基于谐波潮流的公共耦合节点处谐波及阻抗研究
摘要
近年来，随着电力电子技术的发展以及大量的一些其它非线性负荷的投入使用，越来越多的谐波注入到了电网中。大量谐波的存在严重的干扰了社会各行各业正常运行。因此对电力系统谐波进行研究具有比较现实的意义。
研究电力系统谐波源产生的谐波是研究电力系统谐波的一个必不可少的条件。谐波源在电力系统中广为存在，以电力电子器件为最。本文较为详细的讨论了发电机、变压器以及电力电子器件等一些谐波源，对其产生谐波的机理作了一定的描述。
谐波潮流计算是研究电力系统谐波最为有效的手段。进行谐波潮流计算必须得出电力系统元件及负荷等的谐波参数模型。本文较为详细的推导了电力变压器、发电机、输电线路、电力系统负荷等的谐波参数模型。在此基础上，研究了电力系统谐波潮流算法，特别是三相谐波潮流算法。本文针对在进行三相谐波潮流算法时因引入三相变压器谐波模型而可能导致计算结果不收敛问题，提出了谐波潮流计算的相分量法，其中引用了前推-回代法。实例计算结果表明了算法的可行性及正确性。
公共耦合节点（PCC）是联系系统和用户之间的那条母线，研究公共耦合节点处的谐波含量及其中的谐波成分是明确用户和系统责任所在以及管理产生谐波用户的一个行之有效的方法。对公共耦合节点处的谐波进行分析，相关文献提出了一些方法，但总的来说研究的结果不是十分的理想，对PCC处的谐波成分没有分析清楚且分析方法还不完善，特别是有关文献提出的方法从现在的研究基础来看还存在着差错。本文在前人的基础上，对PCC处的谐波成分作了较为详尽的分析，在分析方法也提出了自己的观点和分析谐波成分所用的新的模型。此外本文还仔细分析了PCC处的谐波能量，明确了用户和系统对谐波能量应承当的责任。
谐波阻抗对于进行谐波潮流计算和分析PCC处的谐波是至关重要的。要准确的测定某一网络或一等值负荷的谐波阻抗也是比较困难。本文采用的是稳态测量的方法，并详细的介绍了测量中所要遇到的一些问题及解决的办法。本文详细推导了三相谐波阻抗测量和计算的过程。为进一步研究垫定了良好的基础。
In recent years, with the development of power electronics technique and the majority of non-linear loads were used, more and more harmonics was injected into the network. The existence of harmonic made the system operation abnormal heavily. So, there is immediate significance to study the harmonics in power system.
The research of harmonics produced by power system harmonic sources is necessary to carry out the research of power system harmonic. The existence of harmonic sources in power system is extensively, especially the power electronics apparatus. This paper discussed the harmonic sources and how they produce harmonic in detailed, such as generator, transformer, power electronics apparatus and others.
The harmonic power flow is the most valid method to study power system harmonic. In order to calculate the harmonic power flow, the parameter model of the elements and loads in power system must be achieved. This paper deduced the harmonic parameter models of electrical transformers, generators, transmission lines and electrical loads in detail. The harmonic power flow algorithm, particularly the three-phase harmonic power flow algorithm of power system is studied based on these harmonic models. This paper presents a three-phase harmonic power flow algorithm using phase components and back-forward sweep method to solve the disconvergence when the three-phase transformer harmonic model was used. The example result presented the method was feasible and.
The point of common coupling (PCC) is a bus which connects the customer and utility. The research of harmonics and its components at PCC is a valid way to distinguish the responsibility between customer and utility and to manage the harmonic producer. Some methods were proposed, but there still exist some questions, for example the method for analyzing the harmonic component at PCC. In this paper, the harmonic components at PCC were detailed analyzed, a new method and a new model were proposed to analyze the harmonic. In this paper, the harmonic energy at PCC was analyzed and distinguished the responsibility between customer and utility.
The harmonic impedance is very important to harmonic power flow and analysis of harmonic at PCC. It is very difficult to measure the harmonic impedance
of a network or a load. This paper proposed the steady-state method, introduced the questions that might be occurred and how to solve them. This paper derived the measurement method of three-phase harmonic impedance. The study of the paper paves the way for deep study.
