小麦抗条锈新种质及其创制的细胞遗传学基础研究
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摘要
小麦是世界上分布范围最广，总贸易额最高的粮食作物，在世界经济中占有举足轻重的地位。小麦真菌病害和其它自然灾害一样，是影响小麦持续、稳定发展的主要因素之一。条锈病是全世界小麦生产上的主要真菌病害。在条锈病的防治上，抗病品种的应用是最经济也是对环境最安全的防治方法，但小麦品种对条锈病的抗性可能在它们被释放几年后由于新的毒性生理小种的迅速进化而使其失去抗病性，因而创制超前性的小麦抗条锈新抗源和新基因是抗条锈病育种的基础。通过远缘杂交把普通小麦近缘种抗条锈基因导入普通小麦是创制普通小麦抗条锈新种质的重要途径。对已创制的新的抗性种质材料进行系统的细胞遗传学分析及外缘基因导入机理研究，对抗条锈新基因的快速有效利用是非常重要的。
本研究利用细胞遗传学方法，结合抗病性鉴定和根尖体细胞基本核型分析，对由细胞工程课题组通过普通小麦与六倍体小黑麦杂交、多元回交和花培纯合所创制的9个抗条锈新种质进行了细胞遗传学初步鉴定，并对六倍体小黑麦抗条锈基因定向导入普通小麦的机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明：
(1)抗病新种质与中国春杂种F_1减数分裂中期Ⅰ出现一定频率的异常构型，结合根尖体细胞基本核型分析和优良株系田间抗病性鉴定，根据已有的理论初步判定：SCV-3-4-100为小麦—黑麦代换系，体克2号-102-1，WT_(SCV)-3-1，WT25-2-11-4-100-1，WT20-2-2A-118-100，WT25-2-11-3-102-1，SCV-3-4-103-1，WT20-7-1-24-100-1，WT37-2-1R-12-25-6-2为小麦—黑麦异易位系，并且这种易位不同于1B/1R易位。
(2)六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦与普通小麦×六倍体小黑麦两种杂交方式都有比较高的杂交结实率，但前者种子发育好，种子相对饱满，出苗率高，后者种子胚乳发育不良，出苗率低。用普通小麦对其F_1杂种进行回交，可获得一定的结实率，种子出苗率较好。
(3)六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦与普通小麦×六倍体小黑麦两种杂交方式杂种F_1减数分裂染色体配对行为存在差异。六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦单价体数目多于理论值，而在普通小麦×六倍体小黑麦中单价体数目要少于理论值，同时前者的多价体频率也要低于后者，并且多价体以三价体居多，只有少量的四价体。在以普通小麦为母本的杂交方式中，部分同源染色体配对可能是外源基因导入普通小麦基础。而在其反交中，外源基因的导入则更多依赖于染色体的断裂与拼接。
Wheat is widely cultivated in the world and the total volume of its annual trade is higher than any other cereal crops. It plays an important role in the world economy. Like other natural disaster, the fungous disease of wheat is one of the main factors that affect the production of wheat. Stripe rust is the major fungous disease in wheat. For preventing the disease from breaking out, the application of resistance variety is the most economical way and it's safety for the environment. However, the disease-resistance power of wheat variety may lose with the evolution of new toxicant biological race after the variety is cultivated by the human beings. So it is necessary to develope new sources of stripe rust resistance and search for new gene with stripe rust resistance for wheat breeding. It's a good way to transfer new gene with stripe rust resistance from kindred plant into the cultivar by distant hybridization. Furthermore ,cytogentic analysis and exploration on the mechanism of gene with stripe rust resis
tance transfered are also needed for the application of the new germplasm speedily.
Transfering gene resistant to stripe rust new races from hexaploid Triticale into common wheat by cross-fertilization between them as well as multiple back-crossing, nine new germplasms with stripe rust new races resistance were developed. In this study, basic cytogenetic identify of these new germplasms was conducted by using cytogenetic method, screen of strip rust resistance and elementary analysis of karyotype. Some mechanism that gene with strip rust resistance transfered from hexaploid triticale into common wheat was also explored .The results show:
(l)Some abnormal frequency of chromosome pairing appeared in PMC MI in new germplasm * China Spring. Based on existed theory and combining with identify of strip rust resistance and elementary analysis of karyotype , we can conclude that SCV-3-4-100 is vsheat-triticale substitution line and other eight new germplasms ,TiKe-2-Hao, WTscv-3-1?WT25-2-11-4-100-1 , WT20-2-2A-118-100, WT25-2-11-3-102-1 , SCV-3-4-103-1 , WT20-7-1-24-100-1 , WT37-2-1R-12-25-6-2 are translation line and this kind of translocation is different from 1B/1R translocation line.
