Fe_3Al与高温耐热合金的钎焊性能研究
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摘要
Fe3Al金属间化合物以其高温耐磨、耐蚀、抗氧化、抗硫化等优异性能而受到关注,但其低劣的熔焊性能极大地限制了它在工程结构中应用。本文分析综述了Fe3Al合金焊接问题及相关研究现状,内容包括钨极氩弧焊、电子束焊、药皮焊条手弧焊、堆焊、扩散焊、钎焊等。
本课题以Fe3Al合金潜在的工程应用为背景,试验研究用钎焊方法将Fe3Al合金与普通高温耐热合金连接起来,探索将其优异的高温耐磨耐蚀性能叠加到普通高温耐热合金上,以充分发挥它们在性能上的优势互补。试验研究内容包括:真空钎焊与火焰钎焊试验,焊后热处理的影响;利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、万能拉伸试验机等测试手段,对焊接接头的微观组织结构、钎缝接头区的物相成份、显微硬度、接头剪切强度等进行分析。探讨Fe3Al合金与T91耐热钢、18-8不锈钢接头中产生宏观缺陷和微观缺陷的原因和预防措施。
研究结果表明:普通钎料对Fe3Al合金及高温合金具有良好的润湿性,用钎焊实现Fe3Al合金的连接是很有希望的途径,在焊接工艺参数选择合理的情况下,真空钎焊与火焰钎焊均可以得到较为完整的钎焊接头。
接头区域有明显的扩散反应区并且在Fe3Al合金一侧扩散区较宽;真空钎焊中采用铜基钎料钎焊时在Fe3Al合金一侧出现Cu的晶间扩散,在高温合金一侧能形成Cu-Fe固溶体,结合较好;采用银基钎料能得到良好的Fe3Al/T91接头,但该钎料对18-8不锈钢润湿较差;采用镍基钎料的接头区,钎料组元与母材发生深度的扩散反应,而且与18-8不锈钢之间的扩散程度更大,呈现了良好的冶金结合;对使用镍基钎料的Fe3Al/18-8接头,经过1000?C/1小时的扩散热处理后接头中脆硬相明显减少,组织较为均匀。
通过显微硬度及剪切试验,钎焊接头能满足通常载荷的工作要求,其中采用镍基钎料的接头有较高的硬度和强度,表明其具有较好的高温性能,能充分发挥Fe3Al合金的使用性能。
A wide attention on Fe3Al intermetallic compound were drawn for its special performance such as resisting wear, corrode, oxidation and sulfuration. Because its low-grade fusion welding performance, it is difficult to extend its application. Current research status of welding of Fe3Al alloy were summarized in this paper, including gas tungsten arc welding, electron beam welding, electric arc welding, bead welding, diffusion welding, brazing welding and so on.
Regarding potential engineering application of Fe3Al alloy as the background. It connected Fe3Al and high temperature heat-resistant alloy with brazing in the experiment, and probed into the resistance to wear, corrosion performance of Fe3Al adding to high temperature heat-resistant alloy, which adequately gave full play to their superiority. The gas brazing and vacuum brazing and the influence of heat treatment. The microstructure of joint was investigated with optical microscopy, Vickers-hardness was measured by Vickers. Mechanical properties were tested by standard tensile tests on small-scale specimens, and phase, chemical components were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The reason that causing macroscopical and microcosmic defects, and the prevention measure in the brazing process of joints were discussed.
The results show that the common solder have a good wettability, brazing is a hopeful method for welding Fe3Al alloy. The joints with good surface can be gained under proper matching of welding parameters in gas brazing and vacuum brazing.
