探讨区分自我—他人面孔的神经基础
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摘要
“自我是个人心理宇宙的中心”(William James,1890),对个体心理的理解离不开对个体自我认识的探讨。最近几年许多研究者通过对与自我有关信息的研究来探讨自我意识的心理过程、认知成分和神经基础。其中研究自我面孔识别是理解自我信息加工本质的一种最为有效的方法(Gallup,1970)。
关于自我面孔识别的研究国内外已有很多,但关于自我面孔识别神经机制的研究结果存在很大不一致(Keenan,1999,2000;Turk,2002),此外国内有关研究认为对自我信息加工的研究需要考虑到文化因素的不同(朱滢,2004)。本研究采取中国大学生为被试,运用事件相关电位技术(ERP)和经颅磁刺激技术(TMS),采用实验法探讨了以下几个问题:一、探讨一般面孔识别的神经机制;二、探讨了中国大学生被试自我面孔识别的神经机制;三、探讨了中国大学生对亲密朋友面孔识别的神经机制;四、试图解释中国大学生被试在面孔识别上与西方被试的异同,探讨文化是否会对知觉的自我(自我面孔识别)产生影响。研究结果发现:
一、在面孔识别早期,面孔刺激表现出右侧枕颞区优势,右半球枕颞结合处的N170和顶区的VPP是面孔识别的特异性ERP成分,共同完成早期面孔特征的识别。面孔识别300ms以后诱发出的ERP波形正向移动,大约持续300ms,然后是一个负波,大约持续200ms。
二、自我面孔识别除了具一般面孔识别的特点外,还具有独特之处。200ms以后自我面孔相对于陌生人面孔在顶区、中央区和额区表现出更正的波幅。经颅磁刺激实验抑制右前额叶后(F6电极)发现自我面孔识别的反应时明显变长,证明了右前额叶参与到自我面孔识别中。
三、朋友面孔除了具有一般面孔识别的特点外,也表现出既不同于自我面孔识别与不同于陌生人面孔识别的特点。相对于名人面孔和陌生人面孔,朋友面孔在300ms以后在顶区、中央区和额区表现出了更正的波幅。500ms左右朋友面孔识别在左前额诱发的ERP成分波幅明显比右前额叶更正,表现出了左前额叶优势。进一步经颅磁刺激实验发现抑制左前额叶后朋友面孔识别的成绩却有提高,暗示抑制左前额叶似乎促进了朋友面孔识别。
四、中国大学生自我和朋友面孔识别的差异,与西方的研究并不完全一致。直接比较自我、朋友面孔识别的ERP波形发现,自我和朋友面孔在顶区、中央区和额区都没有表现出明显的差异,而西方结果发现刺激呈现300ms后,无论是在顶区还是在中央区和额区,自我面孔与朋友面孔相互分离(Keenan,2000)。700ms左右,中国大学生被试的自我面孔表现出右前额叶优势,这可能与自我觉知在右前额叶有关;而朋友面孔识别则表现出左前额叶优势,这可能与面孔身份通达了姓名所致。
"Self is the center of the personal psychology"(William James,1890),the understanding of individual psychology cannot be separated from individual self-knowledge.In recent years, many researchers have been exploring the psychological process and neural basis of self-awareness.Research on self-face recognition is the most effective method to understand the nature of self-information processing(Gallup,1970).
There are a lot of researches on self-face recognition at home and abroad,but the results of self-face recognition neural mechanism are inconsistent(Keenan,1999,2000;Turk,2002),and the researches related to the self-study need to take into account the different cultural factors (Zhu,2004).In this study,college students have been taken part in two experiments,by use of event-related potential techniques(ERP) and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS),adopted experimental method to explore the following questions:First,to explore the general neural mechanisms of face recognition;Second,to test Chinese college students' neural mechanisms of self-face recognition;third,to test Chinese college students' neural mechanisms of friends-face recognition;at last,trying to understand the similarities and differences between Chinese college students and West college students in face-recognition tasks so as to explore the cultural effects on self-perception(self-face recognition).The results were as follows:
First,face recognition in the early phase,the N170 and the VPP in the right hemisphere temporal-occipital junction was the face-specific ERP components to identify common face structural characteristics.The ERPs induced by face materials were more-positive going at 300ms and lasted 300ms,followed by a negative wave which lasted about 200ms.
