音乐材料时间属性的认知加工对计时偏差的影响
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摘要
“计时偏差”是音乐表演中存在的普遍现象。其含义是：表演者通过音乐作品创作出的声音所具有的时间与音乐作品的符号本身所代表的时间具有不一致性，表现为延长或缩短作品符号所代表的时间。
计时偏差研究目前主要集中在三个方面：一是针对计时偏差的含义和存在的普遍性进行研究：二是对计时偏差存在的原因提出了三种理论假说：“知觉假说”、“音乐表现假说”和“知觉——操作联结观点”；三是计时偏差存在原因的实证研究主要有两方面：节奏、节拍与计时偏差的关系研究，音乐材料的结构(难度和复杂度)与计时偏差的关系研究。
计时偏差问题既属于时间心理学研究范畴也属于音乐心理学研究的重要领域。时间心理学主要研究了人们在时间的知觉(时序知觉、时距知觉)、时间的估计(时序估计、时距估计)、时间的表征(时序表征、时距表征)等三个方面具有的心理机制和特点，可间接性的解释音乐表演计时偏差的时间属性(主要指时序和时距)；其中比较有代表性的且对本研究具有重要理论启示和方法学借鉴意义的主要有层次组织理论、时间标记理论、存储容量模型、变化／分割模型、分段综合模型和时间内隐表征理论。音乐心理学主要从音乐的时间知觉特征、音乐时间的运动方式、音乐时间的产出特征等方面研究了音乐表演因素内在的心理关系，为音乐表演中时间的存在问题提供了重要的切入点：其中比较有代表性的理论有音乐知觉期待理论、音乐时间运动理论、音乐分组与同化理论。
从计时偏差现有直接研究和相关研究中可以发现，有关计时偏差的时间心理学研究很少采用音乐的材料对刺激的时间属性进行认知加工研究；有关计时偏差的音乐心理学研究则主要从时间知觉的角度对旋律知觉、节奏知觉与产出、调式和调性知觉进行了研究。但没有从音乐材料的角度对音乐材料本身的特征对个体的时间认知加工过程的影响进行系统的研究，也没有系统研究个体的时间认知加工过程对计时偏差的影响。即使是计时偏差的
"Timing variations" is universally existed in music performances. The timing variations is the inconsistencies between the manipulation of time by the performer and the expected manipulation of time of the work, the symptom of which is either an extended time in the performance or a shortened one compared with the expected time.
The researches of present day on timing variations covers the following three areas: firstly, researches towards the meaning of timing variations and its universality; secondly, proposal of three theoretical hypotheses to justify the phenomenon of timing variations namely ,'the perception hypothesis", " the music representation hypothesis" and "the perspective of combining perception and operational factors"; thirdly, empirical research on timing variations which deals with two main aspects : the relationship between rhythm and timing and that between music material structure (difficulty and complexity) and the timing variations. Few other aspects have been covered in empirical research and there is a lack of general theories in these aspects.
The issue of timing variations is under the investigation of the psychology of time and it is also an important area where music psychology puts emphasis(besides this one, music psychology also casts eyes on such issues as pitch, sound intensity and timbre which are correlated with each other) If we gain an insight into these
计时偏差研究目前主要集中在三个方面：一是针对计时偏差的含义和存在的普遍性进行研究：二是对计时偏差存在的原因提出了三种理论假说：“知觉假说”、“音乐表现假说”和“知觉——操作联结观点”；三是计时偏差存在原因的实证研究主要有两方面：节奏、节拍与计时偏差的关系研究，音乐材料的结构(难度和复杂度)与计时偏差的关系研究。
计时偏差问题既属于时间心理学研究范畴也属于音乐心理学研究的重要领域。时间心理学主要研究了人们在时间的知觉(时序知觉、时距知觉)、时间的估计(时序估计、时距估计)、时间的表征(时序表征、时距表征)等三个方面具有的心理机制和特点，可间接性的解释音乐表演计时偏差的时间属性(主要指时序和时距)；其中比较有代表性的且对本研究具有重要理论启示和方法学借鉴意义的主要有层次组织理论、时间标记理论、存储容量模型、变化／分割模型、分段综合模型和时间内隐表征理论。音乐心理学主要从音乐的时间知觉特征、音乐时间的运动方式、音乐时间的产出特征等方面研究了音乐表演因素内在的心理关系，为音乐表演中时间的存在问题提供了重要的切入点：其中比较有代表性的理论有音乐知觉期待理论、音乐时间运动理论、音乐分组与同化理论。
从计时偏差现有直接研究和相关研究中可以发现，有关计时偏差的时间心理学研究很少采用音乐的材料对刺激的时间属性进行认知加工研究；有关计时偏差的音乐心理学研究则主要从时间知觉的角度对旋律知觉、节奏知觉与产出、调式和调性知觉进行了研究。但没有从音乐材料的角度对音乐材料本身的特征对个体的时间认知加工过程的影响进行系统的研究，也没有系统研究个体的时间认知加工过程对计时偏差的影响。即使是计时偏差的
"Timing variations" is universally existed in music performances. The timing variations is the inconsistencies between the manipulation of time by the performer and the expected manipulation of time of the work, the symptom of which is either an extended time in the performance or a shortened one compared with the expected time.
The researches of present day on timing variations covers the following three areas: firstly, researches towards the meaning of timing variations and its universality; secondly, proposal of three theoretical hypotheses to justify the phenomenon of timing variations namely ,'the perception hypothesis", " the music representation hypothesis" and "the perspective of combining perception and operational factors"; thirdly, empirical research on timing variations which deals with two main aspects : the relationship between rhythm and timing and that between music material structure (difficulty and complexity) and the timing variations. Few other aspects have been covered in empirical research and there is a lack of general theories in these aspects.
The issue of timing variations is under the investigation of the psychology of time and it is also an important area where music psychology puts emphasis(besides this one, music psychology also casts eyes on such issues as pitch, sound intensity and timbre which are correlated with each other) If we gain an insight into these
引文
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