The joints have a clear zone of diffusion reaction and larger in the Fe3Al alloy zone. The intergranular penetration of Cu appeared on one side of Fe3Al alloy when vacuum brazing used copper solder. Due to the formation of Cu-Fe sosoloid,its combination is better on the side of high temperature alloy. The joint of Fe3Al /T91 have good performance when using silver solder, but this solder is bad wettability for 18-8 stainless steel. In the joint of using BNi-2, the solder and the base metal took place deep diffusion reactivity, had good combined effect, the more diffusion level between solder and 18-8 stainless steel. After 1000 ?C, one hour’s diffusion treatment, the joint of Fe3Al/18-8 which using BNi-2 had little brittle phase, homogeneous microstructure.
The joint can meet the request of common load by Vickers-hardness and shear test, with BNi-2 had good high temperature performance as its high hardness, intensity and can bring into play Fe3Al alloy useable performance.
本课题以Fe3Al合金潜在的工程应用为背景,试验研究用钎焊方法将Fe3Al合金与普通高温耐热合金连接起来,探索将其优异的高温耐磨耐蚀性能叠加到普通高温耐热合金上,以充分发挥它们在性能上的优势互补。试验研究内容包括:真空钎焊与火焰钎焊试验,焊后热处理的影响;利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、万能拉伸试验机等测试手段,对焊接接头的微观组织结构、钎缝接头区的物相成份、显微硬度、接头剪切强度等进行分析。探讨Fe3Al合金与T91耐热钢、18-8不锈钢接头中产生宏观缺陷和微观缺陷的原因和预防措施。
研究结果表明:普通钎料对Fe3Al合金及高温合金具有良好的润湿性,用钎焊实现Fe3Al合金的连接是很有希望的途径,在焊接工艺参数选择合理的情况下,真空钎焊与火焰钎焊均可以得到较为完整的钎焊接头。
接头区域有明显的扩散反应区并且在Fe3Al合金一侧扩散区较宽;真空钎焊中采用铜基钎料钎焊时在Fe3Al合金一侧出现Cu的晶间扩散,在高温合金一侧能形成Cu-Fe固溶体,结合较好;采用银基钎料能得到良好的Fe3Al/T91接头,但该钎料对18-8不锈钢润湿较差;采用镍基钎料的接头区,钎料组元与母材发生深度的扩散反应,而且与18-8不锈钢之间的扩散程度更大,呈现了良好的冶金结合;对使用镍基钎料的Fe3Al/18-8接头,经过1000?C/1小时的扩散热处理后接头中脆硬相明显减少,组织较为均匀。
通过显微硬度及剪切试验,钎焊接头能满足通常载荷的工作要求,其中采用镍基钎料的接头有较高的硬度和强度,表明其具有较好的高温性能,能充分发挥Fe3Al合金的使用性能。
A wide attention on Fe3Al intermetallic compound were drawn for its special performance such as resisting wear, corrode, oxidation and sulfuration. Because its low-grade fusion welding performance, it is difficult to extend its application. Current research status of welding of Fe3Al alloy were summarized in this paper, including gas tungsten arc welding, electron beam welding, electric arc welding, bead welding, diffusion welding, brazing welding and so on.
Regarding potential engineering application of Fe3Al alloy as the background. It connected Fe3Al and high temperature heat-resistant alloy with brazing in the experiment, and probed into the resistance to wear, corrosion performance of Fe3Al adding to high temperature heat-resistant alloy, which adequately gave full play to their superiority. The gas brazing and vacuum brazing and the influence of heat treatment. The microstructure of joint was investigated with optical microscopy, Vickers-hardness was measured by Vickers. Mechanical properties were tested by standard tensile tests on small-scale specimens, and phase, chemical components were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The reason that causing macroscopical and microcosmic defects, and the prevention measure in the brazing process of joints were discussed.
The results show that the common solder have a good wettability, brazing is a hopeful method for welding Fe3Al alloy. The joints with good surface can be gained under proper matching of welding parameters in gas brazing and vacuum brazing.
