination of the terms ecology and village. It joins the wave of models of micro-society projects such as co-habitation or intentional communities. An ecovillage having a prospect of self-sufficiency variable from one project to another and where the priority is to re-give more balanced place to Man in harmony with his environment in a respect of present ecosystems. The basic principle is not to take from the Earth more than what we can give back.
However, all human activities are the same everywhere. Man needs to consume essential resources like water to live. Water is one of the most important elements on the Earth. It is also necessary to preserve ecosystems. But water is a limited resource. In fact, 72 % of the surface of the Earth is water, but 97 % of this water is salted, 2 % of it locked away in icecaps. Hence only a small percentage of it left for crop irrigation and enable humanity to live. Water is one of the great issues of the 21st century, beginning to disappear little by little in some parts of the planet.
Ecovillages have two main goals, in one hand to be independent of consumption society, in the other hand to preserve the environment. To have a good water management in ecovillages is one important way to reach these goals. So, to avoid waste of water, recycling and a good consumption management are the best solution.
引文
15―Water Development And Management Unit– Topics– Irrigation, 2009
16 Peter Gleick, The World‘s Water, Volume 6, 2009
17 The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Founded in 1995, is a global association of some 200 international companies dealing with business and sustainable development
18 United Nations Press Released POP/952, 13 March 2007
19 Water and Climate change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions, The World Bank, 2009
20 Groundwater– The processes and Global significance of aquifer degradation, 2003
21 Dr. Michael Pidwirny, Physical Geography, Chap. 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes, 2008
22 Wallace, John M. and Peter V. Hobbs: Atmospheric Science, 2006
23 Friends of Earth International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 76 countries
24 Peel, M.C. and Finlayson, B.L. and McMahon, T.A., 2007, Koppen-Geiger climate classification
25 Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center, 2004
26 Map from www.alertes-meteo.com/cartes/precipitations-repartition-saisonniere.php
27 AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7; NUMB 1, pages 85-94
28 AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7
30 Avraham Negev, Archeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, 1972
31 Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
32 Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
33 Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
34 Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S., de Bruijn, E., and Reeves, M.B., 2005, "Humayma, in "Archaeology in Jordan
35 Oleson, J.P., de Bruijn, E, Reeves, M.B., and Sherwood, A.N., 2006, "Humayma" in "Archaeology in Jordan, 2005 Season", eds. Savage, S.H., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology
36 Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
37 Coates-Stephens, Robert. "The Walls and Aqueducts of Rome in the Early Middle Ages, A.D. 500-1000." The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 88 (1998)
38 D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
39 D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
40 Adam, Jean-Pierre (2004), Roman Building. Materials and Techniques, Routledge
41 Gould, John, and Erik Nissen-Peterson. Rainwater Catchment Systems. UK: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999
43 Picture from www.blog-construction.fr
44 Hemenway, Toby. Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2000
45 Frasier, Gary, and Lloyd Myers. Handbook of Water Harvesting. Washington D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1983
46 Graywater: The next wave, Curits McLamb, 2004
47 Standard Methods of the Examination of Water and Wastewater, www.standardmethods.org
48 Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
49 Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
50 An organism that thrives at relatively high temperatures (45~80 degree Celsius)
51 Composting using various species of worms
52 Type of passive solar house made of natural and recycled materials
53 Picture from www.greywater.com
54 Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company
55 Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
56 Picture from www.greywater.com
57 Synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or industry
58 Filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions
59 Picture from www.greywater.com
60 Jordan Environment Society:About JES, accessed on April 18, 2009
61 Hussein I.A.; Abu Sharar T.M.; Battikhi A.M (2005). "Water resources planning and development in Jordan". Food security under water scarcity in the Middle East: Problems and solutions
62 Is an approach to designing human settlements and agricultural systems that are modeled on the relationships found in natural ecologies
63 Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan", 2009
64 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
65 International Development Research Center
66 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
67 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
68 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009
69 Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan" 2009
70 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009 71 International Development Research Center
72 Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management
73 Autotrophic component of the plankton community
74 Heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton
75 Aquatic plant that grows in or near water
76 Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
77 Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
78 Formation of ammonia from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition
79 Biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates
80 Microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen
84 Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
90 Brundtland report, definition of sustainable development principle, United Nations, 1986
91 Brunskill, R.W., Traditional Buildings of Britain: An Introduction to Vernacular Architecture, Cassell's, 1985
92 Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
93 Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
94 Le Guide de l'habitat sain : Les Effets sur la santéde chaqueélément du batiment ; Suzanne et Pierre Déoux ; Medieco, Andorre, 2002
95 Doerr Architecture, Definition of Sustainability and the Impacts of Buildings, 2006
96 Established in 1985 by the Building and Social Housing Foundation as part of its contribution to the United Nations―International Year of Shelter for the homeless in 1987
97 www.seedinternational.com.au
98 Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
99 www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
102 Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
[1] Composed of grey water from shower, kitchen, etc…and black water from toilets (www.letsgogreen.com)
[2] Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity, W.W. Norton & Co., 1999
[3] United Nations Population Fund established in 1967
[4] water that originates during precipitation events (Stanley W. Trimble (2007) Encyclopedia of Water Science, CRC Press)
[5] Sustainable drainage, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (2006)
[6]―Earth‘s water distribution‖, United States Geological Survey, 2009
[7]―Scientific Facts on Water: State of the resource, GreenFacts Website, 2008
[8] region beneath and alongside a stream bed, Orghidan, T. (1959). "Ein neuer Lebensraum des unterirdischen Wassers: Der hyporheische Biotop". Archiv für Hydrobilogie 55: 392–414.
