亚洲玉米螟滞育和生物学特性地理变异的研究
|
摘要
亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee)在中国从南到北均有分布,是中国玉米主要害虫,以幼虫蛀食茎秆和穗等,导致减产,并以老熟幼虫在秸秆内滞育越冬。本研究以亚洲玉米螟为材料,研究了其滞育及生物学特性的地理变异,结果分述如下：
1、亚洲玉米螟的滞育诱导和解除的地理变异
详细比较了来自6个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(海南乐东18.8°N,109.2°E,广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)的滞育诱导的光周期反应,临界光周期、敏感期和滞育持续期。结果表明：在所测试的温度,阳朔、南昌、泰安、廊坊和哈尔滨种群的光周期反应曲线均显示了典型的长日照型,滞育率随地理纬度的上升而逐渐增加,临界光周期随纬度的上升而逐渐延长,临界光周期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关关系。乐东种群在25-31℃几乎所有个体发育,没有光周期反应,仅在22℃显示了较弱的光周期反应。在25℃下,以4个短光照(12 h)在不同时期干扰以长光照(16 h)为背景或以4个长光照(16 h)在不同时期干扰以短光照(12 h)为背景的实验表明,诱导和抑制的滞育比率在不同地理种群间存在显著差异；但最高光敏感时期均出现在第3-4龄幼虫期。滞育持续期在不同地理种群间存在显著差异,最北的哈尔滨种群滞育持续期最长,其次泰安、廊坊和南昌,滞育持续期与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系
2、亚洲玉米螟不同地理种群暗期干扰的滞育反应
在研究了亚洲玉米螟南昌种群(28°41'N,115°53'E)和哈尔滨种群(44°56'N,127°10'E)光周期反应的基础上,在25和28℃测试了1h的光脉冲干扰光周期L9：D15和L12：D12对这两个不同地理种群幼虫滞育抑制的影响。结果表明：在25和28℃下,哈尔滨种群的临界日长分别比南昌种群延长了1h40min和2h；在所有测试的暗期干扰实验中,除了极少数光脉冲干扰点外,南昌种群幼虫滞育的发生率显著低于哈尔滨种群；1h光脉冲干扰光周期L9：D15的滞育发生率明显低于干扰光周期L12：D12,且前者表现了暗期的中间对光脉冲最敏感,而后者显示了暗期的初期对光脉冲最敏感；28°C下光脉冲对滞育的抑制效果强于25℃。这些结果进一步提示了,即使在同种昆虫中,如果地理种群和实验条件不同,暗期干扰对滞育抑制的效果也可能不同。
3、亚洲玉米螟发育历期的地理变异
详细比较了来自5个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)在20-31℃下卵、幼虫、蛹发育历期与其栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明：不同温度下的不同地理种群的卵期不存在显著差异,卵期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关。在22、25和28℃下,不同地理种群的幼虫期存在显著差异,幼虫期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关；在20和31℃下,不同地理种群的幼虫期不存在显著差异,幼虫期与其栖息地纬度呈负相关。除31。C外,不同地理种群的蛹期存在显著差异,蛹期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关。这些结果揭示了即使在同一种类昆虫中,不同实验条件,其各个虫态发育历期的地理变异也可能不同。
4、亚洲玉米螟发育起点温度和有效积温的地理变异
详细比较了来自5个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)的卵、幼虫、蛹发育起点温度和有效积温及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明：(1)卵的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北依次为8.50、9.24、9.18、10.02和9.96℃；有效积温则与栖息地纬度呈负相关关系,从南到北依次为79.27、76.19、77.96、73.37和75.32日度。(2)雌幼虫的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北,雌幼虫依次为6.71、9.85、9.81、10.82和7.83℃,雄幼虫的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈负相关关系,从南到北,雄幼虫依次为11.80、11.90、10.81、12.43和9.59℃；雌雄幼虫的有效积温则均与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北,雌幼虫依次为480.49、440.16、450.82、397.32和591.54日度,雄幼虫依次为370.86、378.73、418.20、346.10和532.93日度。(3)雌雄蛹的发育起点温度均与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北,雌蛹依次为10.95、12.02、11.74、11.97和11.62℃,雄蛹依次为11.25、11.93、12.01、11.97和12.61℃；雌雄蛹的有效积温均与栖息地纬度呈正相关,从南到北,雌蛹依次为111.17、107.36、111.23、106.32和114.98日度,雄蛹依次为108.58、106.84、107.45、108.01和109.46日度。实验结果揭示了亚洲玉米螟的发育起点温度和有效积温的存在地理变异现象,但变异程度因虫态不同而异。
5、亚洲玉米螟繁殖力的地理变异
详细比较了来自5个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(海南乐东18.8°N,109.2°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)成虫寿命、产卵历期、产卵量,并分析了成虫寿命、产卵历期、产卵量与栖息地纬度的关系。雌雄成虫寿命随纬度升高而延长(雌虫寿命从10.20 d延长到16.40 d；雄虫寿命从8.35延长到14.30 d)。产卵历期随纬度升高而延长,产卵量随纬度升高而增大,从低纬度到高纬度,产卵历期分别为7.45,10.45,11.90,10.62,13.15 d,产卵量分别为351.55,500.09,522.90,546.76,577.95粒。本结果首次揭示了亚洲玉米螟繁殖略策的地理变异。
6、亚洲玉米螟体重和体型的地理变异
详细比较了来自4个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(海南乐东18.8°N,109.2°E,广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E和河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E)的体重、体型大小及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明：不同地理种群的亚洲玉米螟卵重随纬度的升高而逐渐增大,符合贝格曼法则(Bergmann's law),而雌雄蛹重及成虫体长、后足腿节长和前翅长均随纬度的升高而逐渐减小,符合反贝格曼法则(Converse Bergmann's law)。雌虫的前翅显著长于雄虫,其性体型二型性符合任希法贝(?)(Rensch'srule),即在雌虫体型较大的种群中,雄虫前翅比雌虫前翅增长幅度相对较大。本文结果进一步揭示了即使在同一种类昆虫中,其各个虫态体重和体型的地理变异也可能不同。
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Crambidae), is widely distributed from south to north in China and is a major pest of corn, Zea mays L. The Asian corn borers damage corn by boring into stem and fringe. The borers are full-grown by fall, but remain in their host plants over the winter. In this thesis, we investigated geographic variation in diapause and biological characteristics of the Asian corn borer. The results are as follows.
1. Geographic variation in the induction and termination of diapause in the Asian corn borer
The photoperiodic response, the critical photoperiod, sensitive stage to photoperiod and diapause termination of the Asian corn borer from six different latitudes:Ledong (LD), Hainan, (18.8°N,109.2°E); Yangshuo (YS), Guangxi, (24.8°N,110.5°E); Nanchang (NC), Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Taian (TA), Shandong (36.2°N,117.1°E); Langfang (LF), Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E); Haerbin (HEB), Heilongjiang (44.9°N,127.2°E) were investigated. The results indicated that the photoperiodic response curves showed a typical long day response in YS, NC, TA, LF and HEB populations at all temperatures tested. The incidence of diapause increased with latitude. The critical photoperiod prolonged with the increase in latitude and was positively correlated with latitude. Nearly all individuals in LD population develop without diapause at 25,28 and 31℃. However, LD population showed a weak photoperiodic response at 22℃. When the diapause-averting photoperiod of L16:D 8 was interrupted by 4 short days at 25℃or when the diapause-inducing photoperiod of L12: D12 was interrupted by 4 long days, there were significant differences in the incidence of diapause among different populations. However, all populations showed that the L3-L4 larvae were the stages most sensitive to the photoperiod. The duration of diapause was significantly different among different populations. The duration of diapause in HEB was longest, followed by TA, LF and NC populations. The duration of diapause was positively correlated with latitude.
2. Diapause response of night-interruption in two different geographic populations of the Asian corn borer
The photoperiodic response and effects of night-interruption experiments, in which the scotophases of L9:D15 and L12:D12 were interrupted by 1 h light pulse, on diapause-averting, were investigated at 25 and 28℃in Nanchang (28°41′N,115°53′E) and Haerbin (44°56′N,127°10′E) populations of O. furnacalis. The results showed that the critical daylength in Haerbin population at 25 and 28℃was 1h 40 min and 2 h longer than that in Nanchang population, respectively. At all night-interruption experiments, the incidences of diapause in almost all positions of light pulse in Nanchang population were significantly lower than that in Haerbin population. When the light pulse was used to interrupt L9:D15 and L12:D12, the incidence of diapause was lower in L9:D15 than that in L12:12. Furthermore, the most highly photo-sensitive position occurred in the middle of scotophase at L9:D15, whereas the most highly photo-sensitive position occurred in the early scotophase at 25℃. The effect of the light pulse on diapause-averting at 28℃was greater than that at 25℃. Our results further suggest that effect of night-interruption on diapause-averting may be different even in the same species depending on different geographic populations and the experimental conditions.
3. Geographic variation in developmental duration of the Asian corn borer
The developmental duration of egg, larva and pupa of the Asian corn borer from five different latitude (Yangshuo, Guangxi,24.8°N,110.5°E; Nanchang, Jiangxi,28.8°N, 115.9°E; Taian, Shandong,36.2°N,117.1°E; Langfang, Hebei,39.5°N,116.7°E; Haerbin, Heilongjiang,44.9°N,127.2°E) were compared at 20-25℃. And then the relationship between egg duration, larval duration, pupal duration and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated that there were not significant differences in egg durations among the different latitudes at different temperatures and the egg duration was positively correlated with latitude. There were significant differences in larval durations among different latitudes at 22,25 and 28℃, and the larval duration was positively correlated with latitude. However, the larval duration was not significantly different at 20 and 31℃, and there were negative correlations between the larval duration and latitude. There were significant differences in pupal durations among different latitudes except 31℃and there were positive correlations between the pupal duration and latitude. These results further suggest that the geographic variation in developmental duration may be different in different stage and different experimental conditions in the same specie of insects.
4. Geographic variation in lower development threshold and sum of effective temperatures of the Asian corn borer
The LDT and SET of egg, larva and pupa of the ACB from five different latitudes: Yangshuo, Guangxi, (24.8°N,110.5°E); Nanchang, Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Taian, Shandong (36.2°N,117.1°E); Langfang, Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E); Haerbin, Heilongjiang (44.9°N,127.2°E) were compared. And then the relationship between LDT/SET and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated:(1) The LDT increased with increasing latitude. form south to north, the LDT is 8.50、9.24、9.18、10.02 and 9.96℃, respectively; while the SET decreased with increasing latitude, form south to north, the SET is 79.27、76.19、77.96、73.37 and 75.32 day-degrees (dd), respectively. (2) The LDT of female larvae increased with increasing latitude and The LDT of male larvae decreased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the LDT of female larvae is 6.71、9.85、9.81、10.82 and 7.83℃, respectively; and the LDT of male larvae is 11.80、11.90、10.81、12.43 and 9.59℃, respectively, while the SET of female and male larvae increased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the SET of female larvae is 480.49、440.16、450.82、397.32 and 591.54 dd, respectively, and the SET of male larvae is 370.86、378.73、418.20、346.10 and 532.93 dd, respectively. (3) the LDT of female and male pupae increased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the LDT of female pupae is 10.95、12.02、11.74、11.97 and 11.62℃, respectively, and the LDT of male larvae is 11.25、11.93、12.01、11.97 and 12.61℃, respectively, while the SET of female and male larvae also increased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the SET of female larvae is 111.17、107.36、111.23、106.32 and 114.98 dd, respectively, and the SET of male larvae is 108.58、106.84、107.45.108.01 and 109.46 dd, respectively. These results indicated the LDT and SET of the ACB varied from populations, while the variation extent differed by stages.
