沾车地区沙四上亚段湖相碳酸盐岩沉积特征研究
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摘要
本论文应用现代沉积学和高分辨率层序地层学的研究方法，在文献调研基础上，区域研究与重点解剖相结合，岩心、测井、地震多种资料综合分析，对济阳坳陷北部沾车地区沙四上亚段发育的湖相碳酸盐岩层序地层特征、沉积演化规律与有利储层发育进行系统研究。
研究区盆地构造演化与古近系碳酸盐岩发育的规律表明：陆相断陷湖盆中，盆地的构造演化对湖相碳酸盐岩的形成与发育具有控制作用。该区湖相碳酸盐岩主要发育在断陷盆地二级构造层序的断陷早期和断坳转换期，即沙四上亚段和沙一段沉积时期。
通过岩心观察、测录井资料分析与测井二次解释，结合薄片和扫描电镜等实验室微观分析，对研究区湖相碳酸盐岩进行岩相类型划分，主要为：石灰岩、白云岩和混积岩三种类型。其中灰岩又分为内碎屑灰岩、生物灰岩、复合颗粒灰岩和泥晶灰岩等几种亚相类型；白云岩包括粒屑白云岩、藻格架白云岩、细-微晶白云石等亚相。
通过碳酸盐岩地层中水深旋回、盐度旋回与岩相旋回的识别，以水淹界面或湖泛面作为界面，对沙四上亚段地层进行高频旋回划分，并建立等时地层格架。其中碳酸盐岩发育的高位体系域划分为两个四级旋回、五个五级旋回，其四级旋回可进行区域对比。盆地幕式构造运动、周期性气候变化、物源供给、湖水盐度和湖平面升降是碳酸盐岩层序发育的主要控制因素。
通过高频层序地层格架内碳酸盐岩及其伴生沉积体系演化与分布规律的研究，针对陆相断陷湖盆碳酸盐岩发育的特殊性，建立了陡坡与缓坡不同的沉积模式。缓坡带包括陆源碎屑与碳酸盐岩混合形成的混积岩模式和是近缓坡带浅湖小型藻丘模式。陡坡带以碳酸盐岩台地为特征，分为翘倾断块台地高部位生物碎屑灰岩模式和进积低位楔再造碳酸盐沉积缓倾台地模式两种。
储层岩石学研究表明：该区碳酸盐岩储层主要为中低孔、低渗储层，溶蚀孔、格架孔与晶间孔是主要的储集空间类型，白云岩化作用多为准同生作用为主，岩相类型与沉积环境是影响储集性能的主要因素。在储层成因类型、空间结构、成岩作用及其孔隙演化特征，对储层进行分类评价。
因断裂活动形成的古地貌对湖相碳酸盐岩发育规模与沉积类型控制作用明显，本研究通过古构造、古地貌、沉积相与储层特征分析，综合地震属性与反演结果，在四级旋回内对有利储层进行预测。断陷湖盆陡坡断阶带形成的翘倾断块台地、陡坡浊积扇形成低位楔充填台地与缓坡带小型台地都是湖相碳酸盐岩储层的有利发育区。
On the theoretical basis of modern sedimentology and high resolution sequencestratigraphy, this thesis, including literature research, regional research and key areastudy in details, focused on the sedimentary characteristics and sequencestratigraphic evolution and the favorable reservoir development of the lacustrinecarbonate rocks in Upper 4th Member of Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua depression bycores, logging and seismic data analyzing.
Tectonic Evolution of Jiyang Sub-basin and the development of Paleogenecarbonate rocks implys that the tectonic evolution of a basin is the main controlmechanism of the formation and development of the lacustrine carbonate rocks. Thelacustrine carbonate rocks in the rift basins are mainly developed in two tectonicsequences- the early faulted stages and the conversion periods from faulted todepressing, like the Upper 4th Member and the 1st Member of Shahejie Formation.
