稻草秸秆的预处理及生产乙醇的研究
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摘要
纤维素生物质作为一种来源广泛、价格低廉的可再生资源,如果被用来生产液体燃料-乙醇,不仅可以减少化石能源的消耗而且可减少汽车尾气中的有害成分,且大量用秸杆生产燃料乙醇可以避免其在农田中大量直接焚烧,这都将大大减少引发全球气候变化的温室气体的排放。本论文主要研究了稻草秸秆的化学、离子液体和羟氧自由基预处理技术,同时对稻草秸秆高浓度底物的同步糖化发酵以及半纤维素水解液的制备和发酵等方面也进行了较为全面的研究。本课题在能源问题和环境问题上均有一定的理论和现实意义。
用稀酸、石灰和氢氧化钠等化学物质对稻草秸秆进行了处理,2% NaOH预处理效果最好,121℃处理1h木质素去除率达到88.9%,同时有38.7%的半纤维素被脱除,处理后的残渣酶解60小时水解率高达96.1%,分离后的碱液可以重复利用2-3次,进而降低预处理的成本。
对氢氧化钠处理的秸秆残渣进行了酶法水解,就其酶解动力学和机制以及酶解条件进行优化。结果表明底物的酶解得率与木质素的去除率有关,纤维素酶系的组成对酶解具有重要的影响,酶系中因纤维二糖酶的不足会造成纤维二糖对整个酶解的反馈抑制,可通过补加纤维二糖酶解除这种抑制；获得的最佳酶解条件为底物浓度80 g/L,纤维素酶加入量20 FPU/g底物,纤维二糖酶12 CBIU/g底物,此时,48 h酶解得率为86.7%。在此最优的条件下,进行3 L反应器实验48 h酶解得率89.3%。
以糖得率并结合红外分析稻草秸秆处理前后结晶指数的变化,筛选得到离子液体[EMIM]OAc,其对稻草秸秆具有较好的溶解特性。对处理秸秆(重生的纤维材料)的性能研究表明,重生的纤维材料由于结晶纤维素向无定型纤维素的转化,更易与酶形成酶与底物复合物,这种酶与底物复合物因酶与纤维素结合更为紧密而起到保护酶的作用,使纤维素酶能耐更高的温度,并在这样的温度下水解纤维素提高酶水解糖得率；通过考察[EMIM][OAc]浓度对纤维素酶的影响,发现[EMIM] [OAc]对纤维素酶具有较大的毒性,[EMIM] [OAc]达到3 M时,酶解液中基本上没有糖。同时,实验结果说明稻草秸秆的水解与木质素的去除和纤维素结晶度在一定范围内存在一定程度的对应关系,且木质素去除率与纤维素的结晶度呈拟合的线性关系。FTIRs、XRD和SEM对[EMIM] [OAc]处理秸秆的结构形态分析表明,稻草秸秆经[EMIM][OAc]处理后有部分纤维素转变为纤维素Ⅱ或无定型纤维素。
稻草秸秆用羟氧自由基处理,在Ox-B浓度、处理温度和液固比等单因素实验的基础上,基于Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计原理,利用Design-Expert 7.0.0软件进行实验方案设计和数据拟合,得到羟氧自由基处理的最优条件为：Ox-B浓度为21g/L处理温度为57.2℃,液固比为40：1时。模型验证实验还原糖得率为94.5%,与预测值接近,表明实验结果与模型预测结果没有显著性差异。羟氧自由基处理稻草秸秆的效果明显,但是处理的稻草秸秆重量损失比较大。
对稻草秸秆用稀酸稀碱结合处理,获得纤维素含量为88.5%,木质素含量只有4.5%的纤维素含量丰富的底物,用耐高温活性干酵母40℃同步糖化发酵浓度160 g/L的底物,发酵液中乙醇浓度达到58.7 g/L,超过了蒸馏对于纤维素酒精发酵液含量不得低于50 g/L的要求,降低了纤维素酒精蒸馏阶段的能耗；物料平衡衡算的结果是：0.175kg乙醇/kg稻草秸秆(干重)即1kg稻草秸秆(干重)通过稀酸稀碱处理后,残渣同步糖化发酵得到0.125kg乙醇,结合半纤维素水解液的发酵所获得的0.05 kg,总共得到0.175kg乙醇/kg稻草秸秆(干重)。
休哈达假丝酵母(Candida shehatae 1766)木糖发酵的基础研究表明：该酵母在混合糖发酵时会优先利用葡糖糖；在纯木糖和混合糖相同糖浓度对比发酵中,两者乙醇产量和糖利用率没有太大区别,发酵72 h乙醇浓度都为16 g/L左右。休哈达假丝酵母(Candida shehatae 1766)半纤维素酸解液发酵结果表明,该菌株在较低的pH下具有较好发酵性能；对没有经过脱毒处理的半纤维素水解液也具有较好的发酵性能,发酵72 h乙醇浓度达到13.7 g/L。
Cellulose biomass, the widely distributed inexpensive renewable resource, can be used for production of the large volumes of bio-ethanol. The use of the bio-ethanol will not only reduce the consumption of fossil fuel, but also reduce the harmful component from the automobile exhaust. Then the use of large quantity straw cellulose biomass for bio-ethanol production will greatly reduce the release of greenhouse gases by avoiding directly burning the straw in the farmland, In this dissertation, the pretreatment technique for rice straw with chemical, ILs and hydroxyl radical approaches were studied, meanwhile the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation technique for pretreated rice straw at high dry matter content and fermentation technique for rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate were also investigated. This research has theoretical and practical significance in both the energy crisis and the environmental pollution.
