液相烟气脱汞实验研究
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摘要
本文在自行制作的鼓泡反应器中进行了模拟烟气脱汞实验,筛选出了一种脱汞性能比较优越的添加剂NaClO_2。考察了吸收剂浓度、初始溶液pH值、反应温度、烟气汞含量、SO_2浓度、NO浓度对吸收剂脱汞效率的影响,实验表明,初始溶液pH显著影响吸收液的脱汞效率,低pH下,汞的去除率可以达到90%以上。当吸收剂足量时,烟气中NO可大幅度提高汞的去除效率。增加SO_2浓度,对脱汞效率基本无影响。当烟气中同时加入SO_2,NO时,相对烟气中仅有SO_2时,汞的去除效率提高了30%。且在实验最佳条件下,NaClO_2同时脱硫脱硝脱汞率分别为100%,97.8%,76%。用化学方法分析了反应后的产物,探讨了液相烟气同时脱硫脱硝脱汞机理。
The experimental study on removal of Hg0 from flue gas is carried out in bench-scale bubbling reactor in this paper. A type of absorbents, namely sodium chlorite, with known overall superior performance is selected in a bubbling reactor. Effect of sodium chlorite concentration, the initial pH value of absorbing solution, mercury concentration in the inlet of reactor, reaction temperature, and the concentration of SO_2, NO is investigated. The results show that the pH value has a significant impact on the removal efficiency. The efficiency is greater in acidic than neutral solutions and alkaline, which can attain above 90%. The addition of NO in flue gas significantly improves the mercury removal efficiency, when NaClO_2 solution provides enough. Increasing the concentration of SO_2, the removal efficiency of Hg0 doesn’t influence. Furthermore, the presence of SO_2 in the simulating flue gas reduces the Hg removal efficiency by about 30% from the same level without SO_2 (but with NO). The parallel experiments show that under the optimal operating conditions, the removal efficiencies of 100%, 97.8% and 76% are achieved for SO_2, NO, and Hg0 respectively. Moreover, the products are analysed by chemical analysis methods and the mechaism of removing SO_2, NO and Hg0 by aqueous sodium chlorite in bubbling reactor is discussed.
The experimental study on removal of Hg0 from flue gas is carried out in bench-scale bubbling reactor in this paper. A type of absorbents, namely sodium chlorite, with known overall superior performance is selected in a bubbling reactor. Effect of sodium chlorite concentration, the initial pH value of absorbing solution, mercury concentration in the inlet of reactor, reaction temperature, and the concentration of SO_2, NO is investigated. The results show that the pH value has a significant impact on the removal efficiency. The efficiency is greater in acidic than neutral solutions and alkaline, which can attain above 90%. The addition of NO in flue gas significantly improves the mercury removal efficiency, when NaClO_2 solution provides enough. Increasing the concentration of SO_2, the removal efficiency of Hg0 doesn’t influence. Furthermore, the presence of SO_2 in the simulating flue gas reduces the Hg removal efficiency by about 30% from the same level without SO_2 (but with NO). The parallel experiments show that under the optimal operating conditions, the removal efficiencies of 100%, 97.8% and 76% are achieved for SO_2, NO, and Hg0 respectively. Moreover, the products are analysed by chemical analysis methods and the mechaism of removing SO_2, NO and Hg0 by aqueous sodium chlorite in bubbling reactor is discussed.
引文
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[23] Sagrario Mendiotoz , Isabel Guijarro M,Vicfnta Munoz. Mercury retrieval from Flue Gas by Monolithic Afsorbents Based on Sulfurized Sepiolite . Environ Sci Technol ,1999 ,33 :1697～1702.
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[26] Pitoniak E, Wu C Y, Mazyck D W Powers K W Sigmund W Adsorption Enhancement Mechanisms of Silica-Titania Nanocomposites for Elemental Mercury Vapor Removal. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39(5): 1269～1274.
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[2]江英. 更多美国婴儿受汞污染威胁. 中国环境科学,2004,(03):359.
[3]未名.全球最大的汞污染源是燃煤电厂.环境污染与防治,2003,25(3):185.
[4]Liberti L , Notarnicola M, Amicarelli V. Mercury removal with powdered activated carbon from flue gases at the Coriano municipals solid waste incineration plant .Waste Manage Res ,1998 , (16) 2 :183～189.
