基于GIS的长江河口近期冲淤演变分析
|
摘要
长江河口是河流因子占主导作用的典型河口,长江源源不断的来沙是河口地区健康发展的物质基础。三峡工程的修建在一定程度上改变了下游水文情势,引起河口地区来水来沙条件的变化,从而对河口地区冲淤演变产生了影响。这一问题引起人们普遍关注,成为学术界和工程界研究的热点。本文对三峡工程修建前后长江河口的冲淤演变情况进行了研究。
本文将地理信息系统(GIS)和数字高程模型(DEM)引入到河口演变分析中,结合泥沙运动力学、工程水文学、海岸动力学方法对长江河口地区在三峡工程修建前后的冲淤演变进行研究。本文应用MapInfo地理信息系统软件对1981～2004年长江口地区30张海图进行数字化,在surfer8.0软件中分别建立长江口北支、南支以及南汇地区的数字高程模型。分别对北支、南支和南汇边滩的横向、纵向变化情况进行了分析,对各自的冲淤进行了定量的计算,获得地形冲淤变化的强度和空间分布,并探讨了长江口地区的冲淤演变对三峡工程引起的长江供沙量变化的响应情况。
分析认为,三峡工程对长江口北支河道及滩涂的影响基本不存在,对减缓北支倒灌南支有利。北支总体呈现淤积态势,受上段圈围等因素影响,北支累积性淤积的趋势不会改变。南支是长江入海主要通道,对三峡工程的响应较敏感,随着三峡工程初期蓄水,南支整体冲刷强烈,这对维持航道水深、河床稳定有利。但流域来沙量持续减少会使拦门沙区域整体淤积速率下降,将对河口的滩涂资源开发利用产生不利影响。南汇边滩总体向外淤涨,南汇东滩和南滩冲淤交替变化。受三峡工程的影响,南汇边滩近期淤积有所减缓。综上,三峡工程对河口地区冲淤的影响不容忽视。
The Yangtze estuary is a typical estuary where fluvial factors play dominant roles. Sediment from upstream is the basis of healthy development in estuary area. With the construction of the Three Gorges project, hydrological situation in lower reaches has changed in a certain degree, including the changes of the sediment condition in estuary, which leads to the influence of beach erosion and deposition. People are commonly attracted by this issue which becomes a hot spot within the academic and engineering realm. In this paper, the erosion and deposition condition before and after the Three Gorges Project is studied in order to make clear what the influence to Yangtze Rive estuary.
With the methods of sediment transport mechanics, engineering hydrology, coastal dynamics, GIS and DEM are leading into this paper to analyze the evolutional processes of the estuary which may be influenced by the Three Gorges Project. Furthermore, several pieces of charts of Yangtze Estuary from 1981 to 2004 are digitized with the help of Maplnfo, one kind of GIS software, and the digital elevation model of the Yangtze Estuary is established which includes north and south branch of the Yangtze River as well as Nanhuizui area by the means of surfer8.0. By comparing different series of topography data, scouring and sedimentation are calculated in a more accurate way. By analyzing the shift of the isobath and shore line, the evolution of typical cross section, a preliminary study of the response to the changes of upstream runoff and sediment are carried out, due to the effect of the construction of the Three Gorges Project.
According to the study, three Gorges project plays little effect on the north branch of the River, but may slowdown the down-draught from north branch to South Branch. Moreover, North Branch is presented in a depositing tendency and will keep on depositing by the enclosing sludge project. Meanwhile, South Branch is the main channel into the sea, which has a more sensitive response to the Three Gorges project. With the storage of the water in Three Gorges Project, the South Branch presents an overall erosion, which is benefit to maintain the stability of channel depth and riverbed. However, the decreasing of the sediment will slow down the deposition of the sediment in Yangtze estuary, which will cause an adverse effect to the development and utilization of the estuarine resources. Nanhui beach, on the whole, is silting up, and meantime erosion and deposition on east and south Nanhui tidal flat change alternately. Under the influenced of the Three Gorges Project, the deposition in Nanhui is slowing down. On the whole, the erosion and deposition in estuary district are greatly influenced by the Three Gorges Project and more researches are needed in the future.