5. Geographic variation in fecundity of the Asian corn borer
The longevity of adult, oviposition period and egg-production of the Asian corn borer from five different latitudes:Ledong, Hainan (18.8°N,109.2°E); Nanchang, Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Taian, Shandong (36.2°N,117.1°E); Langfang, Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E) and Haerbin, Heilongjiang (44.9°N,127.2°E) were compared. The relationship between longevity, oviposition period, egg-production and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated that the longevity of female and male gradually increased with latitude (from 10.20 to 16.40 d for female; from 8.35 to 13.30 d for male). Both oviposition period and egg-production also increased with latitude. From low latitude to high latitude, the oviposition period was 7.45,10.45,11.90,10.62,13.15 d, and the egg-production was 351.55,500.09,522.90,546.76,577.95 eggs, respectively. This result first reveals the geographic variation in reproductive tactics of O. furnacalis.
6. Geographic variation in body weight and size of the Asian corn borer
The body weight and body size of the Asian corn borer from four different latitudes: Ledong, Hainan (18.8°N,109.2°E); Yangshuo, Guangxi, (24.8°N,110.5°E); Nanchang, Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Langfang, Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E) were compared. And then the relationship between body weight, body size and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated that egg weight of the Asian corn borer gradually increased with an increase in latitude that followed Bergmann's law, whereas the pupal weight, body length, hind femur length and fore wing length for both female and male gradually increased with an increase in latitude that followed Converse Bergmann's law. Fore wing length of the female is significantly longer than that of the male in the four geographic populations and the sexual size dimorphism followed the Rensch's rule, with the fore wing length of males relatively larger compared to that of females in populations with large body size. These results further suggest that the geographic variation in body weight and size may be different in different stage in the same specie of insects.
1、亚洲玉米螟的滞育诱导和解除的地理变异
详细比较了来自6个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(海南乐东18.8°N,109.2°E,广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)的滞育诱导的光周期反应,临界光周期、敏感期和滞育持续期。结果表明：在所测试的温度,阳朔、南昌、泰安、廊坊和哈尔滨种群的光周期反应曲线均显示了典型的长日照型,滞育率随地理纬度的上升而逐渐增加,临界光周期随纬度的上升而逐渐延长,临界光周期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关关系。乐东种群在25-31℃几乎所有个体发育,没有光周期反应,仅在22℃显示了较弱的光周期反应。在25℃下,以4个短光照(12 h)在不同时期干扰以长光照(16 h)为背景或以4个长光照(16 h)在不同时期干扰以短光照(12 h)为背景的实验表明,诱导和抑制的滞育比率在不同地理种群间存在显著差异；但最高光敏感时期均出现在第3-4龄幼虫期。滞育持续期在不同地理种群间存在显著差异,最北的哈尔滨种群滞育持续期最长,其次泰安、廊坊和南昌,滞育持续期与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系
2、亚洲玉米螟不同地理种群暗期干扰的滞育反应
在研究了亚洲玉米螟南昌种群(28°41'N,115°53'E)和哈尔滨种群(44°56'N,127°10'E)光周期反应的基础上,在25和28℃测试了1h的光脉冲干扰光周期L9：D15和L12：D12对这两个不同地理种群幼虫滞育抑制的影响。结果表明：在25和28℃下,哈尔滨种群的临界日长分别比南昌种群延长了1h40min和2h；在所有测试的暗期干扰实验中,除了极少数光脉冲干扰点外,南昌种群幼虫滞育的发生率显著低于哈尔滨种群；1h光脉冲干扰光周期L9：D15的滞育发生率明显低于干扰光周期L12：D12,且前者表现了暗期的中间对光脉冲最敏感,而后者显示了暗期的初期对光脉冲最敏感；28°C下光脉冲对滞育的抑制效果强于25℃。这些结果进一步提示了,即使在同种昆虫中,如果地理种群和实验条件不同,暗期干扰对滞育抑制的效果也可能不同。
3、亚洲玉米螟发育历期的地理变异
详细比较了来自5个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)在20-31℃下卵、幼虫、蛹发育历期与其栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明：不同温度下的不同地理种群的卵期不存在显著差异,卵期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关。在22、25和28℃下,不同地理种群的幼虫期存在显著差异,幼虫期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关；在20和31℃下,不同地理种群的幼虫期不存在显著差异,幼虫期与其栖息地纬度呈负相关。除31。C外,不同地理种群的蛹期存在显著差异,蛹期与其栖息地纬度呈正相关。这些结果揭示了即使在同一种类昆虫中,不同实验条件,其各个虫态发育历期的地理变异也可能不同。
4、亚洲玉米螟发育起点温度和有效积温的地理变异
详细比较了来自5个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)的卵、幼虫、蛹发育起点温度和有效积温及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明：(1)卵的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北依次为8.50、9.24、9.18、10.02和9.96℃；有效积温则与栖息地纬度呈负相关关系,从南到北依次为79.27、76.19、77.96、73.37和75.32日度。(2)雌幼虫的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北,雌幼虫依次为6.71、9.85、9.81、10.82和7.83℃,雄幼虫的发育起点温度与栖息地纬度呈负相关关系,从南到北,雄幼虫依次为11.80、11.90、10.81、12.43和9.59℃；雌雄幼虫的有效积温则均与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北,雌幼虫依次为480.49、440.16、450.82、397.32和591.54日度,雄幼虫依次为370.86、378.73、418.20、346.10和532.93日度。(3)雌雄蛹的发育起点温度均与栖息地纬度呈正相关关系,从南到北,雌蛹依次为10.95、12.02、11.74、11.97和11.62℃,雄蛹依次为11.25、11.93、12.01、11.97和12.61℃；雌雄蛹的有效积温均与栖息地纬度呈正相关,从南到北,雌蛹依次为111.17、107.36、111.23、106.32和114.98日度,雄蛹依次为108.58、106.84、107.45、108.01和109.46日度。实验结果揭示了亚洲玉米螟的发育起点温度和有效积温的存在地理变异现象,但变异程度因虫态不同而异。
5、亚洲玉米螟繁殖力的地理变异
详细比较了来自5个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(海南乐东18.8°N,109.2°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E,山东泰安36.2°N,117.1°E,河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E和黑龙江哈尔滨44.9°N,127.2°E)成虫寿命、产卵历期、产卵量,并分析了成虫寿命、产卵历期、产卵量与栖息地纬度的关系。雌雄成虫寿命随纬度升高而延长(雌虫寿命从10.20 d延长到16.40 d；雄虫寿命从8.35延长到14.30 d)。产卵历期随纬度升高而延长,产卵量随纬度升高而增大,从低纬度到高纬度,产卵历期分别为7.45,10.45,11.90,10.62,13.15 d,产卵量分别为351.55,500.09,522.90,546.76,577.95粒。本结果首次揭示了亚洲玉米螟繁殖略策的地理变异。
6、亚洲玉米螟体重和体型的地理变异
详细比较了来自4个不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟(海南乐东18.8°N,109.2°E,广西阳朔24.8°N,110.5°E,江西南昌28.8°N,115.9°E和河北廊坊39.5°N,116.7°E)的体重、体型大小及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明：不同地理种群的亚洲玉米螟卵重随纬度的升高而逐渐增大,符合贝格曼法则(Bergmann's law),而雌雄蛹重及成虫体长、后足腿节长和前翅长均随纬度的升高而逐渐减小,符合反贝格曼法则(Converse Bergmann's law)。雌虫的前翅显著长于雄虫,其性体型二型性符合任希法贝(?)(Rensch'srule),即在雌虫体型较大的种群中,雄虫前翅比雌虫前翅增长幅度相对较大。本文结果进一步揭示了即使在同一种类昆虫中,其各个虫态体重和体型的地理变异也可能不同。
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Crambidae), is widely distributed from south to north in China and is a major pest of corn, Zea mays L. The Asian corn borers damage corn by boring into stem and fringe. The borers are full-grown by fall, but remain in their host plants over the winter. In this thesis, we investigated geographic variation in diapause and biological characteristics of the Asian corn borer. The results are as follows.
1. Geographic variation in the induction and termination of diapause in the Asian corn borer
The photoperiodic response, the critical photoperiod, sensitive stage to photoperiod and diapause termination of the Asian corn borer from six different latitudes:Ledong (LD), Hainan, (18.8°N,109.2°E); Yangshuo (YS), Guangxi, (24.8°N,110.5°E); Nanchang (NC), Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Taian (TA), Shandong (36.2°N,117.1°E); Langfang (LF), Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E); Haerbin (HEB), Heilongjiang (44.9°N,127.2°E) were investigated. The results indicated that the photoperiodic response curves showed a typical long day response in YS, NC, TA, LF and HEB populations at all temperatures tested. The incidence of diapause increased with latitude. The critical photoperiod prolonged with the increase in latitude and was positively correlated with latitude. Nearly all individuals in LD population develop without diapause at 25,28 and 31℃. However, LD population showed a weak photoperiodic response at 22℃. When the diapause-averting photoperiod of L16:D 8 was interrupted by 4 short days at 25℃or when the diapause-inducing photoperiod of L12: D12 was interrupted by 4 long days, there were significant differences in the incidence of diapause among different populations. However, all populations showed that the L3-L4 larvae were the stages most sensitive to the photoperiod. The duration of diapause was significantly different among different populations. The duration of diapause in HEB was longest, followed by TA, LF and NC populations. The duration of diapause was positively correlated with latitude.
2. Diapause response of night-interruption in two different geographic populations of the Asian corn borer
The photoperiodic response and effects of night-interruption experiments, in which the scotophases of L9:D15 and L12:D12 were interrupted by 1 h light pulse, on diapause-averting, were investigated at 25 and 28℃in Nanchang (28°41′N,115°53′E) and Haerbin (44°56′N,127°10′E) populations of O. furnacalis. The results showed that the critical daylength in Haerbin population at 25 and 28℃was 1h 40 min and 2 h longer than that in Nanchang population, respectively. At all night-interruption experiments, the incidences of diapause in almost all positions of light pulse in Nanchang population were significantly lower than that in Haerbin population. When the light pulse was used to interrupt L9:D15 and L12:D12, the incidence of diapause was lower in L9:D15 than that in L12:12. Furthermore, the most highly photo-sensitive position occurred in the middle of scotophase at L9:D15, whereas the most highly photo-sensitive position occurred in the early scotophase at 25℃. The effect of the light pulse on diapause-averting at 28℃was greater than that at 25℃. Our results further suggest that effect of night-interruption on diapause-averting may be different even in the same species depending on different geographic populations and the experimental conditions.