Rice straw was pretreated with acid, lime and sodium hydroxide, respectively. It was found that pretreatment with 2%NaOH at 121℃for 1 h can remove 88.9%lignin and 38.7% hemicellulose. The residues could be degraded by cellulase complex to a rate of 96.1%. The alkaline liquor separated from the reaction mixture could be recycled for 2-3 times in repeated pretreatment batches.
The kinetics of cellulase hydrolysis of NaOH-pretreated rice straw and its mechanism were thoroughly investigated, meanwile, the hydrolysis conditions were optimized. It was found that lignin removal play a big role in enhancing enzymatic digestibility of rice straw. The composition of cellulase complex has an important influence on the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Supplementing cellobiase greatly reduced the feedback inhibition caused by cellobiose due to lack of cellobiase in the cellulase complex. The optimal condition for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw was substrate concentration 80 g/L, cellulase 20 FPU/g substrate, cellobiase 12 CBIU/g substrate. The hydrolysis yield under such condition was 86.7%at 48 h in lab scale and 89.3%at 48 h in a 3 L reactor.
Based on the sugar producing rate combined with the change of crystallinity indexes of untreated and treated rice straw assayed by infrared method, the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimid-azolium acetate ([Emim]OAc) was selected from five ionic liquid candidates for pretreating rice straw. Rice straw has a good solubility in [Emim]Oac, which mainly due to the structure transformation of cellulose I into amorphous or cellulose II. The regenerated rice straw properties showed that it was easier to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The combination of enzyme with substrate was so close which could play a role of protective cellulose on resistant to higher temperature, and then could enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. [EMIM]OAc was also found to be toxic on cellulase, and there were almost no sugar in the hydrolysate at 3 M [EMIM]OAc. Meanwhile the results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw had some correspondence between lignin removal and crystallinity of cellulose in a certain degree. The removal of lignin and the cellulose crystallinity showed a fitted linear relationship. The chemical structure and crystalline form of rice straw before and after dissolution analysed by FTIR, XRD and SEM showed that the crystalline form of rice straw was partly transformed from cellulose I to cellulose II after [Emim]OAc pretreatment.
After rice straw was treated with Ox-B, and the Ox-B concentration, temperature and liquid to solid ratio were optimized, respectively. According to the Box-Benhnken central composite design principles and the experimental design and data fitting by using Design-Expert 7.0 software, the optimal results were the Ox-B concentration 21 g/L, treating temperature 57.2℃, liquid to solid ratio 40:1. The reducing sugar yield was 94.5%by Model Validation Experiments, close to the predicted value. The results showed no significant difference between Experimental result and predicted result. The effect with Ox-B treatment rice straw was pronounced, however rice straw weight loss is relatively large.
The cellulose and lignin content were attained to 88.5%and 4.5%respectively when rice straw pretreated by a sequence of dilute acid and dilute alkali. Ethanol concentration of 58.7g/L in fermentation broth was obtained by SSF at substrate concentration 160g/L which were gotten from rice straw pretreated by a sequence of dilute acid and dilute alkali. The requirement for ethanol concentration above 50.0 g/L in the fermentation mixture was fitted, which reducing the energy consumption in cellulosic ethanol distillation. By matter equilibrium SSF of rice straw pretreated by a sequence of dilute acid and dilute alkali by commercial ethanol instant active dry yeast (S. cerevisiae), combined with 0.05 kg of ethanol from the fermentation of hemicellulose hydrolysates, we were able to achieve 0.175 kg ethanol/kg untreated rice straw.
