汉维多重定语语序对比研究
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摘要
多重定语是汉维语中都存在的一种句法结构类型。本文在梳理汉维语定语构成的基本情况后,通过对比,分析出两种语言在多重定语语序上的共同特征和个性差异,然后努力探寻制约这种语序的内在机制和动因,并将其放在世界语言范围的共性中进行探讨。
全文共分五部分:
第一部分“绪论”。确定本文的研究缘起,说明理论基础、研究方法、材料来源以及维语转写问题。
第二部分“汉维多重定语研究综析”。本章详细回顾了汉维语定语、多重定语的研究历程。可以看出汉语研究成果较为丰富,但描写语言现象的较多,解释现象成因的较少。维语相关研究很少,制约语序动因的研究更是无人涉及。因此汉维语多重定语的研究还有待于全面深入地展开。
第三部分“汉维多重定语语序的共同特征和个性差异”。本章梳理了汉维语定语的构成情况,指出汉维语定语都可以由名词、代词、动词、形容词、数词、象声词、主谓短语、述宾短语、偏正短语、联合短语、连谓短语、同位短语、方位短语、量词短语、固定短语和复句形式的短语充当。但同时汉语定语还可以由区别词、述补短语、兼语短语、介词短语、助词短语充当,而维语则不行。维语后置词短语能够充当定语,而汉语则没有后置词;虽然两种语言中动词都可以作定语,但维语动词词干不能直接修饰核心词,其非人称形式的形动词和动名词才可以作定语。汉语动词词干则可以直接充当定语;指示代词、疑问代词、数词作定语时,汉语通常要和量词结合,而维语中则可以直接修饰核心词;当名词、人称代词、形容词、谓词性短语作定语共现时,汉维语基本语序是:领属性定语(领属名词、人称代词、名词性短语)—谓词性短语—形容词—名词(属性定语)—核心词。但两种语言在多重定语语序中还存有差异:维语中数词、指示代词、确定代词位置固定,通常置于谓词性短语之内,而汉语中数词、指示代词位置则比较灵活,可以置于谓词性短语之内也可以置于谓词性短语之外。
第四部分“制约汉维多重定语语序的内在机制和动因”。本章分析了名词、形容词、代词、数词、短语、动词在多重定语中的分布规律及其动因,以及板块组合对语序的制约作用。文章指出,属性名词由于反映事物的本质属性,所以通常紧邻核心词,和核心词构成具有一定称谓性的下位范畴。领属性名词定语所指明确,无需其他限定,所以通常置于多重定语的最外层;形容词反映事物的特征和情状,但因带有一定的主观性而外于名词定语;人称代词一般充当领属定语,置于多重定语的最外层。指示代词和数词通常外于谓词性短语而内于形容词、属性名词;短语分为名词性短语和谓词性短语,名词性短语大多充当领属性定语,所以置于多重定语的最外层。谓词性短语则内于领属性定语而外于数词、指示代词、形容词和名词;动词以作谓语为常,作定语时可以和核心词构成一个下位范畴,由于表示功用,所以通常内于名词定语。维语动词词干不能直接修饰核心词,需要转变成形动词或动名词后才可以。当以形动词形式修饰核心词时,一般内于谓词性短语而外于名词。当以动名词形式修饰核心词时,表示属性时,内于名词,表示领属时,置于多重定语的最外层。通常情况下,各类定语与核心词语义越近,离核心词就越近,否则距离较远,而且需要带有一定的形式标记。
人们理解语言,是将词和词,词和短语组合成板块后进行的,核心起着制约各板块的作用。核心不同、板块组合不同,都会造成多重定语语序的相异。
本章通过汉维语多重定语语序的分析,验证了Seilor、Greenberg、Hawkins、唐正大等人提出的语言共性,可以看出汉维语多重定语语序符合世界语言范围内的共性特征。
第五部分“结论”。总结本文要点,提出尚未解决的问题。
The multiple modifiers are one of the syntactic construction categories existing both in Mandarin Chinese and Uygur languages. First, this thesis tries to make it clear about what might constitute the multiple modifiers in these two respective languages. Second, this thesis compares the positions of these constituents and analyzes their common and different characteristics. Based on the above findings, the thesis finally aims at exploring how and why the positions of these constituents are constrained themselves and whether they share the same characteristics and universals in this regard with that of other languages in the world.