研究电力系统谐波源产生的谐波是研究电力系统谐波的一个必不可少的条件。谐波源在电力系统中广为存在，以电力电子器件为最。本文较为详细的讨论了发电机、变压器以及电力电子器件等一些谐波源，对其产生谐波的机理作了一定的描述。
谐波潮流计算是研究电力系统谐波最为有效的手段。进行谐波潮流计算必须得出电力系统元件及负荷等的谐波参数模型。本文较为详细的推导了电力变压器、发电机、输电线路、电力系统负荷等的谐波参数模型。在此基础上，研究了电力系统谐波潮流算法，特别是三相谐波潮流算法。本文针对在进行三相谐波潮流算法时因引入三相变压器谐波模型而可能导致计算结果不收敛问题，提出了谐波潮流计算的相分量法，其中引用了前推-回代法。实例计算结果表明了算法的可行性及正确性。
公共耦合节点（PCC）是联系系统和用户之间的那条母线，研究公共耦合节点处的谐波含量及其中的谐波成分是明确用户和系统责任所在以及管理产生谐波用户的一个行之有效的方法。对公共耦合节点处的谐波进行分析，相关文献提出了一些方法，但总的来说研究的结果不是十分的理想，对PCC处的谐波成分没有分析清楚且分析方法还不完善，特别是有关文献提出的方法从现在的研究基础来看还存在着差错。本文在前人的基础上，对PCC处的谐波成分作了较为详尽的分析，在分析方法也提出了自己的观点和分析谐波成分所用的新的模型。此外本文还仔细分析了PCC处的谐波能量，明确了用户和系统对谐波能量应承当的责任。
谐波阻抗对于进行谐波潮流计算和分析PCC处的谐波是至关重要的。要准确的测定某一网络或一等值负荷的谐波阻抗也是比较困难。本文采用的是稳态测量的方法，并详细的介绍了测量中所要遇到的一些问题及解决的办法。本文详细推导了三相谐波阻抗测量和计算的过程。为进一步研究垫定了良好的基础。
In recent years, with the development of power electronics technique and the majority of non-linear loads were used, more and more harmonics was injected into the network. The existence of harmonic made the system operation abnormal heavily. So, there is immediate significance to study the harmonics in power system.
The research of harmonics produced by power system harmonic sources is necessary to carry out the research of power system harmonic. The existence of harmonic sources in power system is extensively, especially the power electronics apparatus. This paper discussed the harmonic sources and how they produce harmonic in detailed, such as generator, transformer, power electronics apparatus and others.
The harmonic power flow is the most valid method to study power system harmonic. In order to calculate the harmonic power flow, the parameter model of the elements and loads in power system must be achieved. This paper deduced the harmonic parameter models of electrical transformers, generators, transmission lines and electrical loads in detail. The harmonic power flow algorithm, particularly the three-phase harmonic power flow algorithm of power system is studied based on these harmonic models. This paper presents a three-phase harmonic power flow algorithm using phase components and back-forward sweep method to solve the disconvergence when the three-phase transformer harmonic model was used. The example result presented the method was feasible and.
The point of common coupling (PCC) is a bus which connects the customer and utility. The research of harmonics and its components at PCC is a valid way to distinguish the responsibility between customer and utility and to manage the harmonic producer. Some methods were proposed, but there still exist some questions, for example the method for analyzing the harmonic component at PCC. In this paper, the harmonic components at PCC were detailed analyzed, a new method and a new model were proposed to analyze the harmonic. In this paper, the harmonic energy at PCC was analyzed and distinguished the responsibility between customer and utility.
The harmonic impedance is very important to harmonic power flow and analysis of harmonic at PCC. It is very difficult to measure the harmonic impedance
of a network or a load. This paper proposed the steady-state method, introduced the questions that might be occurred and how to solve them. This paper derived the measurement method of three-phase harmonic impedance. The study of the paper paves the way for deep study.
引文
[1] 程浩忠，电力系统谐波技术，上海，上海交通大学出版社，第一版，1998
[2] 唐统一，吴震春，孙树勤，电力系统谐波，中国矿业大学出版社，第一版，1991
[3] 张伏生，耿中行，葛耀中，电力系统谐波分析的高精度FFT算法，中国电机工程学，1999，No.3：63-66.