[9] Landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, ams, I., Kras v Sloveniji—v prostoru in casu (Karst in Slovenia in space and time), 2003
[10] The catchment-derived water supply, in evaporating, leaves salts and the basin becomes an endorheic salt lake (digitalcommons.usu.edu)
[11] Chartres, C. and Varma, S. Out of water, 2010
[12]―Earth‘s water distribution‖United States Geological survey, 2009
[13] The World‘s water 2006-2007 Tables, Pacific Institute, 2009
[14] Molden, D., Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management In Agriculture. Earthscan, 2007
[15]―Water Development And Management Unit– Topics– Irrigation, 2009
[16] Peter Gleick, The World‘s Water, Volume 6, 2009
[17] The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Founded in 1995, is a global association of some 200 international companies dealing with business and sustainable development
[18] United Nations Press Released POP/952, 13 March 2007
[19] Water and Climate change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions, The World Bank, 2009
[20] Groundwater– The processes and Global significance of aquifer degradation, 2003
[21] Dr. Michael Pidwirny, Physical Geography, Chap. 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes, 2008
[22] Wallace, John M. and Peter V. Hobbs: Atmospheric Science, 2006
[23] Friends of Earth International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 76 countries
[24] Peel, M.C. and Finlayson, B.L. and McMahon, T.A., 2007, Koppen-Geiger climate classification
[25] Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center, 2004
[26] Map from www.alertes-meteo.com/cartes/precipitations-repartition-saisonniere.php
[27] AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7; NUMB 1, pages 85-94
[28] AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7
[29] Map from www.GraphicMaps.com
[30] Avraham Negev, Archeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, 1972
[31] Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
[32] Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
[33] Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
[34] Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S., de Bruijn, E., and Reeves, M.B., 2005, "Humayma, in "Archaeology in Jordan
[35] Oleson, J.P., de Bruijn, E, Reeves, M.B., and Sherwood, A.N., 2006, "Humayma" in "Archaeology in Jordan, 2005 Season", eds. Savage, S.H., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology
[36] Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
[37] Coates-Stephens, Robert. "The Walls and Aqueducts of Rome in the Early Middle Ages, A.D. 500-1000." The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 88 (1998)
[38] D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
[39] D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
[40] Adam, Jean-Pierre (2004), Roman Building. Materials and Techniques, Routledge
[41] Gould, John, and Erik Nissen-Peterson. Rainwater Catchment Systems. UK: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999
[42] Picture from www.aquadesign.be
[43] Picture from www.blog-construction.fr
[44] Hemenway, Toby. Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2000
[45] Frasier, Gary, and Lloyd Myers. Handbook of Water Harvesting. Washington D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1983
[46] Graywater: The next wave, Curits McLamb, 2004
[47] Standard Methods of the Examination of Water and Wastewater, www.standardmethods.org
[48] Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
[49] Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
[50] An organism that thrives at relatively high temperatures (45~80 degree Celsius), Madigan MT, Martino JM (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Pearson
[51] Composting using various species of worms, Dougherty, Mark. (1999). Field Guide to On-Farm Composting. Ithaca, New York: Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service.
[52] Type of passive solar house made of natural and recycled materials, Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes.