本文将地理信息系统(GIS)和数字高程模型(DEM)引入到河口演变分析中,结合泥沙运动力学、工程水文学、海岸动力学方法对长江河口地区在三峡工程修建前后的冲淤演变进行研究。本文应用MapInfo地理信息系统软件对1981～2004年长江口地区30张海图进行数字化,在surfer8.0软件中分别建立长江口北支、南支以及南汇地区的数字高程模型。分别对北支、南支和南汇边滩的横向、纵向变化情况进行了分析,对各自的冲淤进行了定量的计算,获得地形冲淤变化的强度和空间分布,并探讨了长江口地区的冲淤演变对三峡工程引起的长江供沙量变化的响应情况。
分析认为,三峡工程对长江口北支河道及滩涂的影响基本不存在,对减缓北支倒灌南支有利。北支总体呈现淤积态势,受上段圈围等因素影响,北支累积性淤积的趋势不会改变。南支是长江入海主要通道,对三峡工程的响应较敏感,随着三峡工程初期蓄水,南支整体冲刷强烈,这对维持航道水深、河床稳定有利。但流域来沙量持续减少会使拦门沙区域整体淤积速率下降,将对河口的滩涂资源开发利用产生不利影响。南汇边滩总体向外淤涨,南汇东滩和南滩冲淤交替变化。受三峡工程的影响,南汇边滩近期淤积有所减缓。综上,三峡工程对河口地区冲淤的影响不容忽视。
The Yangtze estuary is a typical estuary where fluvial factors play dominant roles. Sediment from upstream is the basis of healthy development in estuary area. With the construction of the Three Gorges project, hydrological situation in lower reaches has changed in a certain degree, including the changes of the sediment condition in estuary, which leads to the influence of beach erosion and deposition. People are commonly attracted by this issue which becomes a hot spot within the academic and engineering realm. In this paper, the erosion and deposition condition before and after the Three Gorges Project is studied in order to make clear what the influence to Yangtze Rive estuary.
With the methods of sediment transport mechanics, engineering hydrology, coastal dynamics, GIS and DEM are leading into this paper to analyze the evolutional processes of the estuary which may be influenced by the Three Gorges Project. Furthermore, several pieces of charts of Yangtze Estuary from 1981 to 2004 are digitized with the help of Maplnfo, one kind of GIS software, and the digital elevation model of the Yangtze Estuary is established which includes north and south branch of the Yangtze River as well as Nanhuizui area by the means of surfer8.0. By comparing different series of topography data, scouring and sedimentation are calculated in a more accurate way. By analyzing the shift of the isobath and shore line, the evolution of typical cross section, a preliminary study of the response to the changes of upstream runoff and sediment are carried out, due to the effect of the construction of the Three Gorges Project.
According to the study, three Gorges project plays little effect on the north branch of the River, but may slowdown the down-draught from north branch to South Branch. Moreover, North Branch is presented in a depositing tendency and will keep on depositing by the enclosing sludge project. Meanwhile, South Branch is the main channel into the sea, which has a more sensitive response to the Three Gorges project. With the storage of the water in Three Gorges Project, the South Branch presents an overall erosion, which is benefit to maintain the stability of channel depth and riverbed. However, the decreasing of the sediment will slow down the deposition of the sediment in Yangtze estuary, which will cause an adverse effect to the development and utilization of the estuarine resources. Nanhui beach, on the whole, is silting up, and meantime erosion and deposition on east and south Nanhui tidal flat change alternately. Under the influenced of the Three Gorges Project, the deposition in Nanhui is slowing down. On the whole, the erosion and deposition in estuary district are greatly influenced by the Three Gorges Project and more researches are needed in the future.
引文
[1] Stanley D. J., Warne A. G Nile Delta: Recent Geological Evolution and Human Impact.Science, 1993,260(5108):628-634
[2] Smith L.M.,Winkley B. R. The response of the Lower Mississippi River to river engineering. Engineering Geology, 1996,45:433-455
[3] Stanley D.J. Nile delta: extreme case of sediment entrapment on a delta plain and consequent coastal land loss. Marine Geology, 1996,129:189-195
[4] Yang S.L., Zhao Q.Y., Belkin I.M. Temporal variation in the sediment load of the Yangtze River and the influences of human activities. Journal of Hydrology, 2002, 263:56-71
[5] Yang S.L., Shi Z.,Zhao H.Y., Li P., Dai S .B.,Gao A Effects of human activities on the Yangtze River suspended sediment flux into the estuary in the last century. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2004, 8(6): 1210-1216
[6] Stanley D.J. Subsidence in the Northeastern Nile Delta: Rapid Rates, Possible Causes and Consequences. Science, 1988, 240(4851):497-50
[7] Blodget H .W.,Taylor P.T.,Roark J.H. Shoreline changes along the Rosetta-Nile Promontory monitoring with satellite observations. Marine Geology, 1991, 99: 67-77
[8] Frihy O.E.,Komar P.D. Long-term shoreline changes and the concentration of heavy minerals in beach sands of the Nile Delta, Marine Geology, 1993, 115: 253-261
[9] Stanley D.J., Warne A. G Worldwide Initiation of Holocene Marine Deltas by Deceleration of Sea-Level Rise. Science, 1994,265(5169):228-231
[10] Stanley D J, Warme A G Nile delta in its destruction phase. Journal of Coastal Research, 1998,14(3): 794-825
[11] FANOS A M.The impacts of human activities on the erosion and accretion of the Nile Delta coast [J].Journal of Coastal Research, 1995, 11(3): 821-833
[12] Frihy O.E. Some proposals for coastal management of the Nile delta coast. Ocean and Coastal Management, 1996, 30(1):43-59
[13] Frihy O.E.,Dewidar K.M. Patterns of erosion/sedimentation, heavy mineral concentration and grain size to interpret Nile Delta, Egypt. Marine Geology, 2003, boundaries of littoral sub-cells of the 199:27-43
[14] CHEN Ji-yu, CHEN Shen-liang. Estuarine and coastal challenges in China [J].Chinenese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 20(2): 174-181.