3. Geographic variation in developmental duration of the Asian corn borer
The developmental duration of egg, larva and pupa of the Asian corn borer from five different latitude (Yangshuo, Guangxi,24.8°N,110.5°E; Nanchang, Jiangxi,28.8°N, 115.9°E; Taian, Shandong,36.2°N,117.1°E; Langfang, Hebei,39.5°N,116.7°E; Haerbin, Heilongjiang,44.9°N,127.2°E) were compared at 20-25℃. And then the relationship between egg duration, larval duration, pupal duration and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated that there were not significant differences in egg durations among the different latitudes at different temperatures and the egg duration was positively correlated with latitude. There were significant differences in larval durations among different latitudes at 22,25 and 28℃, and the larval duration was positively correlated with latitude. However, the larval duration was not significantly different at 20 and 31℃, and there were negative correlations between the larval duration and latitude. There were significant differences in pupal durations among different latitudes except 31℃and there were positive correlations between the pupal duration and latitude. These results further suggest that the geographic variation in developmental duration may be different in different stage and different experimental conditions in the same specie of insects.
4. Geographic variation in lower development threshold and sum of effective temperatures of the Asian corn borer
The LDT and SET of egg, larva and pupa of the ACB from five different latitudes: Yangshuo, Guangxi, (24.8°N,110.5°E); Nanchang, Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Taian, Shandong (36.2°N,117.1°E); Langfang, Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E); Haerbin, Heilongjiang (44.9°N,127.2°E) were compared. And then the relationship between LDT/SET and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated:(1) The LDT increased with increasing latitude. form south to north, the LDT is 8.50、9.24、9.18、10.02 and 9.96℃, respectively; while the SET decreased with increasing latitude, form south to north, the SET is 79.27、76.19、77.96、73.37 and 75.32 day-degrees (dd), respectively. (2) The LDT of female larvae increased with increasing latitude and The LDT of male larvae decreased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the LDT of female larvae is 6.71、9.85、9.81、10.82 and 7.83℃, respectively; and the LDT of male larvae is 11.80、11.90、10.81、12.43 and 9.59℃, respectively, while the SET of female and male larvae increased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the SET of female larvae is 480.49、440.16、450.82、397.32 and 591.54 dd, respectively, and the SET of male larvae is 370.86、378.73、418.20、346.10 and 532.93 dd, respectively. (3) the LDT of female and male pupae increased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the LDT of female pupae is 10.95、12.02、11.74、11.97 and 11.62℃, respectively, and the LDT of male larvae is 11.25、11.93、12.01、11.97 and 12.61℃, respectively, while the SET of female and male larvae also increased with increasing latitude. Form south to north, the SET of female larvae is 111.17、107.36、111.23、106.32 and 114.98 dd, respectively, and the SET of male larvae is 108.58、106.84、107.45.108.01 and 109.46 dd, respectively. These results indicated the LDT and SET of the ACB varied from populations, while the variation extent differed by stages.
5. Geographic variation in fecundity of the Asian corn borer
The longevity of adult, oviposition period and egg-production of the Asian corn borer from five different latitudes:Ledong, Hainan (18.8°N,109.2°E); Nanchang, Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Taian, Shandong (36.2°N,117.1°E); Langfang, Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E) and Haerbin, Heilongjiang (44.9°N,127.2°E) were compared. The relationship between longevity, oviposition period, egg-production and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated that the longevity of female and male gradually increased with latitude (from 10.20 to 16.40 d for female; from 8.35 to 13.30 d for male). Both oviposition period and egg-production also increased with latitude. From low latitude to high latitude, the oviposition period was 7.45,10.45,11.90,10.62,13.15 d, and the egg-production was 351.55,500.09,522.90,546.76,577.95 eggs, respectively. This result first reveals the geographic variation in reproductive tactics of O. furnacalis.
6. Geographic variation in body weight and size of the Asian corn borer
The body weight and body size of the Asian corn borer from four different latitudes: Ledong, Hainan (18.8°N,109.2°E); Yangshuo, Guangxi, (24.8°N,110.5°E); Nanchang, Jiangxi (28.8°N,115.9°E); Langfang, Hebei (39.5°N,116.7°E) were compared. And then the relationship between body weight, body size and latitude was analyzed. The results indicated that egg weight of the Asian corn borer gradually increased with an increase in latitude that followed Bergmann's law, whereas the pupal weight, body length, hind femur length and fore wing length for both female and male gradually increased with an increase in latitude that followed Converse Bergmann's law. Fore wing length of the female is significantly longer than that of the male in the four geographic populations and the sexual size dimorphism followed the Rensch's rule, with the fore wing length of males relatively larger compared to that of females in populations with large body size. These results further suggest that the geographic variation in body weight and size may be different in different stage in the same specie of insects.
引文
Adkisson PL,1964. Action of the photoperiod in controlling insect diapause. American Naturalist, 98:357-374.
Arnett AE, Gotelli NJ,1999a. Geographic variation in life-history traits of the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus:Evolutionary implications of Bergmann's rule. Evolution,53(4):1180-1188.
Arnett AE, Gotelli NJ,1999b. Bergmann's rule in the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer(Neuroptera:Myrmeleontidae):Geographic variation in body size heterozygosity. Journal of Biogeography,26:275-283.
Ayres MP, Scriber JM,1994. Local adaptation to regional climates in Papilio canadensis (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae). Ecological Monographs,64,465-482.
Beck SD,1980. Insect Photoperiodism.2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
Bentz BJ, Logan JA, Vandygriff JC,2001. Latitudinal variation in Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptere:Scolytidae) development time and adult size. The Canadian entomologist,133:375-387.
Bergmann C,1847. Uber die Verhaltnisse der Warmeokonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grosse. Gottinger Studien,1:595-708.
Berner D, Blanckenhorn WU,2006. Grasshopper ontogeny in relation to time constraints:adaptive divergence and stasis. Journal of Animal Ecology,75:130-139.
Bidau CJ, Marti DA,2007. Dichroplus vittatus (Orthoptera:Acrididae) follows the converse to Bergmann's rule although male morphological variability increases with latitude. Bulletin of Entomological Research,97:69-79.
Blanckenhorn WU, Demont M,2004. Bergmann and converse Bergmann latitudinal clines in arthropods:two ends of a continuum? Integrative and Comparative Biology,44 (6):413-424.
Blanckenhorn WU, Dixon AFG, Fairbairn DJ, Foellmer MW, Gibert P, van der Linde K, Meier R, Nylin S, Pitnick S, Schoff C, Signorelli M, Teder T, Wiklund C,2007. Proximate causes of Rensch's rule: does sexual size dimorphism in arthropods result from sex differences in development time? American Naturalist,169:245-257.
Bradshaw WE, Lounibos LP,1977. Evolution of dormancy and its photoperiodic control in pitch-plant mosquitoes. Evolution,1977,31 (2):546-567.
Cai YP, Wang CY, Song K, Huang MY,1998. Study on occurrence prediction of Chinese scholartree geomethrid. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,25(3):240-243[蔡燕苹,王翠英,宋凯,黄明艳,1998.槐尺蛾预测预报的研究.安徽农业大学学报,25(3)：240-243]
Cao YP, Zhu CP, Huang PZ, Wan Y, Zhang YX,1993. Studies on generation defferentiation of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) in the coastal cotton area of Jiangsu. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural sciences,9(4):31-35[曹雁萍,朱诚培,黄佩忠,万寅,张永孝,1993.江苏省沿海亚洲玉米螟世代分化研究初报.江苏农业学报,9(4)：31-35]
Chang YF, Maurice J, Tauber et al,2000. Interpopulation variation in Chrysoperla carnea reproduction:implications for mass-rearing and storage. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,95: 293-302.
Chen X, Wu ZZ, Dong H Cong B,2009. Relationship between the development period and voltinism of over-wintering larvae of Asian corn borers in three places. Jiangsu Agricultural sciences,(2)：114-115.[陈曦,吴尊曌,董辉,丛斌,2009.3地亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫化性与复苏后发育历期的关系.江苏农业科学,(2)：114-115]
Chen XM, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhou XM, Lei CL,2009. Biological characteristics of different geographic populations in Musca domestica, Journal of Environmental Entomology,31(2):150-155. [陈晓敏.朱芬,张玥,刘芹,周兴苗,雷朝亮,2009.家蝇不同地理种群生物学特性的比较.环境昆虫学报,31(2)：150-155]
China Crop Diseases and Pests Editorial Commission,1979. China Crop Diseases and Pests, Vol. I. China Agricultural Press, Beijing.492-502[中国农作物病虫害编辑委员会,1979.中国农作物病虫害(上册)[M].北京：中国农业出版社.492-502]
Chown SL, Gaston KJ.1999. Exploring links between physiology and ecology at macro-scales:the role of respiratory metabolism in insects. Biological Reviews,74:87-120.
Chown SL, Klok CJ,2003. Altitudinal body size clines:latitudinal effects associated with changing seasonality. Ecography,26:445-455.
Cronin AL, Schwarz MP,1999. Latitudinal variation in the life cycle of allodapine bees (Hymenoptera:Apidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology,77(6):857-864.
Dai ZY, Qin QL, Yang YZ, Huang DL,2000. The effects of some factors on the diapause induction of Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis). Acta Ecologica Sinica,20(4):620-623[戴志一,秦启联,杨益众,黄东林,2000.亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导外源性因子研究.生态学报,20(4)：620-623]
Danilevskii AS,1965. Photoperiodism and seasonal development of insects. Oliver and Boyd, London (English translation).
Danks, HV,1987. Insect dormancy:An ecological perspective. Biological survey of Canada, Ottawa.
Dehrens W.1984. Environmental aspects of insect dormancy. In Hoffman KH. (Eds.), Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry of Insect, Spring Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
Dingle H, Mousseau TA,1994. Geographic variation in embryonic development time and stage of diapause in grasshopper. Oecologia,97:179-185.
Dong YK,2007. The ecological adaptability of different geographic populations and the biological characters of Shandong population in Colaphellus bowringi Baly. Shandong:Shandong agricultural university[董宇奎,2007.大猿叶虫不同地理种群的生态适应性和山东种群生物学特性的研究.山东；山东农业大学]
Du ZW, Cai WQ,1964. A preliminary report on photoperiodic response of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) in Jiangsu. Acta Entomologica Sinica,13(1):129-132[杜正文,蔡蔚琦,1964.玉米螟在江苏光周期的反应初报.昆虫学报,13(1)：129-132]
Fairbairn DJ,1997. Allometry for sexual size dimorphism:pattern and process in the coevolution of body size in males and females. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,28:659-687. Fan LQ, Luo GJ,2006. Development threshold temperature and the effective accumulated temperature of Musca domestica. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,43(3):429-430[范丽清,罗广军,2006.家蝇发育起点温度和有效积温.昆虫知识,43(3)：429-430.