[53] Picture from www.greywater.com
[54] Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company
[55] Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
[56] Picture from www.greywater.com
[57] Synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or industry
[58] Filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions
[59] Picture from www.greywater.com
[60] Jordan Environment Society:About JES, accessed on April 18, 2009
[61] Hussein I.A.; Abu Sharar T.M.; Battikhi A.M (2005). "Water resources planning and development in Jordan". Food security under water scarcity in the Middle East: Problems and solutions
[62] Is an approach to designing human settlements and agricultural systems that are modeled on the relationships found in natural ecologies
[63] Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan", 2009
[64] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
[65] International Development Research Center
[66] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
[67] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
[68] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009
[69] Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan" 2009
[70] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009
[71] International Development Research Center
[72] Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management
[73] Autotrophic component of the plankton community
[74] Heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton
[75] Aquatic plant that grows in or near water
[76] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 19
[77] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[78] Formation of ammonia from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition
[79] Biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates
[80] Microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen
[81] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 19
[82] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 19
[83] Weston, Roy F. Process Design Manual for Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants (1971) United States Environmental Protection Agency
[84] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[85] Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Augusta, ME. "Aerated Lagoons - Wastewater Treatment.", 2010
[86] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[87] Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Augusta, ME. "Aerated Lagoons - Wastewater Treatment.", 2010
[88] Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Augusta, ME. "Aerated Lagoons - Wastewater Treatment.", 2010
[89] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[90] Brundtland report, definition of sustainable development principle, United Nations, 1986
[91] Brunskill, R.W., Traditional Buildings of Britain: An Introduction to Vernacular Architecture, Cassell's, 1985
[92] Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
[93] Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
[94] Le Guide de l'habitat sain : Les Effets sur la santéde chaqueélément du batiment ; Suzanne et Pierre Déoux ; Medieco, Andorre, 2002
[95] Doerr Architecture, Definition of Sustainability and the Impacts of Buildings, 2006
[96] Established in 1985 by the Building and Social Housing Foundation as part of its contribution to the United Nations―International Year of Shelter for the homeless in 1987
[97] www.seedinternational.com.au
[98] Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
[99] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[100] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[101] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[102] Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
[103] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[104] www.angwin-ecovillage.com
[105] www.sustainableecovillages.net
[106] www.angwin-ecovillage.com
[107] www.amgwin-ecovillage.com
[108] Triaddev.com/portfolio/angwin.html
[109] www.angwin-ecovillage.com
16 Peter Gleick, The World‘s Water, Volume 6, 2009
17 The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Founded in 1995, is a global association of some 200 international companies dealing with business and sustainable development
18 United Nations Press Released POP/952, 13 March 2007
19 Water and Climate change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions, The World Bank, 2009
20 Groundwater– The processes and Global significance of aquifer degradation, 2003
21 Dr. Michael Pidwirny, Physical Geography, Chap. 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes, 2008
22 Wallace, John M. and Peter V. Hobbs: Atmospheric Science, 2006
23 Friends of Earth International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 76 countries
24 Peel, M.C. and Finlayson, B.L. and McMahon, T.A., 2007, Koppen-Geiger climate classification
25 Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center, 2004
26 Map from www.alertes-meteo.com/cartes/precipitations-repartition-saisonniere.php
27 AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7; NUMB 1, pages 85-94
28 AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7
30 Avraham Negev, Archeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, 1972
31 Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
32 Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
33 Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
34 Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S., de Bruijn, E., and Reeves, M.B., 2005, "Humayma, in "Archaeology in Jordan
35 Oleson, J.P., de Bruijn, E, Reeves, M.B., and Sherwood, A.N., 2006, "Humayma" in "Archaeology in Jordan, 2005 Season", eds. Savage, S.H., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology
36 Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
37 Coates-Stephens, Robert. "The Walls and Aqueducts of Rome in the Early Middle Ages, A.D. 500-1000." The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 88 (1998)
38 D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
39 D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
40 Adam, Jean-Pierre (2004), Roman Building. Materials and Techniques, Routledge
41 Gould, John, and Erik Nissen-Peterson. Rainwater Catchment Systems. UK: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999
43 Picture from www.blog-construction.fr
44 Hemenway, Toby. Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2000
45 Frasier, Gary, and Lloyd Myers. Handbook of Water Harvesting. Washington D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1983
46 Graywater: The next wave, Curits McLamb, 2004
47 Standard Methods of the Examination of Water and Wastewater, www.standardmethods.org
48 Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
49 Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
50 An organism that thrives at relatively high temperatures (45~80 degree Celsius)
51 Composting using various species of worms
52 Type of passive solar house made of natural and recycled materials
53 Picture from www.greywater.com
54 Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company
55 Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
56 Picture from www.greywater.com
57 Synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or industry
58 Filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions
59 Picture from www.greywater.com