[4] C.E.Lin and C.L.Cheng，Investigation of Magnetizing Inrush Current in Transformers ParⅠ-Numerical Simulation, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1993,Vol.8:246-254
[5] C.E.Lin and C.L.Cheng, Investigation of Magnetizing Inrush Current in Transformers PartⅡ-Harmonic Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1993,Vol.8:255-262
[6] 刘志妩，陈焕山，汪力，六脉波整流系统交流侧的非特征谐波电流分析，电工技术杂志，1998，No.11:5-9.
[7] 吴竞昌，孙树勤，宋文男，曲淘，电力系统谐波，水利电力出版社，第一版，1988
[8] 龙禹，陈珩，同步电机的谐波参数模型和谐波潮流计算，中国电机工程学报，2000,No.4:29-34
[9] 张小平，同步电机谐波相量间的基本关系及其应用，中国电机工程学报，1995， No.2:110-117
[10] 张小平，同步电机解耦-补偿谐波分析模型，电力系统自动化，1995，No.3:5-10
[11] J.Clua , L.Sainz and F.Corcoles，Three-phase Transformer Modeling for Unbalanced Harmonic Power Flow Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000, Vol.6: 726-729
[12] Ts-Hsiang , Mo-shing Chen and Toshio Inoue, Three-Phase Cogenerator and Transformer Models for Distribution System Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,Vol.6:1671-1681
[13] Hong,Ying-Yi and Wang,Fu-Ming, Investigation of impact of different three-phase transformer connections and load models on unbalanced in power system optimization, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,Vol.12:689-697
[14] L.Sainz , J.Clua and O.Jordi , Load modeling for unbalanced harmonic power flow studies,IEEE/PES and NTUA,ICHQP'98
[15] 周勇，电力系统三相不对称潮流计算，电网技术,1996，No.1:24-29
[16] 颜伟，刘方，王官洁，三相辐射型配电网络的相分量潮流计算，电力系统自动化，2002，No.10:24-27
[17] 唐云龙，罗建，王官洁，三相不对称相分量谐波潮流计算，重庆大学学报,2003,No.5：30-32
[18] A.E.Emanuel, On the assessment of harmonic pollution of power systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1995,Vol.10:1693-1698
[19] K.Srinivasan，On Separating Customer and Supply Side Harmonic Contributions，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,Vol.11:1003-1012.
[20] C.Todde,M.Brisson and M.Audet，Identification of Excessive Harmonic Flow in Large Industrial Loads, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000, Vol.7:927-931
[21] Wilsun Xu and Yilu Liu， A Method for Determining Customer and Utility Harmonics Contributions at the Point of Common Coupling, IEEE Transactions on Power Deliver,2000, Vol.15:804-811
[22] IEEE Recommended Practice and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems, IEEE Std.519-1992, 1992.
[23] A.Mceachern，W.M.Grady and W.A.Moncrief，Revenue and Harmonics: An Evaluation of Some Proposed Rate Structures, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1995,Vol.10：474-482
[24] Javis E L, Emanuel A E and Pileggi D J，Harmonic Pollution Metering: Theoretical Considerations，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000,15(1):19-23
[25] 同向前，薛钧义，考虑谐波污染时的用户电量的计算，电力系统自动化，2002，No.22:53-55
[26] Wilsun Xu,Emad E.Ahned,Xiqin Zhang and Xian Liu，Measurement of Network Harmonic Impedances: Practical Implementation Issues and Their Solutions，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2002,Vol.17:210-216
[27] Mark Sumner,Ben Palethorpe,David W.P.Thomas and Pericle Zanchetta，A Technique for Power Supply Harmonic Impedance Estimation Using a Controlled Voltage Disturbance, IEEE Transactions on Power Electrnoics, 2000, Vol. 17:207-215
[28] M.Nagpal,W.Xu, J.Sawada，Harmonic Impedance Measurement Using Three-Phase Transients，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1998,Vol.13:272-277
[29] A.de Oliveira,J.c.de Oliveira,J.W.Resende and M.s.Miskulin，Practical Approaches for System Harmonic Impedance Measurements，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,Vol.6:1721-1726
[30] A.Robert,T.deflandre and Joint CIGRE/CIRED Working Group CC02，Guide for Assessing the Network Harmonic Impedance，CIRED97,1997.
