陕西米脂县姬家峁水源地廊道取水数值模拟及水资源评价
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摘要
地下水是水资源的一个重要组成部分，地下水在时间和空间分布上相对均匀、稳定，上覆盖层保护地下水既不易蒸发也不易遭受污染，因此比地表水耗损小、水质好，是干旱半干旱地区城镇和工矿企业的主要供水水源。为了解决在陕北米脂县内拟建的10万吨／年聚氯乙烯工程近期的1.8～2.0×10~4m~3／d的需水要求，拟在米脂县建姬家峁水源地，开发其地下水资源。本文针对拟建的姬家峁水源地，以建成后水量及水质是否满足工程用水要求，水源地投入运行后对邻近地下水位的影响及引发的主要的水环境问题为研究目的，进行了允许开采量评价和地下水位预报，并提出了合理的开采方案和水资源保护对策。
文中首先系统地研究了姬家峁水源地的地质、水文地质条件，详细阐述了该区地下水的赋存、循环条件以及地下水动态，并进行了地下水水质评价。根据研究区含水层厚度小、储水能力差，第四系松散层直接叠加在基岩强风化层之上的具体特点，认为管井集中开采难以满足聚氯乙烯工程的需水量要求，采用集水廊道最大限度地激发河流对地下水的补给，是在这一地区获得较大开采量的有效方式。文章以大量的抽水试验、渗水实验资料为基础，采用解析法、数值法确定了含水层的水文地质参数，发现在无定河河床及河漫滩区第四系含水层的水平渗透系数显著大于垂向渗透系数，含水层具有明显的各向异性特征，据此对研究区的水文地质概念模型进行了概化，建立地下水渗流的三维数学模型，采用有限差分法对模型进行了求解。模型校正结果表明所建立的数学模型具有较好的拟合程度，所确定的地质参数基本符合本地区的具体水文地质条件，可以用于本区地下水资源评价。文中提出了三种开采方案，分别是廊道处于河床下部、廊道处于河流西侧10 m及廊道处于河流西侧20 m的廊道取水方案，并以所建立的渗流数学模型为基础，对各方案下地下水开采后的地下水流状态和开采量进行了模拟计算。根据计算结果，在第一方案下，3 Km廊道的取水量为20968.42 m~3／d，完全满足工程需水量要求，同时对河流两岸地下水位影响也很小。第二方案3 Km廊道的取水量为9029.5 m~3／d，西岸地下水位普遍下降了0.5 m米左右。第三方案3 Km廊道的取水量为5820.4 m~3／d，需水量难以达到工程要求，同时对岸地下水位有更大的影响，水位普遍下降了0.65 m左右。对比各方案，推荐第一方案为较优方案，文章最后对水源地开采后的水环境问题及水资源保护措施进行了论述。
The groundwater is an important component of the water resources, and it is uniform and steady on space and time distribution, and it is uneasy to evaporate and pollute because of the protection of the first overburden. The loss of the groundwater is littler than that of the surface water and the groundwater has the better water quality, so it is the main headwaters of cities and towns and industrial and mining enterprises in the semi-dry and dry area. The project of 10 thousand tons per year of the polyvinyl chloride will be constructed. This research mainly meets to the demand of water use of 1.8-2.0 104 m3/d in the project in the near future. The water source land of Jijiamao in Mizhi County will be built. The paper points to the building water source area, considering whether there is water content in abundance and water quality, whether there are some effects on the groundwater level near it and the main water environmental problems caused by the run of the water source area. The writer evaluates the am
ount of the permitting exploitation and predicts the water level, then put the better pumping scheme and protecting measure.
In the paper, beginning with geological and hydrogeological condition of water source of Jijiamao, the writer looks into the forming of groundwater, law of distribution, runoff and discharge, dynamic datum and evaluates the water quality of the groundwater. Then, basing on the practical problems of the studying area-the thickness of aquifer is little, the capability of depositing water is finite, the Quaternary loose stratum directly superimposes the bedrock strong breeze girdle, the writer thinks it is difficult to answer for the water use of the polyvinyl chloride project by the centralized tube well pumping. The writer presents that the catchments corridor should be used to excite the supply of the groundwater to the maximum extent and it is an effective way of getting the relatively large exploiting amount in this area. On the basis of the datum of a lot of pumping experiment, infiltrating water experiment, Analysis Method and Numerical Method are adopted for the hydrogeological parameters of aquifer. It
shows the capability of the horizontal infiltration is obviously larger than that of the river vertical infiltration in the Quaternary aquifer of Wuding River bed and flood land, and the aquifer is anisotropic. The writer conceptualizes the hydrogeol ogical model, and the corresponding three dimension mathematical model has been built,
the Finite Difference Method is used to solve the mathematical model. After calibration and verification of the model, the adopted geology parameters basically accord with the concrete hydrology geology condition. It is thought that the model is correct and reliable to use for the groundwater flow of the study area. The paper presents three plans of groundwater pumping. They are: the corridor is under riverbed, the corridor is 10 m from the west, and the corridor is 20 m from the west of river. According to the built mathematical model, the writer simulates and calculates the groundwater flow and the pumping. From the calculation result, the pumping in the 1st plan is 20968.42 m3/d with 3 Km' corridor. This meets to the demand of the water use of the project and has a little effect on the groundwater level on both sides of the river. The pumping in the 2nd plan is 9029.5 m3/d with 3 Km' corridor and the groundwater level steadily drops and the range of drop averagely is about 0.5m in the west of the river. T
he pumping in the 3rd plan is 5820.4 m3/d with 3 Km' corridor and the pumping is not enough for the demand of the project, this has great effect on the groundwater level of the west and the range of drop averagely is about 0.65m. Comparing these plans, the writer puts the best is the 1st plan and expounds the water environmental issues after exploiting and protective measure of water resource at last.