Candida shehatae CICC 1766 was used for xylose fermentation. In a defined xylose and xylose/glucose medium, the results showed that the glucose was consumed prior to xylose for cell growth during early stages of the defined xylose/glucose mixture fermentation. The final ethanol concentration, yield and productivity were almost same 16g/L in the xylose medium and glucose/xylose medium at 72h of the fermentation. Fermentation of rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate showed that Candida shehatae CICC 1766 had good fermentability at lower pH. We found C. shehatae CICC 1766 could directly ferment acid hemicellulose hydrolysate without detoxification and ethanol concentration was 13.7 g/L at 72 h.
用稀酸、石灰和氢氧化钠等化学物质对稻草秸秆进行了处理,2% NaOH预处理效果最好,121℃处理1h木质素去除率达到88.9%,同时有38.7%的半纤维素被脱除,处理后的残渣酶解60小时水解率高达96.1%,分离后的碱液可以重复利用2-3次,进而降低预处理的成本。
对氢氧化钠处理的秸秆残渣进行了酶法水解,就其酶解动力学和机制以及酶解条件进行优化。结果表明底物的酶解得率与木质素的去除率有关,纤维素酶系的组成对酶解具有重要的影响,酶系中因纤维二糖酶的不足会造成纤维二糖对整个酶解的反馈抑制,可通过补加纤维二糖酶解除这种抑制；获得的最佳酶解条件为底物浓度80 g/L,纤维素酶加入量20 FPU/g底物,纤维二糖酶12 CBIU/g底物,此时,48 h酶解得率为86.7%。在此最优的条件下,进行3 L反应器实验48 h酶解得率89.3%。
以糖得率并结合红外分析稻草秸秆处理前后结晶指数的变化,筛选得到离子液体[EMIM]OAc,其对稻草秸秆具有较好的溶解特性。对处理秸秆(重生的纤维材料)的性能研究表明,重生的纤维材料由于结晶纤维素向无定型纤维素的转化,更易与酶形成酶与底物复合物,这种酶与底物复合物因酶与纤维素结合更为紧密而起到保护酶的作用,使纤维素酶能耐更高的温度,并在这样的温度下水解纤维素提高酶水解糖得率；通过考察[EMIM][OAc]浓度对纤维素酶的影响,发现[EMIM] [OAc]对纤维素酶具有较大的毒性,[EMIM] [OAc]达到3 M时,酶解液中基本上没有糖。同时,实验结果说明稻草秸秆的水解与木质素的去除和纤维素结晶度在一定范围内存在一定程度的对应关系,且木质素去除率与纤维素的结晶度呈拟合的线性关系。FTIRs、XRD和SEM对[EMIM] [OAc]处理秸秆的结构形态分析表明,稻草秸秆经[EMIM][OAc]处理后有部分纤维素转变为纤维素Ⅱ或无定型纤维素。
稻草秸秆用羟氧自由基处理,在Ox-B浓度、处理温度和液固比等单因素实验的基础上,基于Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计原理,利用Design-Expert 7.0.0软件进行实验方案设计和数据拟合,得到羟氧自由基处理的最优条件为：Ox-B浓度为21g/L处理温度为57.2℃,液固比为40：1时。模型验证实验还原糖得率为94.5%,与预测值接近,表明实验结果与模型预测结果没有显著性差异。羟氧自由基处理稻草秸秆的效果明显,但是处理的稻草秸秆重量损失比较大。
对稻草秸秆用稀酸稀碱结合处理,获得纤维素含量为88.5%,木质素含量只有4.5%的纤维素含量丰富的底物,用耐高温活性干酵母40℃同步糖化发酵浓度160 g/L的底物,发酵液中乙醇浓度达到58.7 g/L,超过了蒸馏对于纤维素酒精发酵液含量不得低于50 g/L的要求,降低了纤维素酒精蒸馏阶段的能耗；物料平衡衡算的结果是：0.175kg乙醇/kg稻草秸秆(干重)即1kg稻草秸秆(干重)通过稀酸稀碱处理后,残渣同步糖化发酵得到0.125kg乙醇,结合半纤维素水解液的发酵所获得的0.05 kg,总共得到0.175kg乙醇/kg稻草秸秆(干重)。
休哈达假丝酵母(Candida shehatae 1766)木糖发酵的基础研究表明：该酵母在混合糖发酵时会优先利用葡糖糖；在纯木糖和混合糖相同糖浓度对比发酵中,两者乙醇产量和糖利用率没有太大区别,发酵72 h乙醇浓度都为16 g/L左右。休哈达假丝酵母(Candida shehatae 1766)半纤维素酸解液发酵结果表明,该菌株在较低的pH下具有较好发酵性能；对没有经过脱毒处理的半纤维素水解液也具有较好的发酵性能,发酵72 h乙醇浓度达到13.7 g/L。
Cellulose biomass, the widely distributed inexpensive renewable resource, can be used for production of the large volumes of bio-ethanol. The use of the bio-ethanol will not only reduce the consumption of fossil fuel, but also reduce the harmful component from the automobile exhaust. Then the use of large quantity straw cellulose biomass for bio-ethanol production will greatly reduce the release of greenhouse gases by avoiding directly burning the straw in the farmland, In this dissertation, the pretreatment technique for rice straw with chemical, ILs and hydroxyl radical approaches were studied, meanwhile the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation technique for pretreated rice straw at high dry matter content and fermentation technique for rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate were also investigated. This research has theoretical and practical significance in both the energy crisis and the environmental pollution.