[15] Keown P.E.,Dardeau Jr.E.A.,Causey E.A. ,Historic trends in the sediment flow regime of the Mississippi River. Water Resources Research, 1986, 22: 1546-1555
[16] Meade R.H.,Parker R.S. Sediment in rivers of the United States.National Water Survey 1984.U.S.Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper,1985,2275:49-60
[17] Kesel R.H. The decline in the suspended load of the Lower Mississippi River and its influence on adjacent wetlands.Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, 1988.11:271-281
[18]Kesel R.H.The role of the Mississippi River in wetland loss in Southeastern Louisiana,USA.Environmental Geology and Water Sciences,1989,13:183-193
[19]Gagliano S.,Meyer-Arendt K.,Wicker K.Land loss in the Mississippi River deltaic plain.Transactions-Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies,1981,31:295-300
[20]Day Jr.J.W.,Britsch L.D.,Hawes S.R.,Shaffer G.P.,Reed D.J.,Cahoon D.Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi delta:a spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat Estuary Research,2000,23:425-438
[21]Thomas H.E.,Effects of drought in the Colorado River Basin.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Prof Pap,1962(372-F):50pp
[22]Thompson K.R.,Characteristics of suspended-sediment in the San Juan River near Bluff Utah.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Water Resour.Invest.Rep.,1982(82-4104):21 pp
[23]Thompson K.R.,Annual suspended-sediment loads in the Colorado River near Cisco,Utah.1930-1982.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Water Resour.Invest.Rep.,1984a(85-4011):19pp
[24]Thompson K.R.,Annual suspended-sediment loads in the Green River at Green River,Utah.1930-1982.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Water Resour.Invest.Rep.,1984b(84-4169):17pp
[25]Meade R.H.and Parker R.S..Sediment in rivers of the United States.In:National Water Summary 1985.U.S.Geol.Surv.Water Supply Pap,1985(2275):49-60
[26]Grimshaw,D.L.and Lewin,J.,Reservoir effects on sediment yield.Journal of Hydrology,1980(47):163-171
[27]Kumar Santosh and Rastogi,R.A.,A conceptual catchment model for estimating Suspended sediment flow.Journal of Hydrology,1987(95):155-163
[28]Chakrapani G.J.and Subramanian V.,Factors controlling sediment discharge in the Mahanadi River basin,India.Joumal of Hydrology,1990(117):169-185
[29]Gregory,K.J.and Park,C.C.,Adjustment of fiver channel capacity downstream from a reservoir.Water resource research,1974(10):870-873
[30]陈西庆 重大工程与长江三角洲的水资源[J].科学.2003,Vol.55(4):41-45
[31]李从先,杨守业,范代读,赵娟.三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响[J].第四纪研究.2004.Vol.24(5):495-500
[32]王超俊,张鸣冬.三峡水库调度运行对长江口咸潮入侵的影响分析[J].人民长江.1994.Vol.25(4):44-48
[33]刘瑞玉,罗秉征.三峡工程对河口及邻近海域生态与环境的影响.长江三峡工程对生态与环境的影响及对策研究论文集.北京:科学出版社,1987.116-140
