山东山旺中新世孢粉植物群及古气候和古生态研究
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摘要
本文对山旺中新世孢粉植物群进行了详细的研究。在22.95米厚的山旺硅
藻土剖面上系统地采集了130块孢粉样品，样品之间的采样距离为10-30厘
米。鉴定出孢粉类型111种。以此为基础，对山旺硅藻土沉积期间的古气候和
古生态进行了高分辨率定量的恢复和重建。
根据每种孢粉类型的生物地层信息，山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成的时代为
中中新世。这个年龄值也与同位素测年的结果16.78-14.11Ma，以及根据哺乳
动物划分的生物地层带MN4-MN5相一致。
运用共存分析法定量重建了山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成时的各项气候参数
的定量值。所包括的10个古气候参数值分别为：年平均温度（MAT）15.6-17.2
℃，最冷月平均温度（TCM）5.0-6.6℃，最热月平均温度（TWM）24.6-27.8℃
，温度的年较差（TD）20.5-25.5℃，年平均降雨量（MAP）1162-1308mm，
最热月份的平均降雨量（PwarmM）108-111mm，最湿月份的平均降雨量
（PwetM）148-180mm，最干月份的平均降雨量（PDM）16-59mm，最干及最
湿月份降雨量的差值（DP）81-153mm，平均相对湿度（RH）72-74％。共存分
析的结果表明，在整个22.95米厚的研究剖面上，从底部到顶部的古植物群形
成期间的古气候有一个轻微的波动，其中年平均温度的波动范围大约在3度左
右，最热月平均温度的波动范围在1度左右，最冷月平均温度的波动范围在4
度左右，年平均降雨量的波动范围在100毫米左右。
山旺中新世时的气候应属于Koppen’s的“Cfa”气候类型，与现今武汉与
芜湖地区的气候相似。与现代山旺地区气候上的区别主要在于年平均降雨量、
降雨量的分配，以及最冷月份的平均温度。
通过应用多元分析的方法，对山旺中新世时期的植被进行了重建。山旺中
新世时期的古植被为“混交中生林”，在研究剖面从底部到顶部的时间轴上，
“混交中生林”经历了“湿润环境下的混交中生林”，“干旱环境下的混交中生
林”，“湿润湖岸环境下的混交中生林”，“山地、湿润及碱性环境下的混交中生
林＼ 和“碱性环境下的混交中生林”等5个阶段的变化。山旺剖面所代表的
山旺湖周围的地形在断裂构造运动的控制下，也经历了一系列的变化。
The Shanwang palynoflora has been subjected to detailed systematic analysis,
documenting palynofloral compositions and distributions from the Shanwang basin.
This includes descriptions and ranges for the full range of sporomorph taxa present in
the studied section. This includes 130 closely spaced (10-30 cm) and stratigraphically
collected samples from the Shanwang profile that have allowed high resolution results
to be determined. The list of sporomorphs present includes 111 pollen and spore
taxa, their general stratigraphic occurrence and distribution throughout the Shanwang
profile as well as their nearest living relatives and their present day distributions.
According to the general stratigraphical occurrences of the sporomorph taxa
within the fossil bearing deposits, the sediments of the Shanwang Basin can be dated
as early Middle Miocene. This age is complimentary to radiometric data ranging
from 16.78-14.11 Ma, and Mammal biozones MN4-MN5.
Using the coexistence approach of Mosbrugger and Utescher quantitative
palaeoclimatic data has been obtained from the Shanwang biota for the first time.
This suggests stable climatic conditions persisted throughout the Shanwang profile.
Results indicate that the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) was between 15.6-17.2 0
C, that the mean Temperature of the Coldest Month (TCM) was between 5.0-6.6 0 C
and the mean Temperature of the Warmest Month (TWM) was between 24.6~27.80 C.
Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) has been determined in the range of 1162-1308
mm, with Precipitation of the warmest Month (PwarniM) being 108-11 1mm,
Precipitation in the Driest Month (PDM) being 16-59 mm and precipitation of 148-
180 mm occurring in the wettest month (PwetM?. Relative Humidity (RH) has been
calculated as 72-75 %. This also indicates that there is climate fluctuation between
high resolution pollen samples. It is up to 3 0 C for mean annual temperature, up to 4
V
Abstract
o C for temperature of the coldest month, up to 1 0 C for temperature of the
warmest month, up to 100mm for mean annual precipitation.
According to modem systems of climate classification the Shanwang Miocene
palaeoclimate is classified as Koppen?s 揅fa climate?type that demonstrates a warm,
humid and temperate climate. The climate difference between the early middle
Miocene Shanwang palaeoclimate and the present day climate of the Shanwang
region are mainly associated with significantly reduced levels of precipitation (mean
annual precipitation and rainfall distribution) and much colder mean temperatures in
the coldest month.
Using multivariate statistical analysis the palaeovegetation of the Shanwang
profile has been reconstructed. This indicates that the Shanwang Miocene vegetation
was a mixed mesophytic forest that experienced remarkably little change throughout
the studied section. Small scale changes in sporomorph composition suggest floral
changes in the vicinity of the Shanwang basin that are most likely related to Iocalised
changes in topography, and these may be fault controlled.