The joints have a clear zone of diffusion reaction and larger in the Fe3Al alloy zone. The intergranular penetration of Cu appeared on one side of Fe3Al alloy when vacuum brazing used copper solder. Due to the formation of Cu-Fe sosoloid,its combination is better on the side of high temperature alloy. The joint of Fe3Al /T91 have good performance when using silver solder, but this solder is bad wettability for 18-8 stainless steel. In the joint of using BNi-2, the solder and the base metal took place deep diffusion reactivity, had good combined effect, the more diffusion level between solder and 18-8 stainless steel. After 1000 ?C, one hour’s diffusion treatment, the joint of Fe3Al/18-8 which using BNi-2 had little brittle phase, homogeneous microstructure.
The joint can meet the request of common load by Vickers-hardness and shear test, with BNi-2 had good high temperature performance as its high hardness, intensity and can bring into play Fe3Al alloy useable performance.
引文
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[2]陈国良,林均品著,有序金属间化合物结构材料物理金属学基础[M].冶金工业出版社1999:2-3
[3]李成功,姚熹等著.当代社会经济的先导—新材料[M].北京新华出版社,1992
[4]尹衍升,施忠良,刘俊友著.铁铝金属间化合物—合金化与成分设计[M].北京:机械工业出版,1996
[5]冶金工业部手册编写组,合金钢手册[M](第四册).北京:冶金工业出版社,1983
[6]钱昌黔著.耐热钢焊接[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1988
[7]杨玉玥,黄原定,孙祖庆. B2型Fe3Al基金属间化合物的高温氧化行为[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术,1994,6:143
[8]王永刚等. Fe3Al基合金耐腐蚀性能研究进展[J].材料科学与工程,1995,139(1)
[9] C.G.McKamey. IRON ALUMINDES.Edited by N.S.Stoloff and V.K.Sikka. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy DE-AC05-840R21400
[10]孙扬善. Fe3Al基金属间化合物的性能和应用前景[J].机械科学与技术,1997,15(3):33
[11]杨玉玥,黄原定,孙祖庆. B2型Fe3Al基金属间化合物的高温氧化行为[J],腐蚀科学与防护技术,1994,6:143
[12]陈国良,林均品著.有序金属间化合物结构材料物理金属学基础[M]冶金工业出版社1999:258-259
[13] Zhu Y F et al.Scr.Metall.,1996(35):14-35
[14]楼白杨等.Fe-Al金属间化合物的组织结构和力学性能[J].材料科学与工程,1995,13(2):19
[15]孙扬善,余新泉等.Fe3Al金属间化合物的研究[J].材料导报,2000,8:66
[16]谷飚,聂一凡. Fe3Al氢致开裂和应力腐蚀的TEM原位观察[J].金属学报, 1997,32(7):707
[17]刘毅,郦定强,林栋梁.金属间化合物Fe-Al超塑性变形中的位错特征[J].金属学报,1996,32(3):225
[18]万晓景,朱家红,黄胜标. Fe3Al与水汽及氢气的表面反应[J].金属学报,1955,31(4):181-185
[19]余瑞璜.固体与分子经验电子理论[J].科学通报,1978,23(3):217
[20] C.G.McKamey,J.A.Horton,C.T.Liu. Effect of Chromium on Properties of Fe3Al.J.Mater Res.,1989,4:1156
[21] U.Prakash,R.A. Buckly, H.Jones, In: L.A. Johnson,D.P.pope,J.O. Stieglereds. Hightemperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys.Pittsburgh, P A: Material Research Society,1991,213:393
[22]余兴泉,孙扬善,黄海波.扎制工艺对Fe3Al基合金组织及性能的影响[J].金属学报,1995,31(8):B368
[23]倪瑞澄,孙震.金属间化合物及其粉末冶金材料[J].粉末冶金术,1989,7(4):253
[24] C.G.Mckamey,J. Hdevan,P.E.Tortoreli,and V.K.Sikka. A review of recent developments in Fe3Al-based alloys. J Mater Res.,1991,6:1779
[25] Feng Xue,Yangshan Sun.Effect of tungsten addition on mechanical properties of Fe3Al-based alloys[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,1999,9(2):292-296
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