王曙鸿，王辛芳，江慰德，邱关源，不对称电力系统谐波潮流分析撕裂法和并行计
[31] 算方法的应用，西安交通大学学报，1995，No.6:7-13
[32] Z.A.Marinos,J.L.R.Pereira and S.Carneiro，Fast Harmonic Power Flow Calculation Using Parallel Processing，IEE Proc.Gener.Transm.Distrib , 1994, Vol.141:27-32
[33] 程浩忠，电力系统谐波潮流的降维计算方法，电力系统自动化，1996，No.1:20-22
[34] Masoud Karimi-Ghartemani and M.Reza Iravani，A Nonlinear Adaptive Filter for Online Signal Analysis in Power Systems: Applictions，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2002,Vol.17:617-622
[35] Chun Li and Wilsun Xu，On Defining Harmonic Contributions at the Point of Common Coupling，IEEE Power Engineering Review，2002,No.4:44-45
[36] Farach J E and Grady W M, An Optimal Procedure for Placing Sensors and Estimating the Locations of Harmonic Sources in Power System, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994,No.3:1303-1308
[37] Meliopoulos A P S,Zhang Fan and Shalom Zelingher, Power System Harmonic State estimation, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994,No.3:1701-1703
[38] Ma Haili and Girgis A A, Identification and Tracking of harmonic sources in a Power System Using a Kalman Filter, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1996, No.3:1659-1665
[39] Du Z P,Arrillaga J and Watson N, Continuous Harmonic State Estimation of Power Systems, IEE Proc-Gener.Transm.Distrib,1996,No.4:329-336
[40] Hariana R K and Richards R G, Harmonic source monitoring and Identification Using Neural Networks, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1990, No.4:1098-1104
[41] Heydt G T Identification of Harmonic Sources by a State Estimation technique, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1989, No.1:569-576
[42] 吴笃贵，徐政，电力系统谐波状态估计技术的发展与展望，电网技术，1998，No.1:75-77
[2] 唐统一，吴震春，孙树勤，电力系统谐波，中国矿业大学出版社，第一版，1991
[3] 张伏生，耿中行，葛耀中，电力系统谐波分析的高精度FFT算法，中国电机工程学，1999，No.3：63-66.
[4] C.E.Lin and C.L.Cheng，Investigation of Magnetizing Inrush Current in Transformers ParⅠ-Numerical Simulation, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1993,Vol.8:246-254
[5] C.E.Lin and C.L.Cheng, Investigation of Magnetizing Inrush Current in Transformers PartⅡ-Harmonic Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1993,Vol.8:255-262
[6] 刘志妩，陈焕山，汪力，六脉波整流系统交流侧的非特征谐波电流分析，电工技术杂志，1998，No.11:5-9.
[7] 吴竞昌，孙树勤，宋文男，曲淘，电力系统谐波，水利电力出版社，第一版，1988
[8] 龙禹，陈珩，同步电机的谐波参数模型和谐波潮流计算，中国电机工程学报，2000,No.4:29-34
[9] 张小平，同步电机谐波相量间的基本关系及其应用，中国电机工程学报，1995， No.2:110-117
[10] 张小平，同步电机解耦-补偿谐波分析模型，电力系统自动化，1995，No.3:5-10
[11] J.Clua , L.Sainz and F.Corcoles，Three-phase Transformer Modeling for Unbalanced Harmonic Power Flow Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000, Vol.6: 726-729
[12] Ts-Hsiang , Mo-shing Chen and Toshio Inoue, Three-Phase Cogenerator and Transformer Models for Distribution System Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,Vol.6:1671-1681
[13] Hong,Ying-Yi and Wang,Fu-Ming, Investigation of impact of different three-phase transformer connections and load models on unbalanced in power system optimization, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,Vol.12:689-697
[14] L.Sainz , J.Clua and O.Jordi , Load modeling for unbalanced harmonic power flow studies,IEEE/PES and NTUA,ICHQP'98
[15] 周勇，电力系统三相不对称潮流计算，电网技术,1996，No.1:24-29
[16] 颜伟，刘方，王官洁，三相辐射型配电网络的相分量潮流计算，电力系统自动化，2002，No.10:24-27
[17] 唐云龙，罗建，王官洁，三相不对称相分量谐波潮流计算，重庆大学学报,2003,No.5：30-32
[18] A.E.Emanuel, On the assessment of harmonic pollution of power systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1995,Vol.10:1693-1698
[19] K.Srinivasan，On Separating Customer and Supply Side Harmonic Contributions，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1996,Vol.11:1003-1012.