There are altogether five parts in this thesis.
The first part is an introduction part, which explains the research background, theories, and methods, as well as data resources and Uygur language transfer in the international phonetic alphabet.
The second part is a review of relevant research on multiple modifiers in the Chinese and Uygur languages. In this chapter, on the basis of the former research about attributives and multiple modifiers in these two languages, this thesis finds that there are far more studies of that in the Chinese language than in Uygur. Even in the Chinese language, descriptions of language phenomena overweigh explanations, while in Uygur, the explanations on the positions of these modifiers are few. Therefore, it is necessary to make a comprehensive study of the multiple modifiers in Mandarin Chinese and Uygur languages.
The third part is a study of common characteristics and differences between the position and order of multiple modifiers in Chinese and Uygur languages. In the wide ranges of the previous research about the constitution of attributives, this thesis believes that the attributives in Chinese and Uygur languages is composed of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers and onomatopoeias. Besides the above mentioned parts of speech, the following different forms of phrases can also be used to construct the attributive, such as subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, modifier-center phrases, coordinate phrases, consecutive predicative phrases, appositive phrases, directional phrases, numeral-classifier phrases, set phrases, and complex sentence phrases. The differences between them include the several things. First, the distinctive pairs, verb-complement phrases, "V_1+N+V_2" phrases, prepositional phrases, particle phrases can only be used as attributives in Chinese language. Postpositional phrase can only be used as attributive in the Uygur language. In addition, verb stem can modify the head word in the Chinese language, while in Uygur language only non-personal forms of verbs such as past participles and gerunds can be used as attributives. When we see demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns and numerals being attributives, in Chinese, they can not directly modify the head word, and should be used together with classifiers; Nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives and predicate phrases function as the premodifiers together in a noun phrase. The basic order of these parts in both Chinese and Uygur language is: possessive attributives (possessive nouns, personal pronouns and noun phrases)—predicate phrases—adjectives—nouns (attributive adjectives)—head word. However, there are some differences between the position and order of the multiple modifiers in these two languages. In the Uygur language, the position and order of numerals, determinative pronouns and indefinite pronouns are always fixed within the predicate phrases. In the Chinese language, numerals and determinative pronouns can stay within or outside the predicate phrases.
The fourth part is a study of the internal mechanism and motivational factors constraining the position and order of multiple modifiers in Chinese and Uygur languages. By analyzing the positions of the nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, phrases and verbs in multiple modifiers, its motivation and the constraint of chunk combination to word order, the thesis gives the following explanations. Reflecting the essence of an object, attributive nouns usually neighbors head words and constitutes a subcategory to the head words. The denotation of possessive noun attributives is obvious, so they do not need to follow other infinite words and usually stay at the furthest position from the head word in multiple modifiers. Showing the characteristics and features of an object and being subjective, the position of adjectives is right ahead of nouns. Personal pronouns are commonly used as possessive attributives and are located in the outmost position. Numerals and determinative pronouns are usually followed by predicate phrases and follow adjectives and attributive nouns. Phrases are composed of predicate phrases and noun phrases. Most noun phrases belong to possessive nouns and therefore are in the outmost position of the multiple modifiers, while predicate phrases are closer to the head word than possessive attributives and more further than numerals, determinative pronouns, adjectives and nouns. Verbs are often used as predicates. When they function as attributives, they can form a subcategory to the head word and are closer to head word than noun adjectives. In the Uygur language, the verb stem can not directly modify the head word unless it is changed into the past participle and gerund. The past participles are usually closer than predicate phrases and further than nouns to the head word. The attributive gerunds are closer than nouns to the head word and the possessive gerunds are furthest than others in multiple modifiers to the head word. It is common that when attributives are closer to the head word in semantic meaning, it will be closer to the head word in position. Otherwise, it will be further and needs to be marked.
As we know, languages are understood through chunks of word-with-word or word-with- phrase. Since these chunks are constrained by the head word, the different head words will determine the different combination of chunks, which results in the differences of word position or order in multiple modifiers.
The findings of the thesis has proven to be in accordance with the implicational universals of languages raised by Greenberg and Hawkins, etc.. Just like other languages worldwide, the word position and order of multiple modifiers in both Chinese and Uygur language embodies the same language characteristics and universals.