文中首先系统地研究了姬家峁水源地的地质、水文地质条件，详细阐述了该区地下水的赋存、循环条件以及地下水动态，并进行了地下水水质评价。根据研究区含水层厚度小、储水能力差，第四系松散层直接叠加在基岩强风化层之上的具体特点，认为管井集中开采难以满足聚氯乙烯工程的需水量要求，采用集水廊道最大限度地激发河流对地下水的补给，是在这一地区获得较大开采量的有效方式。文章以大量的抽水试验、渗水实验资料为基础，采用解析法、数值法确定了含水层的水文地质参数，发现在无定河河床及河漫滩区第四系含水层的水平渗透系数显著大于垂向渗透系数，含水层具有明显的各向异性特征，据此对研究区的水文地质概念模型进行了概化，建立地下水渗流的三维数学模型，采用有限差分法对模型进行了求解。模型校正结果表明所建立的数学模型具有较好的拟合程度，所确定的地质参数基本符合本地区的具体水文地质条件，可以用于本区地下水资源评价。文中提出了三种开采方案，分别是廊道处于河床下部、廊道处于河流西侧10 m及廊道处于河流西侧20 m的廊道取水方案，并以所建立的渗流数学模型为基础，对各方案下地下水开采后的地下水流状态和开采量进行了模拟计算。根据计算结果，在第一方案下，3 Km廊道的取水量为20968.42 m~3／d，完全满足工程需水量要求，同时对河流两岸地下水位影响也很小。第二方案3 Km廊道的取水量为9029.5 m~3／d，西岸地下水位普遍下降了0.5 m米左右。第三方案3 Km廊道的取水量为5820.4 m~3／d，需水量难以达到工程要求，同时对岸地下水位有更大的影响，水位普遍下降了0.65 m左右。对比各方案，推荐第一方案为较优方案，文章最后对水源地开采后的水环境问题及水资源保护措施进行了论述。
The groundwater is an important component of the water resources, and it is uniform and steady on space and time distribution, and it is uneasy to evaporate and pollute because of the protection of the first overburden. The loss of the groundwater is littler than that of the surface water and the groundwater has the better water quality, so it is the main headwaters of cities and towns and industrial and mining enterprises in the semi-dry and dry area. The project of 10 thousand tons per year of the polyvinyl chloride will be constructed. This research mainly meets to the demand of water use of 1.8-2.0 104 m3/d in the project in the near future. The water source land of Jijiamao in Mizhi County will be built. The paper points to the building water source area, considering whether there is water content in abundance and water quality, whether there are some effects on the groundwater level near it and the main water environmental problems caused by the run of the water source area. The writer evaluates the am
ount of the permitting exploitation and predicts the water level, then put the better pumping scheme and protecting measure.
