高稳定度平顶长脉冲强磁场电源系统的研究
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摘要
常用的稳态强磁场和脉冲强磁场具有各自的优势及其局限性：稳态强磁场波动小、持续时间长,但场强通常低于50 T,且运行费用高昂；脉冲强磁场场强高,运行费用较低,但持续时间短,且磁场随时间变化。具有高稳定度平顶的长脉冲强磁场,能够较好地综合稳态和脉冲强磁场的优势,可以满足材料比热测试、高参数核磁共振等科学实验对磁场高场强和高稳定度的双重要求,其研究具有重要的科学意义。
电源系统是产生强磁场的核心部件之一,其类型一般包括电容器型电源、电感储能型电源、脉冲发电机型电源、电网整流型电源等等。脉冲磁体供电方案的设计、电源参数的选型、控制策略的实施,将决定磁场的波形和质量,从而对科学实验研究产生直接的影响。因此,本文将针对一些科学实验对强磁场高场强和高稳定度的双重要求,以高稳定度平顶长脉冲强磁场电源系统的设计与实现作为主要研究内容。
在由电动机和发电机共轴组成的脉冲发电机型电源研究方面：建立了基于定子磁链定向的异步电动机等效模型,提出了将双闭环解耦控制策略应用于转子侧变频器的方案,较好地解决了脉冲发电机由于达不到额定转速而不能充分释放能量的问题；分析了交流侧系统阻抗对脉冲发电机型电源相控整流器的影响；针对交流侧电缆等值电路特性可能引起的系统谐振问题,提出了并联RC滤波支路以改变系统参数的方法来消除谐振；分析了相控整流器的输入输出特性,结合消除高频谐振的要求,提出了一种分时段投切单调谐滤波器组的措施,既能够改善相控整流器交流侧电流波形,又较好地解决了仅并联单调谐滤波器可能引起的无功倒送问题。
在平顶长脉冲强磁场纹波抑制研究方面：针对同轴电缆杂散电容引起的高频谐振现象,提出了并联RC滤波支路的方法来消除该谐振；针对相控整流器给直流侧负载带来的纹波电流,在对直流侧无源电力滤波器的方案设计、参数选择详细介绍的基础上,结合消除高频谐振的要求,提出了一种能够有效衰减纹波的改进型组合滤波器方案；为了进一步提高磁场的稳定度,提出了直流侧并联有源电力滤波器的滤波方案,对检测方法、控制策略进行了详细阐述；仿真分析验证了该滤波方案的正确性。
在由单线圈磁体产生的平顶长脉冲强磁场研究方面：首先借助专业磁体设计软件设计了两套单线圈准稳态磁体；在充分考虑磁体电阻随温升而上升的因素上,将重复控制应用于触发角开环、磁体电流(或磁场)闭环的复合控制策略,通过逐次减小相控整流器跟踪误差来实现高稳定度平顶强磁场；在此基础上,提出了一种将蓄电池组和相控整流器串联给单线圈准稳态磁体供电的新型供电拓扑结构,来产生平顶更宽的平顶长脉冲强磁场。
在由双线圈磁体产生的平顶长脉冲强磁场研究方面：结合准稳态磁体的设计要点,设计了一套双线圈准稳态磁体,阐述了双线圈准稳态磁体互感耦合问题；提出了采用去耦变压器来实现双线圈准稳态磁体互感解耦的方法,在此基础上,提出了多种与双线圈准稳态磁体配套的组合供电方案,包括相控整流器和电容器组合供电方案,相控整流器和蓄电池组合供电方案和两组相控整流器的组合供电方案；提出了一种双线圈平顶长脉冲磁场控制方法,该方法不需要串联去耦变压器,而是将重复控制策略应用于两组相控整流器,使其分别输出一个与互感压降大小相等的电压来抵消互感作用,从而实现内线圈和外线圈各自的平顶磁场；建立了仿真模型,比较分析了各种方案的特点以及优缺点,为双线圈准稳态磁体的工程实施提供了理论指导。
There are separate characteristics while only using traditional continuous magnetic field or traditional pulsed magnetic field. Continuous magnetic field is featured by its low ripple and long duration. But there are several drawbacks, such as the field lower than 50 T and the high cost. Pulsed magnetic field is featured by its high field and low cost. But the duration is always short and the field changes with time. Considering aspects of the field and the stability, the long-pulse magnetic field with high-stability flat-top, can combine the advantages of the two fields above. So that it can meet the requirements of these extreme experiments, such as material specific heat test and nuclear magnetic resonance. Therefore, it is important to realize the high-stability flat-top of the long-pulse magnetic field.