[34]方宗岱.三峡工程兴建将增加河口细沙的分析[J].泥沙研究1989,(1):78-81
[35]冯卫兵,王义刚.三峡工程对长江口岸的影响[J].河海大学学报,1995,23(5):14-19
[36]陈立,吴门伍,张俊勇.三峡工程蓄水运用对长江口径流来沙的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.2003,Vol.12(1):50-54
[37]杨世伦,朱骏,赵庆英.长江供沙量减少对水下三角洲发育影响的初步研究——近期证据分析和未来趋势估计[J].海洋学报.2003,Vol.25(5):27-29
[38]李明,杨世伦,李鹏,刘哲,戴仕宝,郜昂,张经.长江来沙锐减与海岸滩涂资源的 危机[J].地理学报.2006.Vol.61(3):282-288
[39]陈吉余,徐海根.三峡工程对长江河口的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.1995.Vol.4(3):242-246
[40]冯卫兵,王义刚.三峡工程对长江口岸滩的影响.河海大学学报.1995.Vol(23)5:14-19
[41]钮新强,徐建益,李玉中.长江水沙变化对河口水下沙洲发育影响的研究[J].人民长江,2005,36(8):73-76
[42]刘杰,乐嘉海,杨永获,郭文华.长江来沙减少对下游河口河床冲淤的影响——以黄浦江下游段为例.见:黄河水利科学研究院.第六届全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会论文集.河南郑州:黄河水利,2005.1352-1360
[43]虞志英,楼飞.长江口南汇嘴近岸海床近期演变分析——兼论长江流域来沙量变化的影响[J].海洋学报2004,Vol.26(3):48-53
[44]方子云,王超俊,袁弘任.论三峡工程对水库上游、江汉平原洪、涝、渍及长江河口生态环境的影响[J].环境科学与技术,1986(3)
[45]蒋固政.长江三峡水利枢纽与河口及近海鱼场关系初探[J].长江水资源保护,1986(5)
[46]长江水资源保护局上海站,长江水资源保护科研所.三峡工程不同蓄水位对河口生态环境的影响.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集,北京:水利电力出版社,1988
[47]曹欣中,于洪华.长江三峡工程水库流量调节对东海环境影响的初步探讨.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集.北京:水利电力出版社,1988
[48]宁祥葆.长江三峡工程对河口水文情况和水域环境的影响.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集.北京:水利电力出版社,1988
[49]陈国阶 三峡工程对生态与环境的影响和对策 中国科学院院刊1991,4期297-304
[50]姜翠玲,严以新.水利工程对长江河口生态环境的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.2003,Vol.12(6):547-551
[51]谭培论,汪红英.三峡工程对改善长江口咸潮入侵情势的分析.中国三峡建设,2004,5:29-31
[52]罗秉征、沈焕庭等.三峡工程与河口生态环境.科学出版社[M],1994
[53]沈志良.三峡工程对长江口海区营养盐分布变化影响的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1991,vol.22(6);540-546
[54]茅志昌、沈焕庭、 陈敏.三峡工程对长江河口溶解物含量影响的研究[J].海洋通报.1994.Vol.13(6):41-47
[55]曹勇,陈吉余,张二凤,陈沈良,曹卫承.三峡水库初期蓄水对长江口淡水资源的影响[J].水科学进展.2006.Vol.17(4):554-558
[56]沈焕庭,张超,茅志昌.长江入河口区水沙通量变化规律[J].海洋与湖沼,2000(3):288-294
[57]赵庆英,杨世伦,朱骏.长江入海水沙变化的回归分析[J].水文,2001(5):11-15
[58]万新宁,李九发等长江中下游水沙通量变化规律[J]泥沙研究,200 3(4):29-35
[59]王晓春,长江口径流、盐度及其关系的谱分析,硕士学位论文,1991
[60]王盼成,贺松林长江大通站水沙过程的基本特征上径流过程分析[J],华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)2004.(2):72-80
[61]应铭,李九发等.长江大通站输沙量时间序列分析研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005(1):83-87
[62]李义天,邓金运,孙昭华,黄颖.输沙量法和地形法计算螺山汉口河段淤积量比较[J].泥沙研究,2002,(4):20-24
[63]长江水利委员会水文局,长江防洪规划1966-1998年长江中下游干流河道断面地形法冲淤计算分析,2000
[64]Shreve R.L.,statistical law of stream numbers,Journal of Geology,Vol.74,1966,pp.17-37
[65]Shreve R.L.,Stream lengths and basin areas in topologically random channel networks,Journal of Geology,Vol.77,1969,pp.397-414
[66]Smart J.S.,Channel networks.In:Advance in Hydroscience(V.T.Chow ed.),Academic Press,New York,1972,pp.305-346
[67]赵庚星,张万清,李玉环等.GIS支持下的黄河口近期淤、蚀动态研究,地理科学,1999,Vol.5:442-445
[68]吴华林,沈焕庭,胡辉,等.GIS支持下的长江口拦门沙泥沙冲淤定量计算[J].海洋学报,2002,(3):84-93
[69]巩彩兰,恽才兴.应用地理信息系统研究长江口南港底沙运动规律[J].水利学报,2002,(4):18-22.