(2): Percentage of seed set in reciprocal cross between triticale and common wheat were high, but percentage of seedling in reciprocal cross were very significant different. Percentage of seedling in hexaploid Tritical X common wheat was more high because endosperm developed very well than that in common wheat X hexaploid Tritical because endosperm developed bad. Many seeds and good seedling were obtained by back-crossing. (3): Abnormalities were observed in PMC MI in reciprocal cross between triticale and
common wheat. The number of univalent in triticale x common wheat is higher than theoretical value, but lower in common wheat ^triticale than theoretical value. However, the number of divalent is lower than theroretical value in both of them. At the same time, the number of multivalent and rod divalent is higher in common wheat x triticale than triticale xcommon wheat. In common wheat ^hexaploid triticale, the exogenous genes are transferred by means of homoeologous chromosome pairing. But in hexaploid triticale x common wheat, they rely on the chromosome breakage and recombination.
本研究利用细胞遗传学方法，结合抗病性鉴定和根尖体细胞基本核型分析，对由细胞工程课题组通过普通小麦与六倍体小黑麦杂交、多元回交和花培纯合所创制的9个抗条锈新种质进行了细胞遗传学初步鉴定，并对六倍体小黑麦抗条锈基因定向导入普通小麦的机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明：
(1)抗病新种质与中国春杂种F_1减数分裂中期Ⅰ出现一定频率的异常构型，结合根尖体细胞基本核型分析和优良株系田间抗病性鉴定，根据已有的理论初步判定：SCV-3-4-100为小麦—黑麦代换系，体克2号-102-1，WT_(SCV)-3-1，WT25-2-11-4-100-1，WT20-2-2A-118-100，WT25-2-11-3-102-1，SCV-3-4-103-1，WT20-7-1-24-100-1，WT37-2-1R-12-25-6-2为小麦—黑麦异易位系，并且这种易位不同于1B/1R易位。
(2)六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦与普通小麦×六倍体小黑麦两种杂交方式都有比较高的杂交结实率，但前者种子发育好，种子相对饱满，出苗率高，后者种子胚乳发育不良，出苗率低。用普通小麦对其F_1杂种进行回交，可获得一定的结实率，种子出苗率较好。
(3)六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦与普通小麦×六倍体小黑麦两种杂交方式杂种F_1减数分裂染色体配对行为存在差异。六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦单价体数目多于理论值，而在普通小麦×六倍体小黑麦中单价体数目要少于理论值，同时前者的多价体频率也要低于后者，并且多价体以三价体居多，只有少量的四价体。在以普通小麦为母本的杂交方式中，部分同源染色体配对可能是外源基因导入普通小麦基础。而在其反交中，外源基因的导入则更多依赖于染色体的断裂与拼接。
Wheat is widely cultivated in the world and the total volume of its annual trade is higher than any other cereal crops. It plays an important role in the world economy. Like other natural disaster, the fungous disease of wheat is one of the main factors that affect the production of wheat. Stripe rust is the major fungous disease in wheat. For preventing the disease from breaking out, the application of resistance variety is the most economical way and it's safety for the environment. However, the disease-resistance power of wheat variety may lose with the evolution of new toxicant biological race after the variety is cultivated by the human beings. So it is necessary to develope new sources of stripe rust resistance and search for new gene with stripe rust resistance for wheat breeding. It's a good way to transfer new gene with stripe rust resistance from kindred plant into the cultivar by distant hybridization. Furthermore ,cytogentic analysis and exploration on the mechanism of gene with stripe rust resis
tance transfered are also needed for the application of the new germplasm speedily.
Transfering gene resistant to stripe rust new races from hexaploid Triticale into common wheat by cross-fertilization between them as well as multiple back-crossing, nine new germplasms with stripe rust new races resistance were developed. In this study, basic cytogenetic identify of these new germplasms was conducted by using cytogenetic method, screen of strip rust resistance and elementary analysis of karyotype. Some mechanism that gene with strip rust resistance transfered from hexaploid triticale into common wheat was also explored .The results show:
(l)Some abnormal frequency of chromosome pairing appeared in PMC MI in new germplasm * China Spring. Based on existed theory and combining with identify of strip rust resistance and elementary analysis of karyotype , we can conclude that SCV-3-4-100 is vsheat-triticale substitution line and other eight new germplasms ,TiKe-2-Hao, WTscv-3-1?WT25-2-11-4-100-1 , WT20-2-2A-118-100, WT25-2-11-3-102-1 , SCV-3-4-103-1 , WT20-7-1-24-100-1 , WT37-2-1R-12-25-6-2 are translation line and this kind of translocation is different from 1B/1R translocation line.
(2): Percentage of seed set in reciprocal cross between triticale and common wheat were high, but percentage of seedling in reciprocal cross were very significant different. Percentage of seedling in hexaploid Tritical X common wheat was more high because endosperm developed very well than that in common wheat X hexaploid Tritical because endosperm developed bad. Many seeds and good seedling were obtained by back-crossing. (3): Abnormalities were observed in PMC MI in reciprocal cross between triticale and
common wheat. The number of univalent in triticale x common wheat is higher than theoretical value, but lower in common wheat ^triticale than theoretical value. However, the number of divalent is lower than theroretical value in both of them. At the same time, the number of multivalent and rod divalent is higher in common wheat x triticale than triticale xcommon wheat. In common wheat ^hexaploid triticale, the exogenous genes are transferred by means of homoeologous chromosome pairing. But in hexaploid triticale x common wheat, they rely on the chromosome breakage and recombination.
引文
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