The power supply system is one of the core elements to realize the high magnetic fields. There are many types of the power supply systems, such as pulse capacitors, storage coils, pulse generators, rectifiers powered by the grid and etc. The design of the power supply, the selection of parameters, and the control strategy implementation, directly determine the quality of the magnetic field waveform, whereas scientific experiments related may be impacted. Therefore, the design and implementation of the power supply to realize the high-stability flat-top of the long-pulse magnetic field, will be the main contents of this thesis.
The pulse generator is composed of an induction motor and a synchronous generator. The equivalent model of the induction motor is established oriented by the stator flux. To accelerate the speed of the motor-generator, a double-loop decoupling control strategy for the converter at the rotor side is proposed. Thus, the energy stored can be released in full. To guarantee the operation of the phase-controlled rectifier, the effect of the AC side impedance is analyzed. A RC filter solution is proposed to deal with the oscillation which might be caused by the AC side cable. Based on the analyses of the input and output characteristics of the phase-controlled rectifier, a solution to switch a group of single-tuned filters on different time is adopted. Therefore, the AC side power quality may be improved without reactive-power reversing.
To suppress the high-frequency oscillations caused by the stray capacitance of the coaxial cable, a paralleled RC filter branch is adopted. In order to attenuate the even ripple in the DC side brought by the phase-controlled rectifier, a combined passive filter scheme is proposed. Meanwhile, the oscillations can be also eliminated. To better the performance, a DC-side shunt active power filter scheme, is proposed to attenuate the DC current ripple in an effective way. The detection method and the control strategy are detailed. Simulation results verify the feasibility of the active filtering scheme.
Two single-coil quasi-continuous magnets are designed with the efficient design software respectively. Taking account of the resistance rise of the coils, the repetitive control is utilized in the composite control strategy which is composed of the firing angle open-loop and the magnet current (or magnetic field) closed-loop. The tracking error can be minimized, whereas the high-stability flat-top of the long-pulse magnetic field could be realized. Based on the research above, a novel topology of the power supply is proposed, which combines the battery bank and the phase-controlled rectifier in series. The novel topology can provide a wider flat-top than the normal topology.
Taking account of design factors of the quasi-continuous magnet, a two-coil magnet is designed. The coupling problem is described. One decoupling transformer is utilized to decouple the mutual inductance. Based on this method, several power supply solutions are proposed, such as the supply combination with the phase-controlled rectifier and the pulse capacitor, the supply combination with the phase-controlled rectifier and the battry bank, and the supply combination with two phase-controlled rectifiers. A digital control method is presented without the decoupling transformer. The repetitive control strategy is applied, so that the phase-controlled rectifiers output an extra voltage to offset the mutual inductance effect. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the methods proposed, and characteristics of the combination supplies are compared, which can guide the implementation of the project.
电源系统是产生强磁场的核心部件之一,其类型一般包括电容器型电源、电感储能型电源、脉冲发电机型电源、电网整流型电源等等。脉冲磁体供电方案的设计、电源参数的选型、控制策略的实施,将决定磁场的波形和质量,从而对科学实验研究产生直接的影响。因此,本文将针对一些科学实验对强磁场高场强和高稳定度的双重要求,以高稳定度平顶长脉冲强磁场电源系统的设计与实现作为主要研究内容。
在由电动机和发电机共轴组成的脉冲发电机型电源研究方面：建立了基于定子磁链定向的异步电动机等效模型,提出了将双闭环解耦控制策略应用于转子侧变频器的方案,较好地解决了脉冲发电机由于达不到额定转速而不能充分释放能量的问题；分析了交流侧系统阻抗对脉冲发电机型电源相控整流器的影响；针对交流侧电缆等值电路特性可能引起的系统谐振问题,提出了并联RC滤波支路以改变系统参数的方法来消除谐振；分析了相控整流器的输入输出特性,结合消除高频谐振的要求,提出了一种分时段投切单调谐滤波器组的措施,既能够改善相控整流器交流侧电流波形,又较好地解决了仅并联单调谐滤波器可能引起的无功倒送问题。
在平顶长脉冲强磁场纹波抑制研究方面：针对同轴电缆杂散电容引起的高频谐振现象,提出了并联RC滤波支路的方法来消除该谐振；针对相控整流器给直流侧负载带来的纹波电流,在对直流侧无源电力滤波器的方案设计、参数选择详细介绍的基础上,结合消除高频谐振的要求,提出了一种能够有效衰减纹波的改进型组合滤波器方案；为了进一步提高磁场的稳定度,提出了直流侧并联有源电力滤波器的滤波方案,对检测方法、控制策略进行了详细阐述；仿真分析验证了该滤波方案的正确性。
在由单线圈磁体产生的平顶长脉冲强磁场研究方面：首先借助专业磁体设计软件设计了两套单线圈准稳态磁体；在充分考虑磁体电阻随温升而上升的因素上,将重复控制应用于触发角开环、磁体电流(或磁场)闭环的复合控制策略,通过逐次减小相控整流器跟踪误差来实现高稳定度平顶强磁场；在此基础上,提出了一种将蓄电池组和相控整流器串联给单线圈准稳态磁体供电的新型供电拓扑结构,来产生平顶更宽的平顶长脉冲强磁场。