Fan YL, Zhao ZU, Liu RL, Wang XS, Li XL, Wang JB,1994. Studies on the sensitive stage of diapause induction in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis((Guen e e)). Journal of Shanxi University (Natural Science Edition),17(2):222-227[樊永亮,赵章武,刘瑞林,王新省,李晓玲,王建斌,1994.亚洲玉米螟诱发滞育敏感期的研究.山西大学学报(自然科学版),17(2)：222-227]
Frankino WA, Juliano SA,1999. Costs of reproduction and geographic variation in the reproductive tactics of the mosquito Aedes triseriatus. Oecologia,120:59-68.
Fu JH, Wei MB,1994. Preliminary report on rules of growth and development of Pieris rapeasp L. in Zhenjiang. China Vegetables, (3):24-25[洑江涵,韦明宝,1994.镇江市菜粉蝶生长发育规律初步研究.中国蔬菜,(3)：24-25]
Garcia-Barros E,1992. Evidence for geographic variation of egg size and fecundity in a satyrine butterfly, Hipparchia semele (L.) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae-Satyrinae). Graellsia,48:45-52.
Gillespie DR, Quiring DMJ,2005. Diapause induction under greenhouse conditions in two populations of Dicyphus hesperus (Hemiptera:Miridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology,15: 571-583.
Gong HF, Chen P, Wang R, Lian ML, Xia ZH, Yan Y,1984. The influence of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of the Asian corn borer. Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Acta Entomologica Sinica,27(3):280-286[弓惠芬,陈霈,王瑞,连梅力,夏志红,阎毅，1984.光周期和温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育形成的影响,昆虫学报，27(3)：280-286]
Goryshin NI, Tyshchenko VP,1968. Physiological mechanism of photoperiodic reaction and the problem of endogenous rhythms. In:Danilevskii AS ed. Photoperiodic adaptations in insects and acari. Leningrad University Press.192-269. (In Russian)
Goto SG, Numata H,2009. Possible involvement of distinct photoreceptors in the photoperiodic induction of diapause in the flesh fly. Sarcophaga similes. Journal of Insect Physiology,55:401-407.
Han RD, Xue FS, He Z, Ge F,2005. Diapause induction and clock mechanism in the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus tabulaeformis (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 129(2):105-109.
Harvey GT,1983. A geographic cline in egg weights in Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its significance to population dynamics. Canadian Entomologist,115:1103-1108.
He HM, Xian ZH, Liu XP, Huang F, Xue FS,2009. Photoperiodism of diapause induction in Thyrassia penangae (Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae). Journal of Insect Physiology,55:1003-1008.
He YY, Ding ZK, Ding XF, Huang PZ,1998. Preliminary observation and applications of diapause rules of larvae of Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) in Dongtai. Plant Protection,24(1):29-32[何永垠，丁志宽,丁祥峰,黄佩忠,1998.东台棉旱粮区玉米螟幼虫滞育规律初步观察及其应用.植物保护,24(1)：29-32]
Hodek I, Hodkova M,1988. Multiple role of temperature during insect diapause:a review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,49:153-166.
Honek A.1996. Geographical variation in thermal requirements for insect development. European Journal of Entomology,93:303-312.
Hua A, Xue FS, Zhu XF,2002. Influence of environmental factors on induction of diapause in insects. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis J iangxiensis(Natural Science Edition),24(4):431-435[华爱,薛芳森,朱杏芬,2002.环境因素对昆虫滞育诱导的影响.江西农业大学学报(自然科学版),24(4)：431-435]
Huo XB,1993. Effective accumulate temperature and its application of Musca domestica under the natural variable temperature. Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control,4(5):340-342[霍新北,1993.自然变温下家蝇发育的有效积温及其应用研究.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,4(5)：340-342]
Jannot J, Brinton J, Kocot K, Akman O, Juliano SA,2009. Ontogenetic mechanisms underlying a geographic size cline in a grasshopper, Romalea microptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,102(3):467-475.
Jia FY,1993. Geographical variation of photoperiodic response in the pine caterpillar. Forest Research,6(1):52-57[贾凤友,1993.不同地理种群松毛虫的光照周期反应.林业科学研究,6(1)：52-57]
Kikukawa S, Kubota H, Ohkouch H, Tateiwak K,1998. The effect of temperature and light pulses on the induction of diapause in the Toyama strain of the India meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Physiological Entomology,23:249-254.
Kimura Y, Masaki S,1993. Hourglass and oscillator expressions of photoperiodic diapause response in the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae. Physiological Entomology,18:240-246.
Kimura,1988. Interspecific and geographic variation of diapause intensity and seasonal adaptation in the Drosophila auraria species complex (Diptera:Drosophilidae). Functional Ecology,2:177-183.
Kipyatkov V, Lopatina E, Imamgaliva A,2005. Duration and thermal reaction norms of development are significantly different in winter and summer brood pupae of the ants Myrmica rubra Linnaeus,1758 and M. ruginodis Nylander,1846 (Hymenoptera:formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten,7:69-76.
Koveos DS, Kroon A, Veerman A,1993. Geographic variation of diapause intensity in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Physiological Entomology.18:50-56.
Landman W, Oudman L, Duijm M,1989. Allozymic and morphological variation in Ephippiger terrestris (Yersin,1854) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,132: 183-198.
Lazarevic J, Nenadovic V, Jankovic-Tomanic M, Milanovic S,2008. Genetic variation and correlations of life-history traits in gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) from two populations in Serbia. Archives of Biological Sciences, Belgrade,60(4):619-627.
Lees AD,1973. Photoperiodic time measurement in the aphid Megoura viciae. Journal of Insect Physiology,19:2279-2361.
Leisnham PT, Sala LM, Juliano SA,2008. Geographic variation in adult survival and reproductive tactics of the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Journal of medical entomology,45(2):210-221.
Li BX, Chen YL, Cai HL,1998. Effects of photoperiod on embryonic diapause and reproduction in the migratory locust in three geographic populations. Entomologia Sinica,5(4):342-349.
Li GL, Feng HQ, Liu PY, Guan TS,2000. Study on development lower threshold and thermal constants of different stages of rice borer(Chilo Suppressalis) in Liaoning Province. Journal of Liaoning Agricultural Sciences, (2):10-13[李桂兰,封洪强,刘培友，关天舒,2000.辽宁省水稻二化螟各虫态历期发育起点温度和有效积温的研究.辽宁农业科学,(2)：10-13]
Li JH,1982. Comparison on breeding of different geographic populations of Heliothis amigara. Entomological Knowledge,21(4):7-8[李锦华,1982.不同地理种群棉铃虫饲养比较.昆虫知识,21(4)：7-8]
Li JP, Wang RS, Xie WM, Yang GH,1992. Preliminary study on ecotypes of Ostrinia furnacalis((Guenee)) in North China. Maize science, (First issue):69-72[李建平,王蕴生，谢为民,杨桂华.中国北部亚洲玉米螟[Ostrinia furnacalis((Guenee))]生态型的初步研究.玉米科学，1992，(创刊号)：69-72]
Li ZY, Lu MR,1998. Temperature-dependent development of Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. Zoological Research,19 (5):389-396[李正跃,卢美,1998.亚洲玉米螟发育速率与温度关系研究(英文).动物学研究,19(5)：389-396]
Linde KVD, Sevenster JG,2006. Local adaptation of developmental time and starvation resistance in eight Drosophila species of the Philippines. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,87:115-125.
Liu LT, Su BL. Liu GC, Yi ZX, Tong ZY, Shi QF,2010. Threshold and effective accumula tive tempera ture for the developmen t of Semiothisa cinerearia. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 47 (1):126-128.[柳丽婷,苏宝玲.刘广纯,易正鑫,佟忠勇,石奇峰,2010.国槐尺蠖发育起点温度与有效积温.昆虫知识,47(1)：126-128]
Liu N, Wen LP, He KL, Wang ZY, Zhao TC,2005. The cold hardiness in the different geographic populations of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,32(2):163-168.[刘宁,文丽萍,何康来,王振营,赵廷昌,2005.不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟抗寒力研究.植物保护学报,32(2)：163-168]
Liu SS, Shi ZH, Shao MJ, He JH,1994. Comparative studies of the biological characteristics of geographic populations of Trichogramma dendrolimi [Hym.:Trichogrammatidae] in China. V. Response to diapause induction. Chinese Journal of Biological Control,10(4):145-150[刘树生,施祖华,邵明江，何俊华,1994.松毛虫赤眼蜂种群间生物学特性的比较研究v.对滞育诱导的反应.生物防治通讯,10(4)：145-150]
Lu X,1997. Factors affecting Asian corn borer emergency size and its forecast. Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences, (1):44-48[鲁新,1997.亚洲玉米螟大发生的因素及预测预报.吉林农业科学，(1)：44-48]
Lu X, Han SC, Dai JQ, Cao X,2009. Rearing quality of different geographic populations of Anastatus japonicus Ashmead. Journal of Environmental Entomology,31(4):340-347[吕欣,韩诗畴, 戴建青,曹欣，2009.不同地理种群荔蝽平腹小蜂的繁殖品质比较.环境昆虫学报,31(4)：340-347]
Lu X, Li JP, Wang YS,1995. Preliminary study on voltinism types of Ostrinia furnacalis (ACB). Journal of Maize Science,3(1):75-78[鲁新,李建平,王蕴生,1995.亚洲玉米螟化性类型的初步研究.玉米科学，3(1)：75-78]
Lu X, Liu HW, Wang YZ, Ding Y, Zhang GH, Li LJ,2009. The main character and inheritance stability of the different voltine ecotypes in Asian corn borer. Aata Phytophylacica Sinica,36(2):183-184.[鲁新,刘宏伟,汪洋洲,丁岩,张国红,李丽娟,2009.亚洲玉米螟化型的主要特性及其遗传稳定性.植物保护学报.36(2)：183-184]
Lu X, Tian ZL, Zhang GH, Li LJ,2005. Research on the flight capability and effective accumulated temperature of different voltine ecotypes of Asian corn borer. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,32(3):333-334.[鲁新,田志来,张国红,李丽娟,2005.不同化性亚洲玉米螟有效积温和成虫飞翔能力的比较.植物保护学报,32(3)：333—334]
Lu X, Zhou DR,1999a. On the relationship between voltinism and development duration of Asian corn borer in Jilin Province. Aata Phytophylacica Sinica,26(1):1-6[鲁新,周大荣,1999a.吉林省亚洲玉米螟化性类型与其发育历期的关系.植物保护学报,26(1)：1-6]
Lu X, Zhou DR,1999b. The relationship between reproductive ability and voltinism of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Entomological Knowledge,36(2):74-77[鲁新.周大荣,1999b.亚洲玉米螟化性与繁殖力的关系.昆虫知识.36(2)：74-77]
Lu X, Zhou DR,2000. On the photoperiodic reaction in different voltinism ecotypes of Asian corn borer. Aata Phytophylacica Sinica,27(1):12-16[鲁新,周大荣,2000.亚洲玉米螟不同化性类型的光周期反应.植物保护学报,27(1)：12-16]
Lu X. Zhou DR, Li JP,1998. Relationship between the development period and voltinism of over-wintering larvae of Asian corn borer. Maize Science, (Supplement):100-102[鲁新,周大荣,李建平,1998.亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫化性与复苏后发育历期的关系.玉米科学,(增刊)：100-102]
Ma R, Qian HT, Dong H, Xia X, Cong B,2008. Research on the development period of over-wintering larvae of different geographic populations of Asian corn borer. Hubei Agricultural Sciences,47(5):541-543[马瑞,钱海涛,董辉,夏新,丛斌,2008.不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫复苏后的发育历期研究.湖北农业科学,47(5)：541-543]
Maidder M, Speybroeck N, Brandt J, Tirry L, Hodek I, Berkvens,2002. Geographic variation in diapause respones of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Experimental and Applied Acarology,27: 209-221.
