高速运动目标ISAR成像方法研究
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摘要
成像雷达能够全天时、全天候、远距离地提供高分辨率雷达图像,在军用和民用领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。利用成像雷达对高速运动目标如导弹、卫星、空间碎片等进行成像具有重要的军事和科研价值。
本论文主要研究了高速运动目标的ISAR成像方法,分析了根据低速运动目标模型补偿高速运动目标回波引起的补偿误差及其影响;对线性调频步进信号的处理方法进行了深入研究;作为成像雷达的应用,提出了海面目标顶空检测与成像方法。具体工作概括如下:
1.总结了雷达信号处理中经常采用的三种回波模型:回波的精确模型、一阶近似模型和“stop-go”模型。根据雷达成像的特点推导了线性调频信号的一阶近似模型和“stop-go”模型的适用条件。
2.提出了基于“运动”参考去调频的高速目标高分辨ISAR成像的运动补偿方法。该方法的主要步骤为:首先估计目标的平动轨迹,并将回波补偿成以该轨迹为参考去调频的信号,从而完成目标距离像的脉冲内补偿和回波相干化;然后利用keystone变换消除散射点的越距离走动;再利用相位聚焦消除高阶运动参数补偿误差的影响;最后用RD算法或瞬时成像算法得到目标的ISAR像。这种方法的关键是目标运动轨迹的拟合,而拟合精度与积累脉冲数有关,给出了补偿精度与拟合脉冲数的关系。
3.研究了线性调频步进信号的合成距离像法以及基于合成距离像法的高速运动目标ISAR成像方法。为了克服合成距离像法中传统目标抽取算法存在的伪峰、抽取损失和多普勒耦合时移等问题,提出了基于距离像最大1范数搜索的移位抽取算法,并给出了应用该算法系统参数需要满足的条件和系统参数的设计方法。在此基础上,提出了线性调频步进雷达ISAR成像的分步补偿法。推导了成像过程中雷达回波的一阶近似模型和“stop-go”模型的适用条件。
4.研究了线性调频步进信号的合成带宽法(时域合成带宽法和频域合成带宽法)以及基于合成带宽法的高速运动目标ISAR成像方法。提出了利用时域合成带宽法和频域合成带宽法处理高速运动目标回波时的运动补偿方法,并对传统的频域合成带宽法进行了改进,拓宽了频域合成带宽法的应用范围。分析了根据“stop-go”模型和一阶近似模型补偿回波引入的补偿误差。针对目标运动参数的精确估计问题,将SAR成像运动补偿中的多普勒中心估计算法引入到ISAR成像中,根据ISAR目标回波的特点对传统的多普勒中心估计算法进行了修正,使运动参数估计的精度达到带宽合成和ISAR成像的要求。
5.研究了相位编码信号的高速运动目标成像方法。分析了相位编码信号的“stop-go”模型和一阶近似模型的适用条件。提出了相位编码信号ISAR成像的运动补偿方法,即采用宽带相位编码信号和窄带线性调频信号结合的方式,窄带信号用来完成目标检测和测速,宽带信号用来提高测速精度和成像。
6.深入研究了海面目标顶空检测与成像问题。分析了海面目标顶空检测的难点,提出顶空情况下对目标和海面同时ISAR成像,再在图像中分离海杂波是解决这个问题有效途径。给出了顶空成像的海面监视范围。重点讨论了顶空成像的运动补偿方法、距离弯曲校正方法和图像分割方法。给出了利用单脉冲测角获得目标三维图像的方法和步骤。
Imaging radar is being more and more widely used in military and civil fields, which can work all-weather, day/night and long range and provide high resolution radar image. To image the high speed moving target such as missile, satellite, space debris with the image radar has important military and scientific research value.
The main research in the paper is the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging method for the high speed moving target. The compensation error and its effect caused by using the model of low speed moving target to compensate the high speed moving target echo is analyzed. The processing method of the linearly modulated stepped frequency (LMSF) signal has been further studied. The top areial detection and imaging method for the sea surface target are proposed as the application of imaging radar. The concrete contents are as follows:
1. The three echo models often adopted in the radar signal processing are summarized, which are the precise echo model, the first order approximate model and 'stop-go' model. Based on the characteristic of the radar imaging, the application conditions of the linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal's first order approximate model and 'stop-go' model have been analyzed.
2. A novel method for high speed moving targets ISAR imaging based on 'moving' reference dechirp signal is presented. The main steps are as follows. Firstly target translational track is estimated and based on which, the echo is compensated for the dechirping signal, accordingly, the internal-pulse compensation of the target echo and the coherent processing of the echo are accomplished. Then Keystone transform is applied to eliminate the scattering points migration through resolution cells (MTRC), and utilizing the phase focusing to banish effect of the high order motion parameter compensation error. Finally using the RD algorithm or instantaneous imaging algorithm to achieve the target ISAR image. The key point of the method is the target motion track fitting. Moreover the fitting precision is related with the number of the fitting pulses, so the relationship between the fitting precision and number of the fitting pulses is presented.