60 Jordan Environment Society:About JES, accessed on April 18, 2009
61 Hussein I.A.; Abu Sharar T.M.; Battikhi A.M (2005). "Water resources planning and development in Jordan". Food security under water scarcity in the Middle East: Problems and solutions
62 Is an approach to designing human settlements and agricultural systems that are modeled on the relationships found in natural ecologies
63 Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan", 2009
64 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
65 International Development Research Center
66 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
67 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
68 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009
69 Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan" 2009
70 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009 71 International Development Research Center
72 Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management
73 Autotrophic component of the plankton community
74 Heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton
75 Aquatic plant that grows in or near water
76 Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
77 Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
78 Formation of ammonia from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition
79 Biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates
80 Microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen
84 Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
90 Brundtland report, definition of sustainable development principle, United Nations, 1986
91 Brunskill, R.W., Traditional Buildings of Britain: An Introduction to Vernacular Architecture, Cassell's, 1985
92 Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
93 Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
94 Le Guide de l'habitat sain : Les Effets sur la santéde chaqueélément du batiment ; Suzanne et Pierre Déoux ; Medieco, Andorre, 2002
95 Doerr Architecture, Definition of Sustainability and the Impacts of Buildings, 2006
96 Established in 1985 by the Building and Social Housing Foundation as part of its contribution to the United Nations―International Year of Shelter for the homeless in 1987
97 www.seedinternational.com.au
98 Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
99 www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
102 Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
[1] Composed of grey water from shower, kitchen, etc…and black water from toilets (www.letsgogreen.com)
[2] Sandra Postel, Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity, W.W. Norton & Co., 1999
[3] United Nations Population Fund established in 1967
[4] water that originates during precipitation events (Stanley W. Trimble (2007) Encyclopedia of Water Science, CRC Press)
[5] Sustainable drainage, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (2006)
[6]―Earth‘s water distribution‖, United States Geological Survey, 2009
[7]―Scientific Facts on Water: State of the resource, GreenFacts Website, 2008
[8] region beneath and alongside a stream bed, Orghidan, T. (1959). "Ein neuer Lebensraum des unterirdischen Wassers: Der hyporheische Biotop". Archiv für Hydrobilogie 55: 392–414.
[9] Landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, ams, I., Kras v Sloveniji—v prostoru in casu (Karst in Slovenia in space and time), 2003
[10] The catchment-derived water supply, in evaporating, leaves salts and the basin becomes an endorheic salt lake (digitalcommons.usu.edu)
[11] Chartres, C. and Varma, S. Out of water, 2010
[12]―Earth‘s water distribution‖United States Geological survey, 2009
[13] The World‘s water 2006-2007 Tables, Pacific Institute, 2009
[14] Molden, D., Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management In Agriculture. Earthscan, 2007
[15]―Water Development And Management Unit– Topics– Irrigation, 2009
[16] Peter Gleick, The World‘s Water, Volume 6, 2009
[17] The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Founded in 1995, is a global association of some 200 international companies dealing with business and sustainable development
[18] United Nations Press Released POP/952, 13 March 2007
[19] Water and Climate change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions, The World Bank, 2009
[20] Groundwater– The processes and Global significance of aquifer degradation, 2003
[21] Dr. Michael Pidwirny, Physical Geography, Chap. 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes, 2008
[22] Wallace, John M. and Peter V. Hobbs: Atmospheric Science, 2006
[23] Friends of Earth International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 76 countries
[24] Peel, M.C. and Finlayson, B.L. and McMahon, T.A., 2007, Koppen-Geiger climate classification
[25] Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center, 2004
[26] Map from www.alertes-meteo.com/cartes/precipitations-repartition-saisonniere.php
[27] AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7; NUMB 1, pages 85-94
[28] AbdelKhaleq, R. A. Ahmed, I. A., Rainwater harvesting in ancient civilizations in Jordan, WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -WATER SUPPLY-, 2007, VOL 7
[29] Map from www.GraphicMaps.com
[30] Avraham Negev, Archeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, 1972
[31] Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
[32] Helms, Jawa, Lost city of the Black Desert, 1981
[33] Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
[34] Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S., de Bruijn, E., and Reeves, M.B., 2005, "Humayma, in "Archaeology in Jordan
[35] Oleson, J.P., de Bruijn, E, Reeves, M.B., and Sherwood, A.N., 2006, "Humayma" in "Archaeology in Jordan, 2005 Season", eds. Savage, S.H., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology
[36] Petra: Perea: Phoenicia, Archibald Forder, London, Marshall Bros, 1923
[37] Coates-Stephens, Robert. "The Walls and Aqueducts of Rome in the Early Middle Ages, A.D. 500-1000." The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 88 (1998)
[38] D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
[39] D?ring, Mathias (2002), "Wasser für den 'Sinus Baianus': R?mische Ingenieur- und Wasserbauten der Phlegraeischen Felder", Antike Welt 33
[40] Adam, Jean-Pierre (2004), Roman Building. Materials and Techniques, Routledge
[41] Gould, John, and Erik Nissen-Peterson. Rainwater Catchment Systems. UK: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999
[42] Picture from www.aquadesign.be
[43] Picture from www.blog-construction.fr
[44] Hemenway, Toby. Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2000
[45] Frasier, Gary, and Lloyd Myers. Handbook of Water Harvesting. Washington D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1983
[46] Graywater: The next wave, Curits McLamb, 2004
[47] Standard Methods of the Examination of Water and Wastewater, www.standardmethods.org
[48] Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
[49] Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
[50] An organism that thrives at relatively high temperatures (45~80 degree Celsius), Madigan MT, Martino JM (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Pearson
[51] Composting using various species of worms, Dougherty, Mark. (1999). Field Guide to On-Farm Composting. Ithaca, New York: Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service.