Masaki S,1967. Geographic variation and climatic adaptation in a field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Evolution,21:725-741.
Masaki S,1968. Geographic adaption in the seasonal life cycle of Mamestra brassice (Linne) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Bulletin of Faculty of Agricultrual Hirosaki University,14:16-26.
Masaki S,1984. Unity and diversity in insect photoperiodism. In:Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones. Pitman, London (Ciba Foundation symposium),7-25.
Masaki S,1996. Geographical variation of life cycle in crickets (Ensifera:Grylloidea). European Journal of Entomology,93:281-302.
Masaki S, Walker TJ,1987. Cricket life cycles. Evolutionary Biology,21:349-423.
Mousseau TA, Roff DA,1989. Adaptation to seasonality in a cricket:Patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variation in body size and diapause expression along a cline in season length. Evolution,43: 1483-1496.
Parker GA, Begon M,1986. Optimal egg size and clutch size:effects of environment and maternal phenotype. American Naturalist,128:573-592.
Parry D, Goyer RA, Lenhard, GJ,2001. Macrogeographic clines in fecundity, reproductive allocation, and offspring size of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria. Ecological Entomology, 26:281-291.
Pei HY,2003. Studies on biology characteristics and biological control of the rice stem borer Chilo Suppressalis in Heilongjiang Province. Heilongjiang:Northeast agricultural university.[裴海英,2003.黑龙江省二化螟发生规律及其生物防治的研究.黑龙江：东北农业大学]
Peterson DM. Hamner WM,1968. Photoperiodic control of diapause in the codling moth. Journal of Insect Physiology,14:519-528.
Pittendrigh CS,1966. The circadian oscillation in Drosophila pseudoobscura pupae:a model for the photoperiodic clock. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie,54:275-307.
Qiao L, Zheng JW, Cheng WN, Li YP,2008. Impact of 4 different artificial fodders on life span of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),36(5):109-112[乔利,郑坚武,成卫宁,李怡萍,2008.不同饲料配方对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),36(5)：109-112]
Rae DJ, De'ath G, 1991. Influence of constant temperature on development, survival and fecundity of sugarcane mealybug, Saccharicoccus-Sacchari (Cockerell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae). Australian Journal of Zoology,39(1):105-122
Roditakis NE, Karandinos MG, 2001. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on pupal diapause induction of grape berry moth Lobesia botrana. Physiological Entomology,26:329-340.
Roff DA, Mousseau TA,2005. The evolution of the phenotypic covariance matrix:evidence for selection and drift in Melanoplus. Journal of Evolution Biology,18:1104-1114.
Ruberson JR, Yeargan KV, Newton BL,2001. Variation in diapause responses between geographic populations of the predator Geocoris punctipes (Heteroptera:Geocoridae) [J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of American,94(1):116-122.
Saunders DS,2002. Insect Clock.3rd ed. Academic Press, New York.
Schmidt PS, Matzkin L, Ippolito M, Eanes W,2005. Geographic variation in diapause incidence, life-history traits and climatic adaptation in Drosophila melenogaster[J]. Evolution,59:1721-1732.
Shen RW, Xue FS, Zhu XF,1988. Research on voltinism and diapause time of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) in the field. Jiangxi Plant Protection, (1):18-19[沈荣武，薛芳森,朱杏芬，1988.玉米螟化性及田间滞育发生时间的研究.江西植保,(1)：18-19]
Shimizu T, Kawasaki K,2001. Geographic variability in diapause response of Japanese Orius species. Entomologia Experiimentalis et Applicata,98:303-316.
Showers WB, Chiang HC, Kearster AJ, Hill RE, Reed, GL, Sparks AN, Musick GJ,1975. Ecotypes of the European corn borer in North America. Environmental Entomology,4:753-760.
Smith R, Hines A, Richmond S, Merrick M, Drew A, Fargo A,2000. Altitudinal variation in body size and population density of Nicrophorus investigator(Coleoptera:Silphidae). Environmental Entomology,29(2):290-298.
Stearns S,1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, New York.
Stillwell RC, Morse GE, Fox CW,2007. Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism of a seed-feeding beetle. American Naturalist,170(3):358-369.
Sun L, He HM, Xue FS,2007. Geographic Variation of Diapause in Insects. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,29(6):922-927[孙莉,何海敏,薛芳森.2007.昆虫滞育的地理变异.江西农业大学学报,29(6)：922-927]
Tan HR, Tang YP, Cai YH, Chen Y, Wang CY,1997. Forecasts of oviposition stage and larva period of Semiothisa cinerearis Bremer et Grey. Journal of biomethmatics,12(4):381-384[檀华蓉,唐燕平,蔡燕华,陈越,王翠英.1997.槐尺蛾卵期及幼虫期的预测预报.生物数学学报,12(4)：381-384]
Tanaka S, Arai T, Tanaka K,1999. Nymphal development, diapause and cold-hardiness in a nymph-overwintering cricket. Entomological Science,2:173-183.
Taniguchi N, Tomioka K,2003. Duration of development and number of nymphal instars are differentially regulated by photoperiod in the cricket Modicogryllus siamensisi (Orthoptera:Gryllidae). European Journal of Entomology,100:275-281.
Tauber CA, Tauber MJ,1981. Insect seasonal cycles:genetics and evolution. Annal Review of Ecology and Systematics,12:281-308.
Tauber MJ, Tanber CA, Masaki S,1986. Seasonal adaptations of insects. Oxford University Press, New York.
Timer J, Tobin P, Saunders MC,2010. Geographic variation in diapause induction:the grape berry moth (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae). Environmental Entomology,39(6):1751-1755.
Tu XY, Xia QW, Chen C, Chen YS. Kuang XJ, Xue FS,2011. Geographic variation in body weight and size of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Crambidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica,54(2):143-148[涂小云,夏勤雯，陈超,陈元生,匡先钜,薛芳森,2011.亚洲玉米螟体重和体型的地理变异.昆虫学报，54(2)：143-148]
Wang CL, Zhang R, Gui CM, Wang YS,1980. Biological characteristics of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Journal ofJilin Agricultural Sciences, (3):53-58[王承纶,张荣,桂承 明,王蕴生,1980.亚洲玉米螟生物学特性的研究.吉林农业科学，(3)：53-58]
Wang GQ, Xin YF,2000. Studies on the persistent times and thermal constants of Asian maize borer Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) in different voltinism in Shenyang area. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University.31(5):444-447[王桂清,忻亦芬,2000.沈阳地区不同化性亚洲玉米螟历期和有效积温的研究.沈阳农业大学学报,31(5)：444-447]
Wang XG, Cheng JA, He JH,1993. Study on development lower threshold and thermal constants of rice borer(Chilo Suppressalis). Journal of Zhengjang Agricultural university,19(4):419-424[汪信庚,程家安，何俊华,1993.二化螟发育历期和积温效应研究.浙江农业大学学报,19(4)：419-424]
Wang XP, Ge F, Xue FS, You LS,2004. Diapause induction and clock mechanism in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae). Journal of Insect Physiology,50:373-381.
Wei XT,2008. The study on relativity of diapause and population genetic diversity of Colaphellus bowringi Baly. Shandong:Ocean university of China[魏晓棠,2008.大猿叶甲不同地理种群滞育及其遗传多样性的比较研究.山东：中国海洋大学]
Wei XT, Xue FS, Li AQ,2001. Photoperiodic clock of diapause induction in Pseudopidorus fasciata (Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 47:1367-1375.
Wen LP, Wang ZR, Song YY, He KL, Gao YX,1998. Effects of different combinations of temperature and humidity on fecundity and longevity of the adult Asian corn borer. Acta Entomologica Sinica,41(1):70-76[文丽萍,王振营,宋彦英,何康来,高云霞,1998.温、湿度对亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力及寿命的影响.昆虫学报,41(1)：70-76]
Wilson K, Gatehouse AG,1993. Seasonal and geographical variation in the migratory potential of outbreak populations of the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta. Journal of Animal Ecology, 62:169-181.
Wu KM, Guo YY,1997. Investigations on the Migration and diapause in Helicoverpa armigera. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,30(3):1-6[吴孔明，郭予元,1997.棉铃虫迁飞与滞育的研究.中国农业科学,30(3)：1-6]
Wu SH, Li F, Zhou YC, Xue FS,2007. Night-interruption response of diapause induction in Pseudopidorus fasciata (Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica,50(7):703-708[吴少会，李峰,周昱晨,薛芳森,2007.暗期干扰对环带锦斑蛾滞育诱导的影响.昆虫学报,50(7)：703-708]
Xia X, Cong B, Song LQ, Liu HM,2007. Studies on the effective accumulated temperature and survival rate of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) with different geographical populations and different voltinism. Journal ofAnhui Agricultural Sciences,35(19):5795,5797[夏新,丛斌,宋立秋,刘洪敏,2007.不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率的研究.安徽农业科学,35(19)：5795,5797]
Xiao HJ, Mou FC, Zhu XF, Xue FS,2010. Diapause induction, maintenance and termination in the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Journal of Insect Physiology,56:1558-1564.
Xiao HJ, Wu XF, Wang Y, Zhu XF, Xue FS,2009. Diapause induction and clock mechanism in the cabbage butterfly Pieris melete Menetries. Journal of Insect Physiology,55:488-493.