3. The method of synthetic range profile for LMSF signal and the high speed moving target ISAR imaging algorithm based on the synthetic range profile are studied. To avoid spurious peaks, extracting loss and Doppler-coupling shift which exist in the traditional extracting algorithm in the method of the synthetic range profile, the paper describes a shift-extracting algorithm, which based on searching the maximum norm 1 of the range profile. Moreover the paper analyses the application condition of this searching algorithm, and gives the design method for system parameters. After that, the stepped compensation method of the LMSF radar ISAR imaging is presented. The application conditions of the first order approximate model and 'stop-go' model have been deduced in the process of imaging.
4. The method of synthetic bandwidth (temporal synthetic bandwidth method and frequency synthetic bandwidth method) for LMSF signal and the high speed moving target ISAR imaging algorithm based on the synthetic bandwidth are studied. The motion compensation method for high speed moving target using the temporal synthetic bandwidth method and frequency synthetic bandwidth method are presented. The traditional frequency synthetic bandwidth is improved, and the application condition of the frequency synthetic bandwidth method is widened. The compensation error caused by the 'stop-go' model and the first order approximate model is analyzed. Focusing on the problem of precise estimation of the motion parameters, Doppler center estimation method in the SAR imaging motion compensation is introduced in the ISAR imaging. According to the characteristic of target echo in ISAR, the original method of Doppler center estimation is ameliorated, so that the precision level of the motion parameter estimation satisfies that of the synthetic bandwidth and ISAR imaging.
5. The high speed moving target imaging method of phase coding signal is studied. The 'stop-go' model of the phase coding signal and the application conditions of the first approximate order model have been analyzed. The motion compensation method of the ISAR imaging of the phase coding signal is presented, which combining the wideband phase coding signal with the narrowband LSFM signal, and the narrowband signal is used to detect the target and measure the speed, the wideband signal to improve the precision measurement and the imaging.
6. The top aerial detection and imaging method for the sea surface target have been further studied. The difficulty of the top aerial detection is analyzed, and the effective method that imaging the sea surface and target at one time, then eliminating the sea clutter from the image is presented. The monitor range of the imaging from the top air over the sea surface is given. The discussion is centred on the motion compensation method for top aerial imaging, correction method for range curvature and image division. Moreover, the methods and procedure of three-dimensional image is acquired by monopulse angle measurement approach.
本论文主要研究了高速运动目标的ISAR成像方法,分析了根据低速运动目标模型补偿高速运动目标回波引起的补偿误差及其影响;对线性调频步进信号的处理方法进行了深入研究;作为成像雷达的应用,提出了海面目标顶空检测与成像方法。具体工作概括如下:
1.总结了雷达信号处理中经常采用的三种回波模型:回波的精确模型、一阶近似模型和“stop-go”模型。根据雷达成像的特点推导了线性调频信号的一阶近似模型和“stop-go”模型的适用条件。
2.提出了基于“运动”参考去调频的高速目标高分辨ISAR成像的运动补偿方法。该方法的主要步骤为:首先估计目标的平动轨迹,并将回波补偿成以该轨迹为参考去调频的信号,从而完成目标距离像的脉冲内补偿和回波相干化;然后利用keystone变换消除散射点的越距离走动;再利用相位聚焦消除高阶运动参数补偿误差的影响;最后用RD算法或瞬时成像算法得到目标的ISAR像。这种方法的关键是目标运动轨迹的拟合,而拟合精度与积累脉冲数有关,给出了补偿精度与拟合脉冲数的关系。
3.研究了线性调频步进信号的合成距离像法以及基于合成距离像法的高速运动目标ISAR成像方法。为了克服合成距离像法中传统目标抽取算法存在的伪峰、抽取损失和多普勒耦合时移等问题,提出了基于距离像最大1范数搜索的移位抽取算法,并给出了应用该算法系统参数需要满足的条件和系统参数的设计方法。在此基础上,提出了线性调频步进雷达ISAR成像的分步补偿法。推导了成像过程中雷达回波的一阶近似模型和“stop-go”模型的适用条件。
4.研究了线性调频步进信号的合成带宽法(时域合成带宽法和频域合成带宽法)以及基于合成带宽法的高速运动目标ISAR成像方法。提出了利用时域合成带宽法和频域合成带宽法处理高速运动目标回波时的运动补偿方法,并对传统的频域合成带宽法进行了改进,拓宽了频域合成带宽法的应用范围。分析了根据“stop-go”模型和一阶近似模型补偿回波引入的补偿误差。针对目标运动参数的精确估计问题,将SAR成像运动补偿中的多普勒中心估计算法引入到ISAR成像中,根据ISAR目标回波的特点对传统的多普勒中心估计算法进行了修正,使运动参数估计的精度达到带宽合成和ISAR成像的要求。
5.研究了相位编码信号的高速运动目标成像方法。分析了相位编码信号的“stop-go”模型和一阶近似模型的适用条件。提出了相位编码信号ISAR成像的运动补偿方法,即采用宽带相位编码信号和窄带线性调频信号结合的方式,窄带信号用来完成目标检测和测速,宽带信号用来提高测速精度和成像。
6.深入研究了海面目标顶空检测与成像问题。分析了海面目标顶空检测的难点,提出顶空情况下对目标和海面同时ISAR成像,再在图像中分离海杂波是解决这个问题有效途径。给出了顶空成像的海面监视范围。重点讨论了顶空成像的运动补偿方法、距离弯曲校正方法和图像分割方法。给出了利用单脉冲测角获得目标三维图像的方法和步骤。
Imaging radar is being more and more widely used in military and civil fields, which can work all-weather, day/night and long range and provide high resolution radar image. To image the high speed moving target such as missile, satellite, space debris with the image radar has important military and scientific research value.