Rice straw was pretreated with acid, lime and sodium hydroxide, respectively. It was found that pretreatment with 2%NaOH at 121℃for 1 h can remove 88.9%lignin and 38.7% hemicellulose. The residues could be degraded by cellulase complex to a rate of 96.1%. The alkaline liquor separated from the reaction mixture could be recycled for 2-3 times in repeated pretreatment batches.
The kinetics of cellulase hydrolysis of NaOH-pretreated rice straw and its mechanism were thoroughly investigated, meanwile, the hydrolysis conditions were optimized. It was found that lignin removal play a big role in enhancing enzymatic digestibility of rice straw. The composition of cellulase complex has an important influence on the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Supplementing cellobiase greatly reduced the feedback inhibition caused by cellobiose due to lack of cellobiase in the cellulase complex. The optimal condition for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw was substrate concentration 80 g/L, cellulase 20 FPU/g substrate, cellobiase 12 CBIU/g substrate. The hydrolysis yield under such condition was 86.7%at 48 h in lab scale and 89.3%at 48 h in a 3 L reactor.
Based on the sugar producing rate combined with the change of crystallinity indexes of untreated and treated rice straw assayed by infrared method, the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimid-azolium acetate ([Emim]OAc) was selected from five ionic liquid candidates for pretreating rice straw. Rice straw has a good solubility in [Emim]Oac, which mainly due to the structure transformation of cellulose I into amorphous or cellulose II. The regenerated rice straw properties showed that it was easier to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The combination of enzyme with substrate was so close which could play a role of protective cellulose on resistant to higher temperature, and then could enhance enzymatic hydrolysis. [EMIM]OAc was also found to be toxic on cellulase, and there were almost no sugar in the hydrolysate at 3 M [EMIM]OAc. Meanwhile the results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw had some correspondence between lignin removal and crystallinity of cellulose in a certain degree. The removal of lignin and the cellulose crystallinity showed a fitted linear relationship. The chemical structure and crystalline form of rice straw before and after dissolution analysed by FTIR, XRD and SEM showed that the crystalline form of rice straw was partly transformed from cellulose I to cellulose II after [Emim]OAc pretreatment.
After rice straw was treated with Ox-B, and the Ox-B concentration, temperature and liquid to solid ratio were optimized, respectively. According to the Box-Benhnken central composite design principles and the experimental design and data fitting by using Design-Expert 7.0 software, the optimal results were the Ox-B concentration 21 g/L, treating temperature 57.2℃, liquid to solid ratio 40:1. The reducing sugar yield was 94.5%by Model Validation Experiments, close to the predicted value. The results showed no significant difference between Experimental result and predicted result. The effect with Ox-B treatment rice straw was pronounced, however rice straw weight loss is relatively large.
The cellulose and lignin content were attained to 88.5%and 4.5%respectively when rice straw pretreated by a sequence of dilute acid and dilute alkali. Ethanol concentration of 58.7g/L in fermentation broth was obtained by SSF at substrate concentration 160g/L which were gotten from rice straw pretreated by a sequence of dilute acid and dilute alkali. The requirement for ethanol concentration above 50.0 g/L in the fermentation mixture was fitted, which reducing the energy consumption in cellulosic ethanol distillation. By matter equilibrium SSF of rice straw pretreated by a sequence of dilute acid and dilute alkali by commercial ethanol instant active dry yeast (S. cerevisiae), combined with 0.05 kg of ethanol from the fermentation of hemicellulose hydrolysates, we were able to achieve 0.175 kg ethanol/kg untreated rice straw.
Candida shehatae CICC 1766 was used for xylose fermentation. In a defined xylose and xylose/glucose medium, the results showed that the glucose was consumed prior to xylose for cell growth during early stages of the defined xylose/glucose mixture fermentation. The final ethanol concentration, yield and productivity were almost same 16g/L in the xylose medium and glucose/xylose medium at 72h of the fermentation. Fermentation of rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate showed that Candida shehatae CICC 1766 had good fermentability at lower pH. We found C. shehatae CICC 1766 could directly ferment acid hemicellulose hydrolysate without detoxification and ethanol concentration was 13.7 g/L at 72 h.
引文
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