Xiong JW, Meng QY,1984. Preliminary study on the diapause and break of diapause of corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) Guiyang population. Journal of Guizhou Agricultural College, (7):36-44.[熊继文，蒙黔英,1984.亚洲玉米螟贵阳种群的滞育及其解除的初步研究.贵州农学院学报,(7)：36-44]
Xu SC, Zhang XQ, Liu CH, Gu MZ, Xing J, Wu JX,2009. Studies on threshold temperature and effective accumulate temperature of Pieris rapeasp L. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables (Academic Edition), (20):64-66[徐世才,张修谦,刘长海,古名昭,邢静，吴锦绣,2009.菜粉蝶发育起点温度和有效积温的研究.长江蔬菜(学术版).(20)：64-66]
Xu WH,1999. Advances in insect diapause studies. Acta Entomologica Sinica.,42,100-107[徐卫华,1999.昆虫滞育的研究进展.昆虫学报,42(1)：100-107]
Xue FS, Kallenborn HG,1993. Dispersive breeding in agricultural pest insects and its adaptive significance. Journal of Applied Entomology,116:170-177.
Yang YZ, Dai ZY, Huang DL, Wang CA,1998. Effect of different food conditions on population increase of Asian corn borer. Entomological Journal of East China,7(1):76-80[杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,王春安，1998.不同食料对亚洲玉米螟种群增长的影响.华东昆虫学报,7(1)：76-80]
Yin XC,1975. Geographic variability of Bryodema luctuosum luctuosum (Stoll.) in Chinghai-Tibetan plateau of China. Acta Entomologica Sinica,18(3):325-332[印象初,1975.白边痂蝗在青藏高原上的地理变异.昆虫学报,18(3)：325-332]
Zhang J, Wu KM, Lin KJ, Li HG, Guo YY,2005. Diapause characteristics and cold-hardiness of temperate and subtropical populations in Chilo suppressalis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,38(12):2451-2456.[张珺,吴孔明,林克剑,李火苟,郭予元,2005.二化螟温带和亚热带地理种群的滞育特征与抗寒性差异.38(12)：2451-2456]
Zhao Q, Zhu DH, Yang YP, Tan RH,2009. Variation of embryonic diapause intensity and life-cycle pattern in five geographic populations of the Chinese rice grasshopper, Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acridoidea:Catantopidae) from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica,52(2):183-190[赵琴,朱道弘,阳艳萍，谭荣鹤.2009.中华稻蝗五地理种群的卵滞育强度及生活史模式变异.昆虫学报,52(2)：183-190]
Zhou DR, Wang YY, Liu BL, Ju ZL,1980. Studies on the mass rearing of corn borer. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,7(2):113-122[周大荣,王玉英,刘宝兰,周正理,1980.玉米螟人工大量繁殖研究I一种半人工饲料及其改进[J].植物保护学报,7(2)：113-122]
Arnett AE, Gotelli NJ,1999a. Geographic variation in life-history traits of the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus:Evolutionary implications of Bergmann's rule. Evolution,53(4):1180-1188.
Arnett AE, Gotelli NJ,1999b. Bergmann's rule in the ant lion, Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer(Neuroptera:Myrmeleontidae):Geographic variation in body size heterozygosity. Journal of Biogeography,26:275-283.
Ayres MP, Scriber JM,1994. Local adaptation to regional climates in Papilio canadensis (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae). Ecological Monographs,64,465-482.
Beck SD,1980. Insect Photoperiodism.2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
Bentz BJ, Logan JA, Vandygriff JC,2001. Latitudinal variation in Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptere:Scolytidae) development time and adult size. The Canadian entomologist,133:375-387.
Bergmann C,1847. Uber die Verhaltnisse der Warmeokonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grosse. Gottinger Studien,1:595-708.
Berner D, Blanckenhorn WU,2006. Grasshopper ontogeny in relation to time constraints:adaptive divergence and stasis. Journal of Animal Ecology,75:130-139.
Bidau CJ, Marti DA,2007. Dichroplus vittatus (Orthoptera:Acrididae) follows the converse to Bergmann's rule although male morphological variability increases with latitude. Bulletin of Entomological Research,97:69-79.
Blanckenhorn WU, Demont M,2004. Bergmann and converse Bergmann latitudinal clines in arthropods:two ends of a continuum? Integrative and Comparative Biology,44 (6):413-424.
Blanckenhorn WU, Dixon AFG, Fairbairn DJ, Foellmer MW, Gibert P, van der Linde K, Meier R, Nylin S, Pitnick S, Schoff C, Signorelli M, Teder T, Wiklund C,2007. Proximate causes of Rensch's rule: does sexual size dimorphism in arthropods result from sex differences in development time? American Naturalist,169:245-257.
Bradshaw WE, Lounibos LP,1977. Evolution of dormancy and its photoperiodic control in pitch-plant mosquitoes. Evolution,1977,31 (2):546-567.
Cai YP, Wang CY, Song K, Huang MY,1998. Study on occurrence prediction of Chinese scholartree geomethrid. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,25(3):240-243[蔡燕苹,王翠英,宋凯,黄明艳,1998.槐尺蛾预测预报的研究.安徽农业大学学报,25(3)：240-243]
Cao YP, Zhu CP, Huang PZ, Wan Y, Zhang YX,1993. Studies on generation defferentiation of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) in the coastal cotton area of Jiangsu. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural sciences,9(4):31-35[曹雁萍,朱诚培,黄佩忠,万寅,张永孝,1993.江苏省沿海亚洲玉米螟世代分化研究初报.江苏农业学报,9(4)：31-35]
Chang YF, Maurice J, Tauber et al,2000. Interpopulation variation in Chrysoperla carnea reproduction:implications for mass-rearing and storage. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,95: 293-302.
Chen X, Wu ZZ, Dong H Cong B,2009. Relationship between the development period and voltinism of over-wintering larvae of Asian corn borers in three places. Jiangsu Agricultural sciences,(2)：114-115.[陈曦,吴尊曌,董辉,丛斌,2009.3地亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫化性与复苏后发育历期的关系.江苏农业科学,(2)：114-115]
Chen XM, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhou XM, Lei CL,2009. Biological characteristics of different geographic populations in Musca domestica, Journal of Environmental Entomology,31(2):150-155. [陈晓敏.朱芬,张玥,刘芹,周兴苗,雷朝亮,2009.家蝇不同地理种群生物学特性的比较.环境昆虫学报,31(2)：150-155]
China Crop Diseases and Pests Editorial Commission,1979. China Crop Diseases and Pests, Vol. I. China Agricultural Press, Beijing.492-502[中国农作物病虫害编辑委员会,1979.中国农作物病虫害(上册)[M].北京：中国农业出版社.492-502]
Chown SL, Gaston KJ.1999. Exploring links between physiology and ecology at macro-scales:the role of respiratory metabolism in insects. Biological Reviews,74:87-120.
Chown SL, Klok CJ,2003. Altitudinal body size clines:latitudinal effects associated with changing seasonality. Ecography,26:445-455.
Cronin AL, Schwarz MP,1999. Latitudinal variation in the life cycle of allodapine bees (Hymenoptera:Apidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology,77(6):857-864.
Dai ZY, Qin QL, Yang YZ, Huang DL,2000. The effects of some factors on the diapause induction of Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis). Acta Ecologica Sinica,20(4):620-623[戴志一,秦启联,杨益众,黄东林,2000.亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导外源性因子研究.生态学报,20(4)：620-623]
Danilevskii AS,1965. Photoperiodism and seasonal development of insects. Oliver and Boyd, London (English translation).
Danks, HV,1987. Insect dormancy:An ecological perspective. Biological survey of Canada, Ottawa.
Dehrens W.1984. Environmental aspects of insect dormancy. In Hoffman KH. (Eds.), Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry of Insect, Spring Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
Dingle H, Mousseau TA,1994. Geographic variation in embryonic development time and stage of diapause in grasshopper. Oecologia,97:179-185.
Dong YK,2007. The ecological adaptability of different geographic populations and the biological characters of Shandong population in Colaphellus bowringi Baly. Shandong:Shandong agricultural university[董宇奎,2007.大猿叶虫不同地理种群的生态适应性和山东种群生物学特性的研究.山东；山东农业大学]
Du ZW, Cai WQ,1964. A preliminary report on photoperiodic response of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) in Jiangsu. Acta Entomologica Sinica,13(1):129-132[杜正文,蔡蔚琦,1964.玉米螟在江苏光周期的反应初报.昆虫学报,13(1)：129-132]
Fairbairn DJ,1997. Allometry for sexual size dimorphism:pattern and process in the coevolution of body size in males and females. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,28:659-687. Fan LQ, Luo GJ,2006. Development threshold temperature and the effective accumulated temperature of Musca domestica. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,43(3):429-430[范丽清,罗广军,2006.家蝇发育起点温度和有效积温.昆虫知识,43(3)：429-430.
Fan YL, Zhao ZU, Liu RL, Wang XS, Li XL, Wang JB,1994. Studies on the sensitive stage of diapause induction in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis((Guen e e)). Journal of Shanxi University (Natural Science Edition),17(2):222-227[樊永亮,赵章武,刘瑞林,王新省,李晓玲,王建斌,1994.亚洲玉米螟诱发滞育敏感期的研究.山西大学学报(自然科学版),17(2)：222-227]
Frankino WA, Juliano SA,1999. Costs of reproduction and geographic variation in the reproductive tactics of the mosquito Aedes triseriatus. Oecologia,120:59-68.
Fu JH, Wei MB,1994. Preliminary report on rules of growth and development of Pieris rapeasp L. in Zhenjiang. China Vegetables, (3):24-25[洑江涵,韦明宝,1994.镇江市菜粉蝶生长发育规律初步研究.中国蔬菜,(3)：24-25]
Garcia-Barros E,1992. Evidence for geographic variation of egg size and fecundity in a satyrine butterfly, Hipparchia semele (L.) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae-Satyrinae). Graellsia,48:45-52.
Gillespie DR, Quiring DMJ,2005. Diapause induction under greenhouse conditions in two populations of Dicyphus hesperus (Hemiptera:Miridae). Biocontrol Science and Technology,15: 571-583.
Gong HF, Chen P, Wang R, Lian ML, Xia ZH, Yan Y,1984. The influence of photoperiod and temperature on the diapause of the Asian corn borer. Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Acta Entomologica Sinica,27(3):280-286[弓惠芬,陈霈,王瑞,连梅力,夏志红,阎毅，1984.光周期和温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育形成的影响,昆虫学报，27(3)：280-286]
Goryshin NI, Tyshchenko VP,1968. Physiological mechanism of photoperiodic reaction and the problem of endogenous rhythms. In:Danilevskii AS ed. Photoperiodic adaptations in insects and acari. Leningrad University Press.192-269. (In Russian)
Goto SG, Numata H,2009. Possible involvement of distinct photoreceptors in the photoperiodic induction of diapause in the flesh fly. Sarcophaga similes. Journal of Insect Physiology,55:401-407.
Han RD, Xue FS, He Z, Ge F,2005. Diapause induction and clock mechanism in the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus tabulaeformis (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 129(2):105-109.
Harvey GT,1983. A geographic cline in egg weights in Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its significance to population dynamics. Canadian Entomologist,115:1103-1108.