藻土剖面上系统地采集了130块孢粉样品，样品之间的采样距离为10-30厘
米。鉴定出孢粉类型111种。以此为基础，对山旺硅藻土沉积期间的古气候和
古生态进行了高分辨率定量的恢复和重建。
根据每种孢粉类型的生物地层信息，山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成的时代为
中中新世。这个年龄值也与同位素测年的结果16.78-14.11Ma，以及根据哺乳
动物划分的生物地层带MN4-MN5相一致。
运用共存分析法定量重建了山旺中新世孢粉植物群形成时的各项气候参数
的定量值。所包括的10个古气候参数值分别为：年平均温度（MAT）15.6-17.2
℃，最冷月平均温度（TCM）5.0-6.6℃，最热月平均温度（TWM）24.6-27.8℃
，温度的年较差（TD）20.5-25.5℃，年平均降雨量（MAP）1162-1308mm，
最热月份的平均降雨量（PwarmM）108-111mm，最湿月份的平均降雨量
（PwetM）148-180mm，最干月份的平均降雨量（PDM）16-59mm，最干及最
湿月份降雨量的差值（DP）81-153mm，平均相对湿度（RH）72-74％。共存分
析的结果表明，在整个22.95米厚的研究剖面上，从底部到顶部的古植物群形
成期间的古气候有一个轻微的波动，其中年平均温度的波动范围大约在3度左
右，最热月平均温度的波动范围在1度左右，最冷月平均温度的波动范围在4
度左右，年平均降雨量的波动范围在100毫米左右。
山旺中新世时的气候应属于Koppen’s的“Cfa”气候类型，与现今武汉与
芜湖地区的气候相似。与现代山旺地区气候上的区别主要在于年平均降雨量、
降雨量的分配，以及最冷月份的平均温度。
通过应用多元分析的方法，对山旺中新世时期的植被进行了重建。山旺中
新世时期的古植被为“混交中生林”，在研究剖面从底部到顶部的时间轴上，
“混交中生林”经历了“湿润环境下的混交中生林”，“干旱环境下的混交中生
林”，“湿润湖岸环境下的混交中生林”，“山地、湿润及碱性环境下的混交中生
林＼ 和“碱性环境下的混交中生林”等5个阶段的变化。山旺剖面所代表的
山旺湖周围的地形在断裂构造运动的控制下，也经历了一系列的变化。
The Shanwang palynoflora has been subjected to detailed systematic analysis,
documenting palynofloral compositions and distributions from the Shanwang basin.
This includes descriptions and ranges for the full range of sporomorph taxa present in
the studied section. This includes 130 closely spaced (10-30 cm) and stratigraphically
collected samples from the Shanwang profile that have allowed high resolution results
to be determined. The list of sporomorphs present includes 111 pollen and spore
taxa, their general stratigraphic occurrence and distribution throughout the Shanwang
profile as well as their nearest living relatives and their present day distributions.
According to the general stratigraphical occurrences of the sporomorph taxa
within the fossil bearing deposits, the sediments of the Shanwang Basin can be dated
as early Middle Miocene. This age is complimentary to radiometric data ranging
from 16.78-14.11 Ma, and Mammal biozones MN4-MN5.
Using the coexistence approach of Mosbrugger and Utescher quantitative
palaeoclimatic data has been obtained from the Shanwang biota for the first time.
This suggests stable climatic conditions persisted throughout the Shanwang profile.
Results indicate that the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) was between 15.6-17.2 0
C, that the mean Temperature of the Coldest Month (TCM) was between 5.0-6.6 0 C
and the mean Temperature of the Warmest Month (TWM) was between 24.6~27.80 C.
Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) has been determined in the range of 1162-1308
mm, with Precipitation of the warmest Month (PwarniM) being 108-11 1mm,
Precipitation in the Driest Month (PDM) being 16-59 mm and precipitation of 148-
180 mm occurring in the wettest month (PwetM?. Relative Humidity (RH) has been
calculated as 72-75 %. This also indicates that there is climate fluctuation between
high resolution pollen samples. It is up to 3 0 C for mean annual temperature, up to 4
V
Abstract
o C for temperature of the coldest month, up to 1 0 C for temperature of the
warmest month, up to 100mm for mean annual precipitation.
According to modem systems of climate classification the Shanwang Miocene
palaeoclimate is classified as Koppen?s 揅fa climate?type that demonstrates a warm,
humid and temperate climate. The climate difference between the early middle
Miocene Shanwang palaeoclimate and the present day climate of the Shanwang
region are mainly associated with significantly reduced levels of precipitation (mean
annual precipitation and rainfall distribution) and much colder mean temperatures in
the coldest month.
Using multivariate statistical analysis the palaeovegetation of the Shanwang
profile has been reconstructed. This indicates that the Shanwang Miocene vegetation
was a mixed mesophytic forest that experienced remarkably little change throughout
the studied section. Small scale changes in sporomorph composition suggest floral
changes in the vicinity of the Shanwang basin that are most likely related to Iocalised
changes in topography, and these may be fault controlled.
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