在由双线圈磁体产生的平顶长脉冲强磁场研究方面：结合准稳态磁体的设计要点,设计了一套双线圈准稳态磁体,阐述了双线圈准稳态磁体互感耦合问题；提出了采用去耦变压器来实现双线圈准稳态磁体互感解耦的方法,在此基础上,提出了多种与双线圈准稳态磁体配套的组合供电方案,包括相控整流器和电容器组合供电方案,相控整流器和蓄电池组合供电方案和两组相控整流器的组合供电方案；提出了一种双线圈平顶长脉冲磁场控制方法,该方法不需要串联去耦变压器,而是将重复控制策略应用于两组相控整流器,使其分别输出一个与互感压降大小相等的电压来抵消互感作用,从而实现内线圈和外线圈各自的平顶磁场；建立了仿真模型,比较分析了各种方案的特点以及优缺点,为双线圈准稳态磁体的工程实施提供了理论指导。
There are separate characteristics while only using traditional continuous magnetic field or traditional pulsed magnetic field. Continuous magnetic field is featured by its low ripple and long duration. But there are several drawbacks, such as the field lower than 50 T and the high cost. Pulsed magnetic field is featured by its high field and low cost. But the duration is always short and the field changes with time. Considering aspects of the field and the stability, the long-pulse magnetic field with high-stability flat-top, can combine the advantages of the two fields above. So that it can meet the requirements of these extreme experiments, such as material specific heat test and nuclear magnetic resonance. Therefore, it is important to realize the high-stability flat-top of the long-pulse magnetic field.
The power supply system is one of the core elements to realize the high magnetic fields. There are many types of the power supply systems, such as pulse capacitors, storage coils, pulse generators, rectifiers powered by the grid and etc. The design of the power supply, the selection of parameters, and the control strategy implementation, directly determine the quality of the magnetic field waveform, whereas scientific experiments related may be impacted. Therefore, the design and implementation of the power supply to realize the high-stability flat-top of the long-pulse magnetic field, will be the main contents of this thesis.
The pulse generator is composed of an induction motor and a synchronous generator. The equivalent model of the induction motor is established oriented by the stator flux. To accelerate the speed of the motor-generator, a double-loop decoupling control strategy for the converter at the rotor side is proposed. Thus, the energy stored can be released in full. To guarantee the operation of the phase-controlled rectifier, the effect of the AC side impedance is analyzed. A RC filter solution is proposed to deal with the oscillation which might be caused by the AC side cable. Based on the analyses of the input and output characteristics of the phase-controlled rectifier, a solution to switch a group of single-tuned filters on different time is adopted. Therefore, the AC side power quality may be improved without reactive-power reversing.
To suppress the high-frequency oscillations caused by the stray capacitance of the coaxial cable, a paralleled RC filter branch is adopted. In order to attenuate the even ripple in the DC side brought by the phase-controlled rectifier, a combined passive filter scheme is proposed. Meanwhile, the oscillations can be also eliminated. To better the performance, a DC-side shunt active power filter scheme, is proposed to attenuate the DC current ripple in an effective way. The detection method and the control strategy are detailed. Simulation results verify the feasibility of the active filtering scheme.
Two single-coil quasi-continuous magnets are designed with the efficient design software respectively. Taking account of the resistance rise of the coils, the repetitive control is utilized in the composite control strategy which is composed of the firing angle open-loop and the magnet current (or magnetic field) closed-loop. The tracking error can be minimized, whereas the high-stability flat-top of the long-pulse magnetic field could be realized. Based on the research above, a novel topology of the power supply is proposed, which combines the battery bank and the phase-controlled rectifier in series. The novel topology can provide a wider flat-top than the normal topology.
Taking account of design factors of the quasi-continuous magnet, a two-coil magnet is designed. The coupling problem is described. One decoupling transformer is utilized to decouple the mutual inductance. Based on this method, several power supply solutions are proposed, such as the supply combination with the phase-controlled rectifier and the pulse capacitor, the supply combination with the phase-controlled rectifier and the battry bank, and the supply combination with two phase-controlled rectifiers. A digital control method is presented without the decoupling transformer. The repetitive control strategy is applied, so that the phase-controlled rectifiers output an extra voltage to offset the mutual inductance effect. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the methods proposed, and characteristics of the combination supplies are compared, which can guide the implementation of the project.
引文
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