[70]王艳姣,张鹰,陈荣.基于GIS长江口北港河段冲淤变化的可视化分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2006.Vol34(2):223-226
[71]张艳杰.基于GIS的长江口北港冲淤演变规律的定量分析研究.海洋信息.2004.2:13-17
[72]李茂田,陈中原,李刚.从长江口南汇东滩冲淤变化探讨合理选择促淤造陆边界.长江流域资源与环境.2006.Vol13(4):365-369
[73]谢小平,付碧宏,王兆印,沈焕庭.基于数字化海图与多时相卫星遥感的长江口九段沙形成演化研究.第四纪研究.2006.Vol26(3):391-396
[74]陈荣,张鹰.基于数字高程模型的长江口北港多年槽蓄量变化及可视化研究.水运工程.2007.3:8-12
[75]褚忠信.三峡水库一期蓄水对长江泥沙的影响:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2006年
[76]李九发,等.上海市沿海滩涂土地资源圈围与潮滩发育演变分析.自然资源学报2007,vol22(3):361-371
[77]陈吉余,沈焕庭,恽才兴等著.长江河口动力过程和地貌演变[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988:1-5
[78]沈焕庭,茅志昌,朱建荣.长江河口盐水入侵[M].北京:海洋出版社,2003:175
[79]余文畴.长江河道演变与治理[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005
[80]陈吉余,王宝灿,虞志英,等.中国海岸发育过程和演变规律[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.114-119.
[81]恽才兴.长江河口近期演变基本规律[M].北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[82]胡辉,李身铎,潘定安,等长江口外海滨余流特征分析.见:长江河口动力过程和地貌 演变(陈吉余,沈焕庭等著).上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988:108-121
[83]张志忠.长江口细颗粒泥沙基本特性研究.泥沙研究.1996(1):67-72
[84]张志忠.长江口悬沙及其运移.海洋科学.1983(5):6-11
[85]陈吉余主编.上海市海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告.上海科学技术出版社,1988,15-111
[86]沈焕庭,等.长江河口物质通量[M],北京:海洋出版社,2001
[87]苏德源.上海滩涂开发利用的现状及规划[J].上海建设科技,2003(3):18-19
[88]《上海市滩涂资源开发利用规划》修编报告
[89]左书华,李九发.上海潮滩滩涂资源的合理开发与利用及可持续发展[J].海洋地质动态,2007,vol23(1):22-26
[90]陈基炜,梅安新,袁江红.从海岸滩涂变迁看上海滩涂土地资源的利用[J].上海地质,2005(1):18-21
[91]汤国安,赵牡丹,2000.地理信息系统.科学出版社,pp187
[92]张超主编,地理信息系统实习教程,高等教育出版社,2000,pp 391
[93]李志林,朱庆,数字高程模型,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001
[94]吴信才,等.地理信息系统原则与方法[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002.
[95]赵俊兰.Kriging法在GIS空间数据内插中的应用[J].有色金属,1998,(3):35-38.
[96]张长清,曹华.长江口北支河床演变趋势探析.人民长江.1998,29(2):32-34
[97]贾海林,刘苍字,杨欧.长江口北支沉积动力环境分析.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001(1).90-96。
[98]曹民雄,高正荣,胡金义。长江口北支水道水沙特性分析.人民长江.2003,vol34(12):34-37
[99]吉顺莉.长江口南汇边滩泥沙特性实验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007
[100]左书华,李蓓,杨华.南汇嘴边滩地形演变及其分析[J].水道港口.2007(2):108-112
[101]龙胜平,金庆祥.南汇——奉贤杭州湾北岸岸滩水下岸坡三维EOF分析[J].华东师范大学学报,1997(1):69-76
[102]陈沈良、谷国传、李玉中.南汇近岸水域近底层泥沙运动和边滩沉积[J].东海海洋,2003.21(4):15-23
[103]陈沈良.杭州湾口南汇咀近岸水域水沙特征与通量[J].海洋科学,2004.28(3):19-22
[104]陈沈良,谷国传.长江口南汇近岸水域悬沙沉降速度估算[J].泥沙研究,2003,(6):45-51
[105]陈吉余,陈沈良,丁平兴,等.长江口南汇咀近岸水域泥沙输移途径[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(2):166-172
[2] Smith L.M.,Winkley B. R. The response of the Lower Mississippi River to river engineering. Engineering Geology, 1996,45:433-455
[3] Stanley D.J. Nile delta: extreme case of sediment entrapment on a delta plain and consequent coastal land loss. Marine Geology, 1996,129:189-195
[4] Yang S.L., Zhao Q.Y., Belkin I.M. Temporal variation in the sediment load of the Yangtze River and the influences of human activities. Journal of Hydrology, 2002, 263:56-71
[5] Yang S.L., Shi Z.,Zhao H.Y., Li P., Dai S .B.,Gao A Effects of human activities on the Yangtze River suspended sediment flux into the estuary in the last century. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2004, 8(6): 1210-1216
[6] Stanley D.J. Subsidence in the Northeastern Nile Delta: Rapid Rates, Possible Causes and Consequences. Science, 1988, 240(4851):497-50
[7] Blodget H .W.,Taylor P.T.,Roark J.H. Shoreline changes along the Rosetta-Nile Promontory monitoring with satellite observations. Marine Geology, 1991, 99: 67-77