[5] Korpiel JA, Vidic R D. Effect of Sulfur Impregnation Method on Activated Carbon Uptake of Gas-Phase Mercury .Environ Sc Technol,1997, 31(8): 2319～2325.
[6] Ghorishi S B, Keeney R M, Serre S D, Gullett B K, Jozewicz W S. Development of a Cl-Impregnated Activated Carbon for Entrained-Flow Capture of Elemental Mercury.Environ Sci Technol, 2002,36(20):4454～4459.
[7] V.M.Fthenakis,F.W.Lipfert,P.D.Moskowitz,et al.An assessment of mercury emission and heath risks from a coal-fired power plant,Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,44:267～283
[8]高洪亮, 周劲松, 骆仲泱, 岑可法. 燃煤烟气中汞在活性炭上的吸附特性. 煤炭科学技术 2006.34(5):49～52
[9] Liberti L , Notarnicola M, Amicarelli V. Mercury removal with powdered activated carbon from flue gases at the Coriano municipals solid waste incineration plant .Waste Manage Res ,1998 , (16) 2 :183～189
[10] 孙巍 , 晏乃强 , 贾金平 . 载溴活性炭去除烟气中的单质汞 . 中国环境科学 , 2006,26(3):257～261.
[11] Ghorishi S B, Keeney R M, Serre S D, Gullett B K, Jozewicz W S. Development of a Cl-Impregnated Activated Carbon for Entrained-Flow Capture of Elemental Mercury.Environ Sci Technol, 2002,36(20):4454～4459.
[12]金峰,曾汉才,钟毅,张鹏宇,许绿丝. 颗粒活性炭对汞的吸附实验研究. 电力科学与工程, 2003(1):1～4
[13]郭欣.煤燃烧过程中汞、砷、硒的排放与控制研究.华中科技大学[硕士论文]. 2005.
[14] J.D. Laumb, S.A. Benson, E.S. Olson, G.E. Dunham, Characterization of coal-derived mercury sorbents,Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems, Clearwater,FL, March 5 – 8, Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 2001, pp. 179～190.
[15] V L.Shashkov, L.P.Mukhlenov, E.Ya Benyash,V L.Ostanina, Effect of mercury vapors on the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in a fluidized bed of vanadium catalyst, Khim. Prom-st (Moscow), 1971, 47, 288～290.
[16] Wang Q C., Shen W G. and Ma Z W, Mercury emissions from coal in China .Environ. Sci. Technol., 2000, 34(13): 2711～2713.
[17] 王 立 刚 , 陈 昌 和 . 飞 灰 残 炭 分 形 特 征 对 汞 吸 附 反 应 的 影 响 . 环 境 化 学2005,24(1):59～62.
[18] S.B. Ghorishi, C.W. Lee, J.D. Kilgroe, Mercury speciation in combustion systems: studies with simulated flue gases and model fly ashes, Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association 92nd Annual Meeting and Exhibition, St. Louis, MO, June 20– 24, 1999, Paper 99～651.
[19] C.W. Lee, J.D. Kilgroe, S.B. Ghorishi, Speciation of mercury in the presence of coal and waste combustion fly ashes, Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association 93rd Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Salt Lake City, UT, June 18–22, 2000, Paper 157.
[20] Stouffer M.R.; Rosenhover W.A.; Burke F.P. Investigatin of flue gas mercury measurement and control for coal-fired sources. Presented at the 89th Annual Air&WasteManagement association Meeting. Nashville, tn, June 23-28, 1996, 96- Wp 64 B.06.
[21] Ghorishi, S.B., and C.B. Sedman. Low concentration mercury sorption mechanisms and control by calcium-based sorbents: application in coal-fired processes, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1998. 48: 1191～1198.
[22] S.B. Ghorishi, C.F.Singer, C.Sedman, Preparaation and evaluation of modified lime an silica-lime sorbents for mercury vapor emission control, EPRI-DOE-EPA Combined Utilit,Air Pollution Control Symposium, 1999, Atlanta, Georgia.
[23] Sagrario Mendiotoz , Isabel Guijarro M,Vicfnta Munoz. Mercury retrieval from Flue Gas by Monolithic Afsorbents Based on Sulfurized Sepiolite . Environ Sci Technol ,1999 ,33 :1697～1702.