[20] C.Todde,M.Brisson and M.Audet，Identification of Excessive Harmonic Flow in Large Industrial Loads, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000, Vol.7:927-931
[21] Wilsun Xu and Yilu Liu， A Method for Determining Customer and Utility Harmonics Contributions at the Point of Common Coupling, IEEE Transactions on Power Deliver,2000, Vol.15:804-811
[22] IEEE Recommended Practice and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems, IEEE Std.519-1992, 1992.
[23] A.Mceachern，W.M.Grady and W.A.Moncrief，Revenue and Harmonics: An Evaluation of Some Proposed Rate Structures, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1995,Vol.10：474-482
[24] Javis E L, Emanuel A E and Pileggi D J，Harmonic Pollution Metering: Theoretical Considerations，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2000,15(1):19-23
[25] 同向前，薛钧义，考虑谐波污染时的用户电量的计算，电力系统自动化，2002，No.22:53-55
[26] Wilsun Xu,Emad E.Ahned,Xiqin Zhang and Xian Liu，Measurement of Network Harmonic Impedances: Practical Implementation Issues and Their Solutions，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2002,Vol.17:210-216
[27] Mark Sumner,Ben Palethorpe,David W.P.Thomas and Pericle Zanchetta，A Technique for Power Supply Harmonic Impedance Estimation Using a Controlled Voltage Disturbance, IEEE Transactions on Power Electrnoics, 2000, Vol. 17:207-215
[28] M.Nagpal,W.Xu, J.Sawada，Harmonic Impedance Measurement Using Three-Phase Transients，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1998,Vol.13:272-277
[29] A.de Oliveira,J.c.de Oliveira,J.W.Resende and M.s.Miskulin，Practical Approaches for System Harmonic Impedance Measurements，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,Vol.6:1721-1726
[30] A.Robert,T.deflandre and Joint CIGRE/CIRED Working Group CC02，Guide for Assessing the Network Harmonic Impedance，CIRED97,1997.
王曙鸿，王辛芳，江慰德，邱关源，不对称电力系统谐波潮流分析撕裂法和并行计
[31] 算方法的应用，西安交通大学学报，1995，No.6:7-13
[32] Z.A.Marinos,J.L.R.Pereira and S.Carneiro，Fast Harmonic Power Flow Calculation Using Parallel Processing，IEE Proc.Gener.Transm.Distrib , 1994, Vol.141:27-32
[33] 程浩忠，电力系统谐波潮流的降维计算方法，电力系统自动化，1996，No.1:20-22
[34] Masoud Karimi-Ghartemani and M.Reza Iravani，A Nonlinear Adaptive Filter for Online Signal Analysis in Power Systems: Applictions，IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2002,Vol.17:617-622
[35] Chun Li and Wilsun Xu，On Defining Harmonic Contributions at the Point of Common Coupling，IEEE Power Engineering Review，2002,No.4:44-45
[36] Farach J E and Grady W M, An Optimal Procedure for Placing Sensors and Estimating the Locations of Harmonic Sources in Power System, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994,No.3:1303-1308
[37] Meliopoulos A P S,Zhang Fan and Shalom Zelingher, Power System Harmonic State estimation, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1994,No.3:1701-1703
[38] Ma Haili and Girgis A A, Identification and Tracking of harmonic sources in a Power System Using a Kalman Filter, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1996, No.3:1659-1665
[39] Du Z P,Arrillaga J and Watson N, Continuous Harmonic State Estimation of Power Systems, IEE Proc-Gener.Transm.Distrib,1996,No.4:329-336
[40] Hariana R K and Richards R G, Harmonic source monitoring and Identification Using Neural Networks, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1990, No.4:1098-1104
[41] Heydt G T Identification of Harmonic Sources by a State Estimation technique, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1989, No.1:569-576
[42] 吴笃贵，徐政，电力系统谐波状态估计技术的发展与展望，电网技术，1998，No.1:75-77