[8] Frihy O.E.,Komar P.D. Long-term shoreline changes and the concentration of heavy minerals in beach sands of the Nile Delta, Marine Geology, 1993, 115: 253-261
[9] Stanley D.J., Warne A. G Worldwide Initiation of Holocene Marine Deltas by Deceleration of Sea-Level Rise. Science, 1994,265(5169):228-231
[10] Stanley D J, Warme A G Nile delta in its destruction phase. Journal of Coastal Research, 1998,14(3): 794-825
[11] FANOS A M.The impacts of human activities on the erosion and accretion of the Nile Delta coast [J].Journal of Coastal Research, 1995, 11(3): 821-833
[12] Frihy O.E. Some proposals for coastal management of the Nile delta coast. Ocean and Coastal Management, 1996, 30(1):43-59
[13] Frihy O.E.,Dewidar K.M. Patterns of erosion/sedimentation, heavy mineral concentration and grain size to interpret Nile Delta, Egypt. Marine Geology, 2003, boundaries of littoral sub-cells of the 199:27-43
[14] CHEN Ji-yu, CHEN Shen-liang. Estuarine and coastal challenges in China [J].Chinenese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 20(2): 174-181.
[15] Keown P.E.,Dardeau Jr.E.A.,Causey E.A. ,Historic trends in the sediment flow regime of the Mississippi River. Water Resources Research, 1986, 22: 1546-1555
[16] Meade R.H.,Parker R.S. Sediment in rivers of the United States.National Water Survey 1984.U.S.Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper,1985,2275:49-60
[17] Kesel R.H. The decline in the suspended load of the Lower Mississippi River and its influence on adjacent wetlands.Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, 1988.11:271-281
[18]Kesel R.H.The role of the Mississippi River in wetland loss in Southeastern Louisiana,USA.Environmental Geology and Water Sciences,1989,13:183-193
[19]Gagliano S.,Meyer-Arendt K.,Wicker K.Land loss in the Mississippi River deltaic plain.Transactions-Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies,1981,31:295-300
[20]Day Jr.J.W.,Britsch L.D.,Hawes S.R.,Shaffer G.P.,Reed D.J.,Cahoon D.Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi delta:a spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat Estuary Research,2000,23:425-438
[21]Thomas H.E.,Effects of drought in the Colorado River Basin.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Prof Pap,1962(372-F):50pp
[22]Thompson K.R.,Characteristics of suspended-sediment in the San Juan River near Bluff Utah.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Water Resour.Invest.Rep.,1982(82-4104):21 pp
[23]Thompson K.R.,Annual suspended-sediment loads in the Colorado River near Cisco,Utah.1930-1982.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Water Resour.Invest.Rep.,1984a(85-4011):19pp
[24]Thompson K.R.,Annual suspended-sediment loads in the Green River at Green River,Utah.1930-1982.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Water Resour.Invest.Rep.,1984b(84-4169):17pp
[25]Meade R.H.and Parker R.S..Sediment in rivers of the United States.In:National Water Summary 1985.U.S.Geol.Surv.Water Supply Pap,1985(2275):49-60
[26]Grimshaw,D.L.and Lewin,J.,Reservoir effects on sediment yield.Journal of Hydrology,1980(47):163-171
[27]Kumar Santosh and Rastogi,R.A.,A conceptual catchment model for estimating Suspended sediment flow.Journal of Hydrology,1987(95):155-163