[24] Lau L D, Rodriguez R, Henery S, Manuel D, Schwendiman L. Photoreduction of Mercuric Salt Solutions at High pH. Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32(5): 670～675.
[25] Aronson B J, Blanford C F, Stein. A Solution-Phase Grafting of Titanium Dioxide onto the Pore Surface of Mesoporous Silicates: Synthesis and Structural Characterization. Chem Mater, 1997, 9(12): 2842～2851.
[26] Pitoniak E, Wu C Y, Mazyck D W Powers K W Sigmund W Adsorption Enhancement Mechanisms of Silica-Titania Nanocomposites for Elemental Mercury Vapor Removal. Environ Sci Technol, 2005, 39(5): 1269～1274.
[27] Morris T, Copeland H, McLinden E, Wilson S, Szulczewski G. The Effects of Mercury Adsorption on the optical Response of Size-Selected Gold and Silver Nanoparticles.Langmuir, 2002, 18(20): 7261～7264.
[28]Stevenson K J, Mitchell M, White H S. Oxidative Adsorption of n-Alkanethiolates at Mercury.Dependence of Adsorption Free Energy on Chain Length. Phys Chem B, 1998, 102(7): 1235 ～1240.
[29]Vogg H, Braun H, Metzger et al, The specific role of cadmium and mercury in municipal solid waste incineration ,Waste Management &Resarch ,1986(4):65～74.
[30] Kobayashi, T. Oxidation of Metallic Mercury in Aqueous Solutions by Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorine. Jpn Soc Air Pollut, 1987, 22: 230～234.
[31]Zhao L L, Rochelle G T. Mercury Absorption in Aqueous Oxidants Catalyzed by Mercury(II). Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 1998, 37(2):380～387.
[32]Livengood C D, Mendelshon M H, Investgation of modified speciation for enhanced control of mercury ,Technical report ,Argonne national laboratory,1997.
[33]Livengood C D, Mendelsohn M H ,Huang H S ,Wu J M, Development of Mercury Control Techniques for Utility boilers ,88 th Annual Meeting Air&Waste Management Association, San Antonio,Texas,1995, June 18-23
[34] Mendelsohn, M.H.; Wu, J.; Huang, H.; Livengood, C.D., Elemental Mercury Removals Observed in a Laboratory-Scale Wet FGD Scrubber System. Emerging Clean Air Technologies and Business Opportunities, Toronto, Canada, Sept. 1994, 26～30.
[35]C.D.Livengood, H.S.Huang, M.H.Mendelsohn, Enhancement of mercury control in flue-gas cleanup systems, Technical report, Argonne National Laboratory. 1996
[36]杨宏旻等. 电站烟气脱硫装置的脱汞特性试验 . 动力工程. 2006.26(4):554～557.
[37] C. Richardson, G. Blythe, R. Rhudy, T. Brown, Enhanced control of mercury by wet FGD systems,Presented at the Air and Waste Management Association 93rd Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Salt LakeCity, UT, 2000, Paper No. AE1B 43.
[38] G.M. Blythe, T.R. Carey, C.F. Richardson, F.B. Meserole, R.G. Rhudy, T.D. Brown, Enhanced control of mercury by wet flue gas desulfurization systems, Presented at the Air and Waste Management Association 92nd Annual Meeting and Exhibition, St. Louis, MO, June 20– 24, 1999.
[39] Lee. C.W., Srivastava, R.K., Ghorishi, S.B., Hastings, T.W., Stevens, F.M. “Study of Speciation of Mercury under Simulated SCR NOx Emission Control Conditions,” presented at the DOE-EPRI-U.S. EPA -A&WMA Combined Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Symposium - The Mega Symposium, Washington, DC, May 19-22, 2003.
[40]Hocquel,M., The Behaviour and Fate of Mercury in Coal-Fired Power Plants withDownstream Air Pollution Control Devices” Forschr.-Ber. VDI Reihe Nr. 251. Düsseldorf: VDI Verlag 2004.
[41]David G. Streets, Jiming Hao, Ye Wu , Jingkun Jiang, Melissa Chan, Hezhong Tian, Xinbin Feng .Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China Atmospheric Environment 2005 (39): 7789～7806
[42]Pacyna, E.G., Pacyna, J.M. Global emission of mercury from anthropogenic sourcesin 1995. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution .2002,137, 149～165.
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