The fifth part is the conclusion of the thesis, which concludes the main findings and raises the questions to be further studied.
全文共分五部分:
第一部分“绪论”。确定本文的研究缘起,说明理论基础、研究方法、材料来源以及维语转写问题。
第二部分“汉维多重定语研究综析”。本章详细回顾了汉维语定语、多重定语的研究历程。可以看出汉语研究成果较为丰富,但描写语言现象的较多,解释现象成因的较少。维语相关研究很少,制约语序动因的研究更是无人涉及。因此汉维语多重定语的研究还有待于全面深入地展开。
第三部分“汉维多重定语语序的共同特征和个性差异”。本章梳理了汉维语定语的构成情况,指出汉维语定语都可以由名词、代词、动词、形容词、数词、象声词、主谓短语、述宾短语、偏正短语、联合短语、连谓短语、同位短语、方位短语、量词短语、固定短语和复句形式的短语充当。但同时汉语定语还可以由区别词、述补短语、兼语短语、介词短语、助词短语充当,而维语则不行。维语后置词短语能够充当定语,而汉语则没有后置词;虽然两种语言中动词都可以作定语,但维语动词词干不能直接修饰核心词,其非人称形式的形动词和动名词才可以作定语。汉语动词词干则可以直接充当定语;指示代词、疑问代词、数词作定语时,汉语通常要和量词结合,而维语中则可以直接修饰核心词;当名词、人称代词、形容词、谓词性短语作定语共现时,汉维语基本语序是:领属性定语(领属名词、人称代词、名词性短语)—谓词性短语—形容词—名词(属性定语)—核心词。但两种语言在多重定语语序中还存有差异:维语中数词、指示代词、确定代词位置固定,通常置于谓词性短语之内,而汉语中数词、指示代词位置则比较灵活,可以置于谓词性短语之内也可以置于谓词性短语之外。
第四部分“制约汉维多重定语语序的内在机制和动因”。本章分析了名词、形容词、代词、数词、短语、动词在多重定语中的分布规律及其动因,以及板块组合对语序的制约作用。文章指出,属性名词由于反映事物的本质属性,所以通常紧邻核心词,和核心词构成具有一定称谓性的下位范畴。领属性名词定语所指明确,无需其他限定,所以通常置于多重定语的最外层;形容词反映事物的特征和情状,但因带有一定的主观性而外于名词定语;人称代词一般充当领属定语,置于多重定语的最外层。指示代词和数词通常外于谓词性短语而内于形容词、属性名词;短语分为名词性短语和谓词性短语,名词性短语大多充当领属性定语,所以置于多重定语的最外层。谓词性短语则内于领属性定语而外于数词、指示代词、形容词和名词;动词以作谓语为常,作定语时可以和核心词构成一个下位范畴,由于表示功用,所以通常内于名词定语。维语动词词干不能直接修饰核心词,需要转变成形动词或动名词后才可以。当以形动词形式修饰核心词时,一般内于谓词性短语而外于名词。当以动名词形式修饰核心词时,表示属性时,内于名词,表示领属时,置于多重定语的最外层。通常情况下,各类定语与核心词语义越近,离核心词就越近,否则距离较远,而且需要带有一定的形式标记。
人们理解语言,是将词和词,词和短语组合成板块后进行的,核心起着制约各板块的作用。核心不同、板块组合不同,都会造成多重定语语序的相异。
本章通过汉维语多重定语语序的分析,验证了Seilor、Greenberg、Hawkins、唐正大等人提出的语言共性,可以看出汉维语多重定语语序符合世界语言范围内的共性特征。
第五部分“结论”。总结本文要点,提出尚未解决的问题。
The multiple modifiers are one of the syntactic construction categories existing both in Mandarin Chinese and Uygur languages. First, this thesis tries to make it clear about what might constitute the multiple modifiers in these two respective languages. Second, this thesis compares the positions of these constituents and analyzes their common and different characteristics. Based on the above findings, the thesis finally aims at exploring how and why the positions of these constituents are constrained themselves and whether they share the same characteristics and universals in this regard with that of other languages in the world.
There are altogether five parts in this thesis.
The first part is an introduction part, which explains the research background, theories, and methods, as well as data resources and Uygur language transfer in the international phonetic alphabet.