[28]Chakrapani G.J.and Subramanian V.,Factors controlling sediment discharge in the Mahanadi River basin,India.Joumal of Hydrology,1990(117):169-185
[29]Gregory,K.J.and Park,C.C.,Adjustment of fiver channel capacity downstream from a reservoir.Water resource research,1974(10):870-873
[30]陈西庆 重大工程与长江三角洲的水资源[J].科学.2003,Vol.55(4):41-45
[31]李从先,杨守业,范代读,赵娟.三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响[J].第四纪研究.2004.Vol.24(5):495-500
[32]王超俊,张鸣冬.三峡水库调度运行对长江口咸潮入侵的影响分析[J].人民长江.1994.Vol.25(4):44-48
[33]刘瑞玉,罗秉征.三峡工程对河口及邻近海域生态与环境的影响.长江三峡工程对生态与环境的影响及对策研究论文集.北京:科学出版社,1987.116-140
[34]方宗岱.三峡工程兴建将增加河口细沙的分析[J].泥沙研究1989,(1):78-81
[35]冯卫兵,王义刚.三峡工程对长江口岸的影响[J].河海大学学报,1995,23(5):14-19
[36]陈立,吴门伍,张俊勇.三峡工程蓄水运用对长江口径流来沙的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.2003,Vol.12(1):50-54
[37]杨世伦,朱骏,赵庆英.长江供沙量减少对水下三角洲发育影响的初步研究——近期证据分析和未来趋势估计[J].海洋学报.2003,Vol.25(5):27-29
[38]李明,杨世伦,李鹏,刘哲,戴仕宝,郜昂,张经.长江来沙锐减与海岸滩涂资源的 危机[J].地理学报.2006.Vol.61(3):282-288
[39]陈吉余,徐海根.三峡工程对长江河口的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.1995.Vol.4(3):242-246
[40]冯卫兵,王义刚.三峡工程对长江口岸滩的影响.河海大学学报.1995.Vol(23)5:14-19
[41]钮新强,徐建益,李玉中.长江水沙变化对河口水下沙洲发育影响的研究[J].人民长江,2005,36(8):73-76
[42]刘杰,乐嘉海,杨永获,郭文华.长江来沙减少对下游河口河床冲淤的影响——以黄浦江下游段为例.见:黄河水利科学研究院.第六届全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会论文集.河南郑州:黄河水利,2005.1352-1360
[43]虞志英,楼飞.长江口南汇嘴近岸海床近期演变分析——兼论长江流域来沙量变化的影响[J].海洋学报2004,Vol.26(3):48-53
[44]方子云,王超俊,袁弘任.论三峡工程对水库上游、江汉平原洪、涝、渍及长江河口生态环境的影响[J].环境科学与技术,1986(3)
[45]蒋固政.长江三峡水利枢纽与河口及近海鱼场关系初探[J].长江水资源保护,1986(5)
[46]长江水资源保护局上海站,长江水资源保护科研所.三峡工程不同蓄水位对河口生态环境的影响.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集,北京:水利电力出版社,1988
[47]曹欣中,于洪华.长江三峡工程水库流量调节对东海环境影响的初步探讨.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集.北京:水利电力出版社,1988
[48]宁祥葆.长江三峡工程对河口水文情况和水域环境的影响.长江三峡工程生态与环境影响文集.北京:水利电力出版社,1988
[49]陈国阶 三峡工程对生态与环境的影响和对策 中国科学院院刊1991,4期297-304
[50]姜翠玲,严以新.水利工程对长江河口生态环境的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境.2003,Vol.12(6):547-551
[51]谭培论,汪红英.三峡工程对改善长江口咸潮入侵情势的分析.中国三峡建设,2004,5:29-31
[52]罗秉征、沈焕庭等.三峡工程与河口生态环境.科学出版社[M],1994
[53]沈志良.三峡工程对长江口海区营养盐分布变化影响的研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1991,vol.22(6);540-546
[54]茅志昌、沈焕庭、 陈敏.三峡工程对长江河口溶解物含量影响的研究[J].海洋通报.1994.Vol.13(6):41-47
[55]曹勇,陈吉余,张二凤,陈沈良,曹卫承.三峡水库初期蓄水对长江口淡水资源的影响[J].水科学进展.2006.Vol.17(4):554-558
[56]沈焕庭,张超,茅志昌.长江入河口区水沙通量变化规律[J].海洋与湖沼,2000(3):288-294
[57]赵庆英,杨世伦,朱骏.长江入海水沙变化的回归分析[J].水文,2001(5):11-15
[58]万新宁,李九发等长江中下游水沙通量变化规律[J]泥沙研究,200 3(4):29-35
[59]王晓春,长江口径流、盐度及其关系的谱分析,硕士学位论文,1991
[60]王盼成,贺松林长江大通站水沙过程的基本特征上径流过程分析[J],华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)2004.(2):72-80
[61]应铭,李九发等.长江大通站输沙量时间序列分析研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005(1):83-87
[62]李义天,邓金运,孙昭华,黄颖.输沙量法和地形法计算螺山汉口河段淤积量比较[J].泥沙研究,2002,(4):20-24
[63]长江水利委员会水文局,长江防洪规划1966-1998年长江中下游干流河道断面地形法冲淤计算分析,2000
[64]Shreve R.L.,statistical law of stream numbers,Journal of Geology,Vol.74,1966,pp.17-37
[65]Shreve R.L.,Stream lengths and basin areas in topologically random channel networks,Journal of Geology,Vol.77,1969,pp.397-414
[66]Smart J.S.,Channel networks.In:Advance in Hydroscience(V.T.Chow ed.),Academic Press,New York,1972,pp.305-346
[67]赵庚星,张万清,李玉环等.GIS支持下的黄河口近期淤、蚀动态研究,地理科学,1999,Vol.5:442-445
[68]吴华林,沈焕庭,胡辉,等.GIS支持下的长江口拦门沙泥沙冲淤定量计算[J].海洋学报,2002,(3):84-93
[69]巩彩兰,恽才兴.应用地理信息系统研究长江口南港底沙运动规律[J].水利学报,2002,(4):18-22.