He HM, Xian ZH, Liu XP, Huang F, Xue FS,2009. Photoperiodism of diapause induction in Thyrassia penangae (Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae). Journal of Insect Physiology,55:1003-1008.
He YY, Ding ZK, Ding XF, Huang PZ,1998. Preliminary observation and applications of diapause rules of larvae of Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) in Dongtai. Plant Protection,24(1):29-32[何永垠，丁志宽,丁祥峰,黄佩忠,1998.东台棉旱粮区玉米螟幼虫滞育规律初步观察及其应用.植物保护,24(1)：29-32]
Hodek I, Hodkova M,1988. Multiple role of temperature during insect diapause:a review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,49:153-166.
Honek A.1996. Geographical variation in thermal requirements for insect development. European Journal of Entomology,93:303-312.
Hua A, Xue FS, Zhu XF,2002. Influence of environmental factors on induction of diapause in insects. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis J iangxiensis(Natural Science Edition),24(4):431-435[华爱,薛芳森,朱杏芬,2002.环境因素对昆虫滞育诱导的影响.江西农业大学学报(自然科学版),24(4)：431-435]
Huo XB,1993. Effective accumulate temperature and its application of Musca domestica under the natural variable temperature. Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control,4(5):340-342[霍新北,1993.自然变温下家蝇发育的有效积温及其应用研究.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,4(5)：340-342]
Jannot J, Brinton J, Kocot K, Akman O, Juliano SA,2009. Ontogenetic mechanisms underlying a geographic size cline in a grasshopper, Romalea microptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America,102(3):467-475.
Jia FY,1993. Geographical variation of photoperiodic response in the pine caterpillar. Forest Research,6(1):52-57[贾凤友,1993.不同地理种群松毛虫的光照周期反应.林业科学研究,6(1)：52-57]
Kikukawa S, Kubota H, Ohkouch H, Tateiwak K,1998. The effect of temperature and light pulses on the induction of diapause in the Toyama strain of the India meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Physiological Entomology,23:249-254.
Kimura Y, Masaki S,1993. Hourglass and oscillator expressions of photoperiodic diapause response in the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae. Physiological Entomology,18:240-246.
Kimura,1988. Interspecific and geographic variation of diapause intensity and seasonal adaptation in the Drosophila auraria species complex (Diptera:Drosophilidae). Functional Ecology,2:177-183.
Kipyatkov V, Lopatina E, Imamgaliva A,2005. Duration and thermal reaction norms of development are significantly different in winter and summer brood pupae of the ants Myrmica rubra Linnaeus,1758 and M. ruginodis Nylander,1846 (Hymenoptera:formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten,7:69-76.
Koveos DS, Kroon A, Veerman A,1993. Geographic variation of diapause intensity in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Physiological Entomology.18:50-56.
Landman W, Oudman L, Duijm M,1989. Allozymic and morphological variation in Ephippiger terrestris (Yersin,1854) (Insecta, Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,132: 183-198.
Lazarevic J, Nenadovic V, Jankovic-Tomanic M, Milanovic S,2008. Genetic variation and correlations of life-history traits in gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) from two populations in Serbia. Archives of Biological Sciences, Belgrade,60(4):619-627.
Lees AD,1973. Photoperiodic time measurement in the aphid Megoura viciae. Journal of Insect Physiology,19:2279-2361.
Leisnham PT, Sala LM, Juliano SA,2008. Geographic variation in adult survival and reproductive tactics of the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Journal of medical entomology,45(2):210-221.
Li BX, Chen YL, Cai HL,1998. Effects of photoperiod on embryonic diapause and reproduction in the migratory locust in three geographic populations. Entomologia Sinica,5(4):342-349.
Li GL, Feng HQ, Liu PY, Guan TS,2000. Study on development lower threshold and thermal constants of different stages of rice borer(Chilo Suppressalis) in Liaoning Province. Journal of Liaoning Agricultural Sciences, (2):10-13[李桂兰,封洪强,刘培友，关天舒,2000.辽宁省水稻二化螟各虫态历期发育起点温度和有效积温的研究.辽宁农业科学,(2)：10-13]
Li JH,1982. Comparison on breeding of different geographic populations of Heliothis amigara. Entomological Knowledge,21(4):7-8[李锦华,1982.不同地理种群棉铃虫饲养比较.昆虫知识,21(4)：7-8]
Li JP, Wang RS, Xie WM, Yang GH,1992. Preliminary study on ecotypes of Ostrinia furnacalis((Guenee)) in North China. Maize science, (First issue):69-72[李建平,王蕴生，谢为民,杨桂华.中国北部亚洲玉米螟[Ostrinia furnacalis((Guenee))]生态型的初步研究.玉米科学，1992，(创刊号)：69-72]
Li ZY, Lu MR,1998. Temperature-dependent development of Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. Zoological Research,19 (5):389-396[李正跃,卢美,1998.亚洲玉米螟发育速率与温度关系研究(英文).动物学研究,19(5)：389-396]
Linde KVD, Sevenster JG,2006. Local adaptation of developmental time and starvation resistance in eight Drosophila species of the Philippines. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,87:115-125.
Liu LT, Su BL. Liu GC, Yi ZX, Tong ZY, Shi QF,2010. Threshold and effective accumula tive tempera ture for the developmen t of Semiothisa cinerearia. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 47 (1):126-128.[柳丽婷,苏宝玲.刘广纯,易正鑫,佟忠勇,石奇峰,2010.国槐尺蠖发育起点温度与有效积温.昆虫知识,47(1)：126-128]
Liu N, Wen LP, He KL, Wang ZY, Zhao TC,2005. The cold hardiness in the different geographic populations of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,32(2):163-168.[刘宁,文丽萍,何康来,王振营,赵廷昌,2005.不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟抗寒力研究.植物保护学报,32(2)：163-168]
Liu SS, Shi ZH, Shao MJ, He JH,1994. Comparative studies of the biological characteristics of geographic populations of Trichogramma dendrolimi [Hym.:Trichogrammatidae] in China. V. Response to diapause induction. Chinese Journal of Biological Control,10(4):145-150[刘树生,施祖华,邵明江，何俊华,1994.松毛虫赤眼蜂种群间生物学特性的比较研究v.对滞育诱导的反应.生物防治通讯,10(4)：145-150]
Lu X,1997. Factors affecting Asian corn borer emergency size and its forecast. Journal of Jilin Agricultural Sciences, (1):44-48[鲁新,1997.亚洲玉米螟大发生的因素及预测预报.吉林农业科学，(1)：44-48]
Lu X, Han SC, Dai JQ, Cao X,2009. Rearing quality of different geographic populations of Anastatus japonicus Ashmead. Journal of Environmental Entomology,31(4):340-347[吕欣,韩诗畴, 戴建青,曹欣，2009.不同地理种群荔蝽平腹小蜂的繁殖品质比较.环境昆虫学报,31(4)：340-347]
Lu X, Li JP, Wang YS,1995. Preliminary study on voltinism types of Ostrinia furnacalis (ACB). Journal of Maize Science,3(1):75-78[鲁新,李建平,王蕴生,1995.亚洲玉米螟化性类型的初步研究.玉米科学，3(1)：75-78]
Lu X, Liu HW, Wang YZ, Ding Y, Zhang GH, Li LJ,2009. The main character and inheritance stability of the different voltine ecotypes in Asian corn borer. Aata Phytophylacica Sinica,36(2):183-184.[鲁新,刘宏伟,汪洋洲,丁岩,张国红,李丽娟,2009.亚洲玉米螟化型的主要特性及其遗传稳定性.植物保护学报.36(2)：183-184]
Lu X, Tian ZL, Zhang GH, Li LJ,2005. Research on the flight capability and effective accumulated temperature of different voltine ecotypes of Asian corn borer. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,32(3):333-334.[鲁新,田志来,张国红,李丽娟,2005.不同化性亚洲玉米螟有效积温和成虫飞翔能力的比较.植物保护学报,32(3)：333—334]
Lu X, Zhou DR,1999a. On the relationship between voltinism and development duration of Asian corn borer in Jilin Province. Aata Phytophylacica Sinica,26(1):1-6[鲁新,周大荣,1999a.吉林省亚洲玉米螟化性类型与其发育历期的关系.植物保护学报,26(1)：1-6]
Lu X, Zhou DR,1999b. The relationship between reproductive ability and voltinism of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Entomological Knowledge,36(2):74-77[鲁新.周大荣,1999b.亚洲玉米螟化性与繁殖力的关系.昆虫知识.36(2)：74-77]
Lu X, Zhou DR,2000. On the photoperiodic reaction in different voltinism ecotypes of Asian corn borer. Aata Phytophylacica Sinica,27(1):12-16[鲁新,周大荣,2000.亚洲玉米螟不同化性类型的光周期反应.植物保护学报,27(1)：12-16]
Lu X. Zhou DR, Li JP,1998. Relationship between the development period and voltinism of over-wintering larvae of Asian corn borer. Maize Science, (Supplement):100-102[鲁新,周大荣,李建平,1998.亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫化性与复苏后发育历期的关系.玉米科学,(增刊)：100-102]
Ma R, Qian HT, Dong H, Xia X, Cong B,2008. Research on the development period of over-wintering larvae of different geographic populations of Asian corn borer. Hubei Agricultural Sciences,47(5):541-543[马瑞,钱海涛,董辉,夏新,丛斌,2008.不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫复苏后的发育历期研究.湖北农业科学,47(5)：541-543]
Maidder M, Speybroeck N, Brandt J, Tirry L, Hodek I, Berkvens,2002. Geographic variation in diapause respones of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Experimental and Applied Acarology,27: 209-221.
Masaki S,1967. Geographic variation and climatic adaptation in a field cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Evolution,21:725-741.
Masaki S,1968. Geographic adaption in the seasonal life cycle of Mamestra brassice (Linne) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Bulletin of Faculty of Agricultrual Hirosaki University,14:16-26.
Masaki S,1984. Unity and diversity in insect photoperiodism. In:Photoperiodic regulation of insect and molluscan hormones. Pitman, London (Ciba Foundation symposium),7-25.
Masaki S,1996. Geographical variation of life cycle in crickets (Ensifera:Grylloidea). European Journal of Entomology,93:281-302.
Masaki S, Walker TJ,1987. Cricket life cycles. Evolutionary Biology,21:349-423.
Mousseau TA, Roff DA,1989. Adaptation to seasonality in a cricket:Patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variation in body size and diapause expression along a cline in season length. Evolution,43: 1483-1496.
Parker GA, Begon M,1986. Optimal egg size and clutch size:effects of environment and maternal phenotype. American Naturalist,128:573-592.
Parry D, Goyer RA, Lenhard, GJ,2001. Macrogeographic clines in fecundity, reproductive allocation, and offspring size of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria. Ecological Entomology, 26:281-291.