The main research in the paper is the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging method for the high speed moving target. The compensation error and its effect caused by using the model of low speed moving target to compensate the high speed moving target echo is analyzed. The processing method of the linearly modulated stepped frequency (LMSF) signal has been further studied. The top areial detection and imaging method for the sea surface target are proposed as the application of imaging radar. The concrete contents are as follows:
1. The three echo models often adopted in the radar signal processing are summarized, which are the precise echo model, the first order approximate model and 'stop-go' model. Based on the characteristic of the radar imaging, the application conditions of the linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal's first order approximate model and 'stop-go' model have been analyzed.
2. A novel method for high speed moving targets ISAR imaging based on 'moving' reference dechirp signal is presented. The main steps are as follows. Firstly target translational track is estimated and based on which, the echo is compensated for the dechirping signal, accordingly, the internal-pulse compensation of the target echo and the coherent processing of the echo are accomplished. Then Keystone transform is applied to eliminate the scattering points migration through resolution cells (MTRC), and utilizing the phase focusing to banish effect of the high order motion parameter compensation error. Finally using the RD algorithm or instantaneous imaging algorithm to achieve the target ISAR image. The key point of the method is the target motion track fitting. Moreover the fitting precision is related with the number of the fitting pulses, so the relationship between the fitting precision and number of the fitting pulses is presented.
3. The method of synthetic range profile for LMSF signal and the high speed moving target ISAR imaging algorithm based on the synthetic range profile are studied. To avoid spurious peaks, extracting loss and Doppler-coupling shift which exist in the traditional extracting algorithm in the method of the synthetic range profile, the paper describes a shift-extracting algorithm, which based on searching the maximum norm 1 of the range profile. Moreover the paper analyses the application condition of this searching algorithm, and gives the design method for system parameters. After that, the stepped compensation method of the LMSF radar ISAR imaging is presented. The application conditions of the first order approximate model and 'stop-go' model have been deduced in the process of imaging.
4. The method of synthetic bandwidth (temporal synthetic bandwidth method and frequency synthetic bandwidth method) for LMSF signal and the high speed moving target ISAR imaging algorithm based on the synthetic bandwidth are studied. The motion compensation method for high speed moving target using the temporal synthetic bandwidth method and frequency synthetic bandwidth method are presented. The traditional frequency synthetic bandwidth is improved, and the application condition of the frequency synthetic bandwidth method is widened. The compensation error caused by the 'stop-go' model and the first order approximate model is analyzed. Focusing on the problem of precise estimation of the motion parameters, Doppler center estimation method in the SAR imaging motion compensation is introduced in the ISAR imaging. According to the characteristic of target echo in ISAR, the original method of Doppler center estimation is ameliorated, so that the precision level of the motion parameter estimation satisfies that of the synthetic bandwidth and ISAR imaging.
5. The high speed moving target imaging method of phase coding signal is studied. The 'stop-go' model of the phase coding signal and the application conditions of the first approximate order model have been analyzed. The motion compensation method of the ISAR imaging of the phase coding signal is presented, which combining the wideband phase coding signal with the narrowband LSFM signal, and the narrowband signal is used to detect the target and measure the speed, the wideband signal to improve the precision measurement and the imaging.
6. The top aerial detection and imaging method for the sea surface target have been further studied. The difficulty of the top aerial detection is analyzed, and the effective method that imaging the sea surface and target at one time, then eliminating the sea clutter from the image is presented. The monitor range of the imaging from the top air over the sea surface is given. The discussion is centred on the motion compensation method for top aerial imaging, correction method for range curvature and image division. Moreover, the methods and procedure of three-dimensional image is acquired by monopulse angle measurement approach.
引文
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