[70]王艳姣,张鹰,陈荣.基于GIS长江口北港河段冲淤变化的可视化分析[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版).2006.Vol34(2):223-226
[71]张艳杰.基于GIS的长江口北港冲淤演变规律的定量分析研究.海洋信息.2004.2:13-17
[72]李茂田,陈中原,李刚.从长江口南汇东滩冲淤变化探讨合理选择促淤造陆边界.长江流域资源与环境.2006.Vol13(4):365-369
[73]谢小平,付碧宏,王兆印,沈焕庭.基于数字化海图与多时相卫星遥感的长江口九段沙形成演化研究.第四纪研究.2006.Vol26(3):391-396
[74]陈荣,张鹰.基于数字高程模型的长江口北港多年槽蓄量变化及可视化研究.水运工程.2007.3:8-12
[75]褚忠信.三峡水库一期蓄水对长江泥沙的影响:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2006年
[76]李九发,等.上海市沿海滩涂土地资源圈围与潮滩发育演变分析.自然资源学报2007,vol22(3):361-371
[77]陈吉余,沈焕庭,恽才兴等著.长江河口动力过程和地貌演变[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988:1-5
[78]沈焕庭,茅志昌,朱建荣.长江河口盐水入侵[M].北京:海洋出版社,2003:175
[79]余文畴.长江河道演变与治理[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005
[80]陈吉余,王宝灿,虞志英,等.中国海岸发育过程和演变规律[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.114-119.
[81]恽才兴.长江河口近期演变基本规律[M].北京:海洋出版社,2004.
[82]胡辉,李身铎,潘定安,等长江口外海滨余流特征分析.见:长江河口动力过程和地貌 演变(陈吉余,沈焕庭等著).上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988:108-121
[83]张志忠.长江口细颗粒泥沙基本特性研究.泥沙研究.1996(1):67-72
[84]张志忠.长江口悬沙及其运移.海洋科学.1983(5):6-11
[85]陈吉余主编.上海市海岸带和海涂资源综合调查报告.上海科学技术出版社,1988,15-111
[86]沈焕庭,等.长江河口物质通量[M],北京:海洋出版社,2001
[87]苏德源.上海滩涂开发利用的现状及规划[J].上海建设科技,2003(3):18-19
[88]《上海市滩涂资源开发利用规划》修编报告
[89]左书华,李九发.上海潮滩滩涂资源的合理开发与利用及可持续发展[J].海洋地质动态,2007,vol23(1):22-26
[90]陈基炜,梅安新,袁江红.从海岸滩涂变迁看上海滩涂土地资源的利用[J].上海地质,2005(1):18-21
[91]汤国安,赵牡丹,2000.地理信息系统.科学出版社,pp187
[92]张超主编,地理信息系统实习教程,高等教育出版社,2000,pp 391
[93]李志林,朱庆,数字高程模型,武汉,武汉大学出版社,2001
[94]吴信才,等.地理信息系统原则与方法[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002.
[95]赵俊兰.Kriging法在GIS空间数据内插中的应用[J].有色金属,1998,(3):35-38.
[96]张长清,曹华.长江口北支河床演变趋势探析.人民长江.1998,29(2):32-34
[97]贾海林,刘苍字,杨欧.长江口北支沉积动力环境分析.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001(1).90-96。
[98]曹民雄,高正荣,胡金义。长江口北支水道水沙特性分析.人民长江.2003,vol34(12):34-37
[99]吉顺莉.长江口南汇边滩泥沙特性实验研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007
[100]左书华,李蓓,杨华.南汇嘴边滩地形演变及其分析[J].水道港口.2007(2):108-112
[101]龙胜平,金庆祥.南汇——奉贤杭州湾北岸岸滩水下岸坡三维EOF分析[J].华东师范大学学报,1997(1):69-76
[102]陈沈良、谷国传、李玉中.南汇近岸水域近底层泥沙运动和边滩沉积[J].东海海洋,2003.21(4):15-23
[103]陈沈良.杭州湾口南汇咀近岸水域水沙特征与通量[J].海洋科学,2004.28(3):19-22
[104]陈沈良,谷国传.长江口南汇近岸水域悬沙沉降速度估算[J].泥沙研究,2003,(6):45-51
[105]陈吉余,陈沈良,丁平兴,等.长江口南汇咀近岸水域泥沙输移途径[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(2):166-172