In the paper, beginning with geological and hydrogeological condition of water source of Jijiamao, the writer looks into the forming of groundwater, law of distribution, runoff and discharge, dynamic datum and evaluates the water quality of the groundwater. Then, basing on the practical problems of the studying area-the thickness of aquifer is little, the capability of depositing water is finite, the Quaternary loose stratum directly superimposes the bedrock strong breeze girdle, the writer thinks it is difficult to answer for the water use of the polyvinyl chloride project by the centralized tube well pumping. The writer presents that the catchments corridor should be used to excite the supply of the groundwater to the maximum extent and it is an effective way of getting the relatively large exploiting amount in this area. On the basis of the datum of a lot of pumping experiment, infiltrating water experiment, Analysis Method and Numerical Method are adopted for the hydrogeological parameters of aquifer. It
shows the capability of the horizontal infiltration is obviously larger than that of the river vertical infiltration in the Quaternary aquifer of Wuding River bed and flood land, and the aquifer is anisotropic. The writer conceptualizes the hydrogeol ogical model, and the corresponding three dimension mathematical model has been built,
the Finite Difference Method is used to solve the mathematical model. After calibration and verification of the model, the adopted geology parameters basically accord with the concrete hydrology geology condition. It is thought that the model is correct and reliable to use for the groundwater flow of the study area. The paper presents three plans of groundwater pumping. They are: the corridor is under riverbed, the corridor is 10 m from the west, and the corridor is 20 m from the west of river. According to the built mathematical model, the writer simulates and calculates the groundwater flow and the pumping. From the calculation result, the pumping in the 1st plan is 20968.42 m3/d with 3 Km' corridor. This meets to the demand of the water use of the project and has a little effect on the groundwater level on both sides of the river. The pumping in the 2nd plan is 9029.5 m3/d with 3 Km' corridor and the groundwater level steadily drops and the range of drop averagely is about 0.5m in the west of the river. T
he pumping in the 3rd plan is 5820.4 m3/d with 3 Km' corridor and the pumping is not enough for the demand of the project, this has great effect on the groundwater level of the west and the range of drop averagely is about 0.65m. Comparing these plans, the writer puts the best is the 1st plan and expounds the water environmental issues after exploiting and protective measure of water resource at last.
引文
[1]彭谦．陕西省水资源开发利用的问题与对策．水利发展研究．2001．(2)：6-12．
[2]李晓玲．党志良．陕西省地下水动态分析及其利用研究．1998．14(1)：45-49．
[3]《陕西国土规划》编委会编著．陕西国土规划．陕西人民出版社．1989．
[4]Hale K.V.and J.Svec.Groundwater Hydraulics.Elesvier Scientific Publishing Co mpany. 1979.
[5]ushton. K.R.and S.C.Redshaw.Seepage and Groundwater Flow.John Wiley and Sons. 1979.
[6]陈梦熊．地下水资源与地下水系统研究[J]．长春地质学院学报(地质专辑)．1987．
[7]陈葆仁．洪再吉等．地下水动态及其预测．科学出版社．1988．
[8]陈雨松．颜明志．抽水试验原理与参数测定．北京：水力电力出版社．1985．247p．
[9]金光元．郑三元．宋家常．地下水计算参数的测定与估计．水科学进展．1997．8(1)：16-24．
[10]傅泽周．郭东屏．张石峰等著．地下水资源评价方法及其应用．北京：地质出版社．1992．84～102．
[11]于玲．方弘．平原区浅层地下水资源评价若干问题刍议．水文水资源．1999．20(2)：28-29．
[12]薛愚群．谢春红．水文地质学的数值法．北京：煤炭工业出版社．1979．167-175．
[13]BRUCE H. mathematical Analysis of Groundwater Resources [m].Ca mbridge University Press.U K..1983.
[14]李伯权．地下水资源评价中有关概念的讨论．西北水电．2001．(3)：1～4．
[15]任洪雨．冯斌．郭新体．数值法在地下水资源评价中的应用．西部探矿工程．2003．(3)：81～84．
[16]朱建立．朱学愚．陈余道．山东淄博市地下水资源评价及其合理开发利用研究．高校地质学报．1999．5(2)：211～220．
[17]王大纯．张人权等．水文地质学基础．北京：地质出版社．1995．
[18]薛愚群．朱学愚．地下水动力学原理．北京：地质出版社．1986．54-65．
[19]Do menico P.A.. Concepts and models in Groundwater Hydrology. Mc Graw-Hill Boo K Co..New Yor K. 1972.
[20]张蔚榛主编．地下水非稳定流计算和地下水资源评价．北京：科学出版社．1983．568-579．
[21]朱学愚．钱学星．刘新仁．地下水资源评价．南京：南京大学出版社．1987．141-152．
[22]赵秀玲．地下水资源评价中数值法的应用．辽宁省交通高等专科学校学报．2000．2(4)：51-53．
[23]吴剑峰．朱学愚．大同矿区口泉沟南地下水资源的合理开发研究．江苏地质．1999．23(2)： 106～111．
[24]张广华．金文君．浅谈地卜水资源评价．内蒙古水利．1999．(3)：43～44．
[25]沈照理等编著．水文地质学．北京：地质出版社．1985．569-574．
[26]韩国良．供水水文地质工作现状与发展．供水水文地质工作现状与发展．1997．(4)：13～17．
[27]丁玲．方弘．平原区浅层地下水资源评价若干问题刍议．水文水资源．1999．20(2)：28-29．
[28]王瑞芬．当前地下水资源评价中的若干问题．河北水利水电技术．2000．(4)：12～13．
[29]李林．冯玉明．关于地下水资源评价问题的探讨．山西科技．2000年增刊：65-66．
[30]束龙仓．朱元生．地下水资源评价结果的可靠性探讨．水科学进展．2000．11(1)：21-24．
[31]杨成田．专门水文地质学．北京：地质出版社．1981．
[32]Bear .J. and A.Verruijt. modelling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. D.Reidel Publishing Co mpany. 1987.