By core observation, microscope description, logging analysis and secondarylogging interpretation, lithofacies of lucastrine carbonate rocks are classificated intothree main types: limestone rocks, dolomite rocks, and rocks mixed with silicate.Which limestone is divided into intraclastic limestone, biogenic limestone, thelimestone of the composite particles and micrite; the dolomite is divided intoallochemical dolomite, algal cell dolomite, fine - microcrystalline dolomite.
By analyzing the depth, salinity and lithofacies cycles of carbonate fomation, thispaper used flooding surfaces and submerged surfaces as the interfaces forhigh-frequency cycle division, and established the high resolution sequencestratigraphic framework. The highstand systems tracts in which the carbonate rocksmainly developing are divided into two fourth-order cycles and five fifth-order cycles.The main controlling factor of the carbonate sequences development are episodictectonic movement, climate change, sources supply, salinity and lake level change.
By studying the evolution and distribution of carbonate system and associatedsedimentary systems in non-marine rift basin in the high frequency sequencestratigraphic framework, we established different models in both gentle and steepslopes. Two models are built in gentle slope: carbonate mixed with terrigenousclastics model and small algal mounds deposited in shallow lake model. Also, webuild two models in steep slope which is characterized by carbonate platform:bioclastic limestone developing on the higher part of the tilted fault block mesa modeland lowstand systems tract accretionary wedge gentle dipping platform model.
Reservoir lithology study reveals that most carbonate reservoirs in study area arelow porosity and permeability reservoirs, main reservoir space types includedissolution pores, framework hole and intergranular hole, and the penecontemporaneous dolomitization prevails. Thus, the lithofacies and sedimentaryenvironments are main factors affecting the performance of the reservoir. Thosereservoirs are classficated and evaluated by genetic types, spatial structure, diagenesisand porosity evolution characteristics.
Palaeogeomorphology characters caused by rift activities obviously control on thescale of carbonate rocks and sedimentary types. This paper predicts favorablereservoirs in fourth-order cycles, by analyzing palaeotectonic, palaeogeomorphology,sedimentary facies and reservoir characteristics, and considering seismic attribute andinversion results. Tilted fault-block platforms in the steep slope of rift basin, lowstandsystems tract accretionary wedge gentle dipping platforms, and small scale platformin gentle slope are favorable development areas of lacustrine carbonate reservoirs
研究区盆地构造演化与古近系碳酸盐岩发育的规律表明：陆相断陷湖盆中，盆地的构造演化对湖相碳酸盐岩的形成与发育具有控制作用。该区湖相碳酸盐岩主要发育在断陷盆地二级构造层序的断陷早期和断坳转换期，即沙四上亚段和沙一段沉积时期。
通过岩心观察、测录井资料分析与测井二次解释，结合薄片和扫描电镜等实验室微观分析，对研究区湖相碳酸盐岩进行岩相类型划分，主要为：石灰岩、白云岩和混积岩三种类型。其中灰岩又分为内碎屑灰岩、生物灰岩、复合颗粒灰岩和泥晶灰岩等几种亚相类型；白云岩包括粒屑白云岩、藻格架白云岩、细-微晶白云石等亚相。
通过碳酸盐岩地层中水深旋回、盐度旋回与岩相旋回的识别，以水淹界面或湖泛面作为界面，对沙四上亚段地层进行高频旋回划分，并建立等时地层格架。其中碳酸盐岩发育的高位体系域划分为两个四级旋回、五个五级旋回，其四级旋回可进行区域对比。盆地幕式构造运动、周期性气候变化、物源供给、湖水盐度和湖平面升降是碳酸盐岩层序发育的主要控制因素。
通过高频层序地层格架内碳酸盐岩及其伴生沉积体系演化与分布规律的研究，针对陆相断陷湖盆碳酸盐岩发育的特殊性，建立了陡坡与缓坡不同的沉积模式。缓坡带包括陆源碎屑与碳酸盐岩混合形成的混积岩模式和是近缓坡带浅湖小型藻丘模式。陡坡带以碳酸盐岩台地为特征，分为翘倾断块台地高部位生物碎屑灰岩模式和进积低位楔再造碳酸盐沉积缓倾台地模式两种。
储层岩石学研究表明：该区碳酸盐岩储层主要为中低孔、低渗储层，溶蚀孔、格架孔与晶间孔是主要的储集空间类型，白云岩化作用多为准同生作用为主，岩相类型与沉积环境是影响储集性能的主要因素。在储层成因类型、空间结构、成岩作用及其孔隙演化特征，对储层进行分类评价。
因断裂活动形成的古地貌对湖相碳酸盐岩发育规模与沉积类型控制作用明显，本研究通过古构造、古地貌、沉积相与储层特征分析，综合地震属性与反演结果，在四级旋回内对有利储层进行预测。断陷湖盆陡坡断阶带形成的翘倾断块台地、陡坡浊积扇形成低位楔充填台地与缓坡带小型台地都是湖相碳酸盐岩储层的有利发育区。