The second part is a review of relevant research on multiple modifiers in the Chinese and Uygur languages. In this chapter, on the basis of the former research about attributives and multiple modifiers in these two languages, this thesis finds that there are far more studies of that in the Chinese language than in Uygur. Even in the Chinese language, descriptions of language phenomena overweigh explanations, while in Uygur, the explanations on the positions of these modifiers are few. Therefore, it is necessary to make a comprehensive study of the multiple modifiers in Mandarin Chinese and Uygur languages.
The third part is a study of common characteristics and differences between the position and order of multiple modifiers in Chinese and Uygur languages. In the wide ranges of the previous research about the constitution of attributives, this thesis believes that the attributives in Chinese and Uygur languages is composed of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers and onomatopoeias. Besides the above mentioned parts of speech, the following different forms of phrases can also be used to construct the attributive, such as subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, modifier-center phrases, coordinate phrases, consecutive predicative phrases, appositive phrases, directional phrases, numeral-classifier phrases, set phrases, and complex sentence phrases. The differences between them include the several things. First, the distinctive pairs, verb-complement phrases, "V_1+N+V_2" phrases, prepositional phrases, particle phrases can only be used as attributives in Chinese language. Postpositional phrase can only be used as attributive in the Uygur language. In addition, verb stem can modify the head word in the Chinese language, while in Uygur language only non-personal forms of verbs such as past participles and gerunds can be used as attributives. When we see demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns and numerals being attributives, in Chinese, they can not directly modify the head word, and should be used together with classifiers; Nouns, personal pronouns, adjectives and predicate phrases function as the premodifiers together in a noun phrase. The basic order of these parts in both Chinese and Uygur language is: possessive attributives (possessive nouns, personal pronouns and noun phrases)—predicate phrases—adjectives—nouns (attributive adjectives)—head word. However, there are some differences between the position and order of the multiple modifiers in these two languages. In the Uygur language, the position and order of numerals, determinative pronouns and indefinite pronouns are always fixed within the predicate phrases. In the Chinese language, numerals and determinative pronouns can stay within or outside the predicate phrases.
The fourth part is a study of the internal mechanism and motivational factors constraining the position and order of multiple modifiers in Chinese and Uygur languages. By analyzing the positions of the nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, phrases and verbs in multiple modifiers, its motivation and the constraint of chunk combination to word order, the thesis gives the following explanations. Reflecting the essence of an object, attributive nouns usually neighbors head words and constitutes a subcategory to the head words. The denotation of possessive noun attributives is obvious, so they do not need to follow other infinite words and usually stay at the furthest position from the head word in multiple modifiers. Showing the characteristics and features of an object and being subjective, the position of adjectives is right ahead of nouns. Personal pronouns are commonly used as possessive attributives and are located in the outmost position. Numerals and determinative pronouns are usually followed by predicate phrases and follow adjectives and attributive nouns. Phrases are composed of predicate phrases and noun phrases. Most noun phrases belong to possessive nouns and therefore are in the outmost position of the multiple modifiers, while predicate phrases are closer to the head word than possessive attributives and more further than numerals, determinative pronouns, adjectives and nouns. Verbs are often used as predicates. When they function as attributives, they can form a subcategory to the head word and are closer to head word than noun adjectives. In the Uygur language, the verb stem can not directly modify the head word unless it is changed into the past participle and gerund. The past participles are usually closer than predicate phrases and further than nouns to the head word. The attributive gerunds are closer than nouns to the head word and the possessive gerunds are furthest than others in multiple modifiers to the head word. It is common that when attributives are closer to the head word in semantic meaning, it will be closer to the head word in position. Otherwise, it will be further and needs to be marked.
As we know, languages are understood through chunks of word-with-word or word-with- phrase. Since these chunks are constrained by the head word, the different head words will determine the different combination of chunks, which results in the differences of word position or order in multiple modifiers.
The findings of the thesis has proven to be in accordance with the implicational universals of languages raised by Greenberg and Hawkins, etc.. Just like other languages worldwide, the word position and order of multiple modifiers in both Chinese and Uygur language embodies the same language characteristics and universals.
The fifth part is the conclusion of the thesis, which concludes the main findings and raises the questions to be further studied.
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