[33]地下水水化学和水质保护．水文工程地质选辑(9)．北京：地质出版社．
[34]李俊亭．地下水流数值模拟．地质出版社．1989．
[35]张宏仁．本俊亭．有限差分法与有限元在渗流问题中的对比．水文地质与工程地质．1982(2)．
[2]李晓玲．党志良．陕西省地下水动态分析及其利用研究．1998．14(1)：45-49．
[3]《陕西国土规划》编委会编著．陕西国土规划．陕西人民出版社．1989．
[4]Hale K.V.and J.Svec.Groundwater Hydraulics.Elesvier Scientific Publishing Co mpany. 1979.
[5]ushton. K.R.and S.C.Redshaw.Seepage and Groundwater Flow.John Wiley and Sons. 1979.
[6]陈梦熊．地下水资源与地下水系统研究[J]．长春地质学院学报(地质专辑)．1987．
[7]陈葆仁．洪再吉等．地下水动态及其预测．科学出版社．1988．
[8]陈雨松．颜明志．抽水试验原理与参数测定．北京：水力电力出版社．1985．247p．
[9]金光元．郑三元．宋家常．地下水计算参数的测定与估计．水科学进展．1997．8(1)：16-24．
[10]傅泽周．郭东屏．张石峰等著．地下水资源评价方法及其应用．北京：地质出版社．1992．84～102．
[11]于玲．方弘．平原区浅层地下水资源评价若干问题刍议．水文水资源．1999．20(2)：28-29．
[12]薛愚群．谢春红．水文地质学的数值法．北京：煤炭工业出版社．1979．167-175．
[13]BRUCE H. mathematical Analysis of Groundwater Resources [m].Ca mbridge University Press.U K..1983.
[14]李伯权．地下水资源评价中有关概念的讨论．西北水电．2001．(3)：1～4．
[15]任洪雨．冯斌．郭新体．数值法在地下水资源评价中的应用．西部探矿工程．2003．(3)：81～84．
[16]朱建立．朱学愚．陈余道．山东淄博市地下水资源评价及其合理开发利用研究．高校地质学报．1999．5(2)：211～220．
[17]王大纯．张人权等．水文地质学基础．北京：地质出版社．1995．
[18]薛愚群．朱学愚．地下水动力学原理．北京：地质出版社．1986．54-65．
[19]Do menico P.A.. Concepts and models in Groundwater Hydrology. Mc Graw-Hill Boo K Co..New Yor K. 1972.
[20]张蔚榛主编．地下水非稳定流计算和地下水资源评价．北京：科学出版社．1983．568-579．
[21]朱学愚．钱学星．刘新仁．地下水资源评价．南京：南京大学出版社．1987．141-152．
[22]赵秀玲．地下水资源评价中数值法的应用．辽宁省交通高等专科学校学报．2000．2(4)：51-53．
[23]吴剑峰．朱学愚．大同矿区口泉沟南地下水资源的合理开发研究．江苏地质．1999．23(2)： 106～111．
[24]张广华．金文君．浅谈地卜水资源评价．内蒙古水利．1999．(3)：43～44．
[25]沈照理等编著．水文地质学．北京：地质出版社．1985．569-574．
[26]韩国良．供水水文地质工作现状与发展．供水水文地质工作现状与发展．1997．(4)：13～17．
[27]丁玲．方弘．平原区浅层地下水资源评价若干问题刍议．水文水资源．1999．20(2)：28-29．
[28]王瑞芬．当前地下水资源评价中的若干问题．河北水利水电技术．2000．(4)：12～13．
[29]李林．冯玉明．关于地下水资源评价问题的探讨．山西科技．2000年增刊：65-66．
[30]束龙仓．朱元生．地下水资源评价结果的可靠性探讨．水科学进展．2000．11(1)：21-24．
[31]杨成田．专门水文地质学．北京：地质出版社．1981．
[32]Bear .J. and A.Verruijt. modelling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. D.Reidel Publishing Co mpany. 1987.
[33]地下水水化学和水质保护．水文工程地质选辑(9)．北京：地质出版社．
[34]李俊亭．地下水流数值模拟．地质出版社．1989．
[35]张宏仁．本俊亭．有限差分法与有限元在渗流问题中的对比．水文地质与工程地质．1982(2)．