On the theoretical basis of modern sedimentology and high resolution sequencestratigraphy, this thesis, including literature research, regional research and key areastudy in details, focused on the sedimentary characteristics and sequencestratigraphic evolution and the favorable reservoir development of the lacustrinecarbonate rocks in Upper 4th Member of Shahejie Formation, Zhanhua depression bycores, logging and seismic data analyzing.
Tectonic Evolution of Jiyang Sub-basin and the development of Paleogenecarbonate rocks implys that the tectonic evolution of a basin is the main controlmechanism of the formation and development of the lacustrine carbonate rocks. Thelacustrine carbonate rocks in the rift basins are mainly developed in two tectonicsequences- the early faulted stages and the conversion periods from faulted todepressing, like the Upper 4th Member and the 1st Member of Shahejie Formation.
By core observation, microscope description, logging analysis and secondarylogging interpretation, lithofacies of lucastrine carbonate rocks are classificated intothree main types: limestone rocks, dolomite rocks, and rocks mixed with silicate.Which limestone is divided into intraclastic limestone, biogenic limestone, thelimestone of the composite particles and micrite; the dolomite is divided intoallochemical dolomite, algal cell dolomite, fine - microcrystalline dolomite.
By analyzing the depth, salinity and lithofacies cycles of carbonate fomation, thispaper used flooding surfaces and submerged surfaces as the interfaces forhigh-frequency cycle division, and established the high resolution sequencestratigraphic framework. The highstand systems tracts in which the carbonate rocksmainly developing are divided into two fourth-order cycles and five fifth-order cycles.The main controlling factor of the carbonate sequences development are episodictectonic movement, climate change, sources supply, salinity and lake level change.
By studying the evolution and distribution of carbonate system and associatedsedimentary systems in non-marine rift basin in the high frequency sequencestratigraphic framework, we established different models in both gentle and steepslopes. Two models are built in gentle slope: carbonate mixed with terrigenousclastics model and small algal mounds deposited in shallow lake model. Also, webuild two models in steep slope which is characterized by carbonate platform:bioclastic limestone developing on the higher part of the tilted fault block mesa modeland lowstand systems tract accretionary wedge gentle dipping platform model.
Reservoir lithology study reveals that most carbonate reservoirs in study area arelow porosity and permeability reservoirs, main reservoir space types includedissolution pores, framework hole and intergranular hole, and the penecontemporaneous dolomitization prevails. Thus, the lithofacies and sedimentaryenvironments are main factors affecting the performance of the reservoir. Thosereservoirs are classficated and evaluated by genetic types, spatial structure, diagenesisand porosity evolution characteristics.
Palaeogeomorphology characters caused by rift activities obviously control on thescale of carbonate rocks and sedimentary types. This paper predicts favorablereservoirs in fourth-order cycles, by analyzing palaeotectonic, palaeogeomorphology,sedimentary facies and reservoir characteristics, and considering seismic attribute andinversion results. Tilted fault-block platforms in the steep slope of rift basin, lowstandsystems tract accretionary wedge gentle dipping platforms, and small scale platformin gentle slope are favorable development areas of lacustrine carbonate reservoirs
引文
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