[52] Type of passive solar house made of natural and recycled materials, Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes.
[53] Picture from www.greywater.com
[54] Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company
[55] Builder's Greywater Guide: Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction & Remodeling
[56] Picture from www.greywater.com
[57] Synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or industry
[58] Filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions
[59] Picture from www.greywater.com
[60] Jordan Environment Society:About JES, accessed on April 18, 2009
[61] Hussein I.A.; Abu Sharar T.M.; Battikhi A.M (2005). "Water resources planning and development in Jordan". Food security under water scarcity in the Middle East: Problems and solutions
[62] Is an approach to designing human settlements and agricultural systems that are modeled on the relationships found in natural ecologies
[63] Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan", 2009
[64] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
[65] International Development Research Center
[66] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
[67] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan). "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges" on 2008
[68] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009
[69] Denny; Donnelly, McKay, Ponte, Uetake. "Sustainable Water strategies for Jordan" 2009
[70] Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) (Jordan) "The Plan for the Response to Water Challenges", 2009
[71] International Development Research Center
[72] Inter-Islamic Network on Water Resources Development and Management
[73] Autotrophic component of the plankton community
[74] Heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) plankton
[75] Aquatic plant that grows in or near water
[76] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 19
[77] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[78] Formation of ammonia from nitrogenous compounds, especially as a result of bacterial decomposition
[79] Biological oxidation of ammonia with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates
[80] Microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen
[81] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 19
[82] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 19
[83] Weston, Roy F. Process Design Manual for Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants (1971) United States Environmental Protection Agency
[84] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[85] Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Augusta, ME. "Aerated Lagoons - Wastewater Treatment.", 2010
[86] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[87] Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Augusta, ME. "Aerated Lagoons - Wastewater Treatment.", 2010
[88] Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Augusta, ME. "Aerated Lagoons - Wastewater Treatment.", 2010
[89] Yves Piétrasanta, Daniel Bondon, Le Lagunageécologique, Economica, Paris, 1994
[90] Brundtland report, definition of sustainable development principle, United Nations, 1986
[91] Brunskill, R.W., Traditional Buildings of Britain: An Introduction to Vernacular Architecture, Cassell's, 1985
[92] Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
[93] Architectureécologique ; Dominique Gauzin-Müller ;éd. Le Moniteur (10 november 2001)
[94] Le Guide de l'habitat sain : Les Effets sur la santéde chaqueélément du batiment ; Suzanne et Pierre Déoux ; Medieco, Andorre, 2002
[95] Doerr Architecture, Definition of Sustainability and the Impacts of Buildings, 2006
[96] Established in 1985 by the Building and Social Housing Foundation as part of its contribution to the United Nations―International Year of Shelter for the homeless in 1987
[97] www.seedinternational.com.au
[98] Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
[99] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[100] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[101] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[102] Pollock, Rebecca, Crystal waters (Australia; ecovillage), Alternatives Journal, June 22, 2000
[103] www.crystalwaterscollege.org.au
[104] www.angwin-ecovillage.com
[105] www.sustainableecovillages.net
[106] www.angwin-ecovillage.com
[107] www.amgwin-ecovillage.com
[108] Triaddev.com/portfolio/angwin.html
[109] www.angwin-ecovillage.com