Pei HY,2003. Studies on biology characteristics and biological control of the rice stem borer Chilo Suppressalis in Heilongjiang Province. Heilongjiang:Northeast agricultural university.[裴海英,2003.黑龙江省二化螟发生规律及其生物防治的研究.黑龙江：东北农业大学]
Peterson DM. Hamner WM,1968. Photoperiodic control of diapause in the codling moth. Journal of Insect Physiology,14:519-528.
Pittendrigh CS,1966. The circadian oscillation in Drosophila pseudoobscura pupae:a model for the photoperiodic clock. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie,54:275-307.
Qiao L, Zheng JW, Cheng WN, Li YP,2008. Impact of 4 different artificial fodders on life span of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),36(5):109-112[乔利,郑坚武,成卫宁,李怡萍,2008.不同饲料配方对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),36(5)：109-112]
Rae DJ, De'ath G, 1991. Influence of constant temperature on development, survival and fecundity of sugarcane mealybug, Saccharicoccus-Sacchari (Cockerell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae). Australian Journal of Zoology,39(1):105-122
Roditakis NE, Karandinos MG, 2001. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on pupal diapause induction of grape berry moth Lobesia botrana. Physiological Entomology,26:329-340.
Roff DA, Mousseau TA,2005. The evolution of the phenotypic covariance matrix:evidence for selection and drift in Melanoplus. Journal of Evolution Biology,18:1104-1114.
Ruberson JR, Yeargan KV, Newton BL,2001. Variation in diapause responses between geographic populations of the predator Geocoris punctipes (Heteroptera:Geocoridae) [J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of American,94(1):116-122.
Saunders DS,2002. Insect Clock.3rd ed. Academic Press, New York.
Schmidt PS, Matzkin L, Ippolito M, Eanes W,2005. Geographic variation in diapause incidence, life-history traits and climatic adaptation in Drosophila melenogaster[J]. Evolution,59:1721-1732.
Shen RW, Xue FS, Zhu XF,1988. Research on voltinism and diapause time of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) in the field. Jiangxi Plant Protection, (1):18-19[沈荣武，薛芳森,朱杏芬，1988.玉米螟化性及田间滞育发生时间的研究.江西植保,(1)：18-19]
Shimizu T, Kawasaki K,2001. Geographic variability in diapause response of Japanese Orius species. Entomologia Experiimentalis et Applicata,98:303-316.
Showers WB, Chiang HC, Kearster AJ, Hill RE, Reed, GL, Sparks AN, Musick GJ,1975. Ecotypes of the European corn borer in North America. Environmental Entomology,4:753-760.
Smith R, Hines A, Richmond S, Merrick M, Drew A, Fargo A,2000. Altitudinal variation in body size and population density of Nicrophorus investigator(Coleoptera:Silphidae). Environmental Entomology,29(2):290-298.
Stearns S,1992. The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, New York.
Stillwell RC, Morse GE, Fox CW,2007. Geographic variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism of a seed-feeding beetle. American Naturalist,170(3):358-369.
Sun L, He HM, Xue FS,2007. Geographic Variation of Diapause in Insects. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,29(6):922-927[孙莉,何海敏,薛芳森.2007.昆虫滞育的地理变异.江西农业大学学报,29(6)：922-927]
Tan HR, Tang YP, Cai YH, Chen Y, Wang CY,1997. Forecasts of oviposition stage and larva period of Semiothisa cinerearis Bremer et Grey. Journal of biomethmatics,12(4):381-384[檀华蓉,唐燕平,蔡燕华,陈越,王翠英.1997.槐尺蛾卵期及幼虫期的预测预报.生物数学学报,12(4)：381-384]
Tanaka S, Arai T, Tanaka K,1999. Nymphal development, diapause and cold-hardiness in a nymph-overwintering cricket. Entomological Science,2:173-183.
Taniguchi N, Tomioka K,2003. Duration of development and number of nymphal instars are differentially regulated by photoperiod in the cricket Modicogryllus siamensisi (Orthoptera:Gryllidae). European Journal of Entomology,100:275-281.
Tauber CA, Tauber MJ,1981. Insect seasonal cycles:genetics and evolution. Annal Review of Ecology and Systematics,12:281-308.
Tauber MJ, Tanber CA, Masaki S,1986. Seasonal adaptations of insects. Oxford University Press, New York.
Timer J, Tobin P, Saunders MC,2010. Geographic variation in diapause induction:the grape berry moth (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae). Environmental Entomology,39(6):1751-1755.
Tu XY, Xia QW, Chen C, Chen YS. Kuang XJ, Xue FS,2011. Geographic variation in body weight and size of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera:Crambidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica,54(2):143-148[涂小云,夏勤雯，陈超,陈元生,匡先钜,薛芳森,2011.亚洲玉米螟体重和体型的地理变异.昆虫学报，54(2)：143-148]
Wang CL, Zhang R, Gui CM, Wang YS,1980. Biological characteristics of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)). Journal ofJilin Agricultural Sciences, (3):53-58[王承纶,张荣,桂承 明,王蕴生,1980.亚洲玉米螟生物学特性的研究.吉林农业科学，(3)：53-58]
Wang GQ, Xin YF,2000. Studies on the persistent times and thermal constants of Asian maize borer Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) in different voltinism in Shenyang area. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University.31(5):444-447[王桂清,忻亦芬,2000.沈阳地区不同化性亚洲玉米螟历期和有效积温的研究.沈阳农业大学学报,31(5)：444-447]
Wang XG, Cheng JA, He JH,1993. Study on development lower threshold and thermal constants of rice borer(Chilo Suppressalis). Journal of Zhengjang Agricultural university,19(4):419-424[汪信庚,程家安，何俊华,1993.二化螟发育历期和积温效应研究.浙江农业大学学报,19(4)：419-424]
Wang XP, Ge F, Xue FS, You LS,2004. Diapause induction and clock mechanism in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae). Journal of Insect Physiology,50:373-381.
Wei XT,2008. The study on relativity of diapause and population genetic diversity of Colaphellus bowringi Baly. Shandong:Ocean university of China[魏晓棠,2008.大猿叶甲不同地理种群滞育及其遗传多样性的比较研究.山东：中国海洋大学]
Wei XT, Xue FS, Li AQ,2001. Photoperiodic clock of diapause induction in Pseudopidorus fasciata (Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 47:1367-1375.
Wen LP, Wang ZR, Song YY, He KL, Gao YX,1998. Effects of different combinations of temperature and humidity on fecundity and longevity of the adult Asian corn borer. Acta Entomologica Sinica,41(1):70-76[文丽萍,王振营,宋彦英,何康来,高云霞,1998.温、湿度对亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力及寿命的影响.昆虫学报,41(1)：70-76]
Wilson K, Gatehouse AG,1993. Seasonal and geographical variation in the migratory potential of outbreak populations of the African armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta. Journal of Animal Ecology, 62:169-181.
Wu KM, Guo YY,1997. Investigations on the Migration and diapause in Helicoverpa armigera. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,30(3):1-6[吴孔明，郭予元,1997.棉铃虫迁飞与滞育的研究.中国农业科学,30(3)：1-6]
Wu SH, Li F, Zhou YC, Xue FS,2007. Night-interruption response of diapause induction in Pseudopidorus fasciata (Lepidoptera:Zygaenidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica,50(7):703-708[吴少会，李峰,周昱晨,薛芳森,2007.暗期干扰对环带锦斑蛾滞育诱导的影响.昆虫学报,50(7)：703-708]
Xia X, Cong B, Song LQ, Liu HM,2007. Studies on the effective accumulated temperature and survival rate of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) with different geographical populations and different voltinism. Journal ofAnhui Agricultural Sciences,35(19):5795,5797[夏新,丛斌,宋立秋,刘洪敏,2007.不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率的研究.安徽农业科学,35(19)：5795,5797]
Xiao HJ, Mou FC, Zhu XF, Xue FS,2010. Diapause induction, maintenance and termination in the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Journal of Insect Physiology,56:1558-1564.
Xiao HJ, Wu XF, Wang Y, Zhu XF, Xue FS,2009. Diapause induction and clock mechanism in the cabbage butterfly Pieris melete Menetries. Journal of Insect Physiology,55:488-493.
Xiong JW, Meng QY,1984. Preliminary study on the diapause and break of diapause of corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis ((Guenee)) Guiyang population. Journal of Guizhou Agricultural College, (7):36-44.[熊继文，蒙黔英,1984.亚洲玉米螟贵阳种群的滞育及其解除的初步研究.贵州农学院学报,(7)：36-44]
Xu SC, Zhang XQ, Liu CH, Gu MZ, Xing J, Wu JX,2009. Studies on threshold temperature and effective accumulate temperature of Pieris rapeasp L. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables (Academic Edition), (20):64-66[徐世才,张修谦,刘长海,古名昭,邢静，吴锦绣,2009.菜粉蝶发育起点温度和有效积温的研究.长江蔬菜(学术版).(20)：64-66]
Xu WH,1999. Advances in insect diapause studies. Acta Entomologica Sinica.,42,100-107[徐卫华,1999.昆虫滞育的研究进展.昆虫学报,42(1)：100-107]
Xue FS, Kallenborn HG,1993. Dispersive breeding in agricultural pest insects and its adaptive significance. Journal of Applied Entomology,116:170-177.
Yang YZ, Dai ZY, Huang DL, Wang CA,1998. Effect of different food conditions on population increase of Asian corn borer. Entomological Journal of East China,7(1):76-80[杨益众,戴志一,黄东林,王春安，1998.不同食料对亚洲玉米螟种群增长的影响.华东昆虫学报,7(1)：76-80]
Yin XC,1975. Geographic variability of Bryodema luctuosum luctuosum (Stoll.) in Chinghai-Tibetan plateau of China. Acta Entomologica Sinica,18(3):325-332[印象初,1975.白边痂蝗在青藏高原上的地理变异.昆虫学报,18(3)：325-332]
Zhang J, Wu KM, Lin KJ, Li HG, Guo YY,2005. Diapause characteristics and cold-hardiness of temperate and subtropical populations in Chilo suppressalis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,38(12):2451-2456.[张珺,吴孔明,林克剑,李火苟,郭予元,2005.二化螟温带和亚热带地理种群的滞育特征与抗寒性差异.38(12)：2451-2456]
Zhao Q, Zhu DH, Yang YP, Tan RH,2009. Variation of embryonic diapause intensity and life-cycle pattern in five geographic populations of the Chinese rice grasshopper, Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acridoidea:Catantopidae) from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica,52(2):183-190[赵琴,朱道弘,阳艳萍，谭荣鹤.2009.中华稻蝗五地理种群的卵滞育强度及生活史模式变异.昆虫学报,52(2)：183-190]
Zhou DR, Wang YY, Liu BL, Ju ZL,1980. Studies on the mass rearing of corn borer. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica,7(2):113-122[周大荣,王玉英,刘宝兰,周正理,1980.玉米螟人工大量繁殖研究I一种半人工饲料及其改进[J].植物保护学报,7(2)：113-122]