Second,in addition to the general characteristics of face recognition,self-face recognition had unique characteristics.The ERPs induced by self-face in the top area,the central area and the frontal area showed more-positive amplitude than faces of strangers after 200ms. Transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment after inhibition right anterior frontal(F6 electrode) found that reaction time of self-face recognition become significantly longer,which proved that the right anterior frontal lobes involved in self-face recognition.
Third,the ERPs induced by friends' face also shown different characteristics with the self-face recognition and strangers face.Compared with the famous faces and the faces of strangers,the ERPs induced by friends' face showed more-positive amplitude after 300ms in the top zone,the central area and the frontal area.At 500ms,the ERP components evoked by friends' face in the left anterior frontal lobe showed more positive than the right anterior frontal lobe,showing the advantages of the left anterior frontal lobe in friend face recognition. Transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment further found that inhibiting the left anterior frontal indeed had an impact of the task of friend face recognition.
Fourth,the differences between the Chinese students' friends and self-face recognition in the study were not exactly consistent with the West.The direct comparison between the self and friend face recognition found the ERP waveform in the top zone,the central area and the anterior frontal area showed no significant difference,but the results from the West showed that self face recognition had their unique process of time both in the top area,central area and the frontal area compared to friend face recognition after 300ms(Keenan,1998,2000).After 700ms,self-face recognition showed right anterior frontal advantages,which may be related to self-awareness; and friends face recognition showed the left anterior frontal advantages,which may be associated with the names of the faces.
关于自我面孔识别的研究国内外已有很多,但关于自我面孔识别神经机制的研究结果存在很大不一致(Keenan,1999,2000;Turk,2002),此外国内有关研究认为对自我信息加工的研究需要考虑到文化因素的不同(朱滢,2004)。本研究采取中国大学生为被试,运用事件相关电位技术(ERP)和经颅磁刺激技术(TMS),采用实验法探讨了以下几个问题:一、探讨一般面孔识别的神经机制;二、探讨了中国大学生被试自我面孔识别的神经机制;三、探讨了中国大学生对亲密朋友面孔识别的神经机制;四、试图解释中国大学生被试在面孔识别上与西方被试的异同,探讨文化是否会对知觉的自我(自我面孔识别)产生影响。研究结果发现:
一、在面孔识别早期,面孔刺激表现出右侧枕颞区优势,右半球枕颞结合处的N170和顶区的VPP是面孔识别的特异性ERP成分,共同完成早期面孔特征的识别。面孔识别300ms以后诱发出的ERP波形正向移动,大约持续300ms,然后是一个负波,大约持续200ms。
二、自我面孔识别除了具一般面孔识别的特点外,还具有独特之处。200ms以后自我面孔相对于陌生人面孔在顶区、中央区和额区表现出更正的波幅。经颅磁刺激实验抑制右前额叶后(F6电极)发现自我面孔识别的反应时明显变长,证明了右前额叶参与到自我面孔识别中。
三、朋友面孔除了具有一般面孔识别的特点外,也表现出既不同于自我面孔识别与不同于陌生人面孔识别的特点。相对于名人面孔和陌生人面孔,朋友面孔在300ms以后在顶区、中央区和额区表现出了更正的波幅。500ms左右朋友面孔识别在左前额诱发的ERP成分波幅明显比右前额叶更正,表现出了左前额叶优势。进一步经颅磁刺激实验发现抑制左前额叶后朋友面孔识别的成绩却有提高,暗示抑制左前额叶似乎促进了朋友面孔识别。
四、中国大学生自我和朋友面孔识别的差异,与西方的研究并不完全一致。直接比较自我、朋友面孔识别的ERP波形发现,自我和朋友面孔在顶区、中央区和额区都没有表现出明显的差异,而西方结果发现刺激呈现300ms后,无论是在顶区还是在中央区和额区,自我面孔与朋友面孔相互分离(Keenan,2000)。700ms左右,中国大学生被试的自我面孔表现出右前额叶优势,这可能与自我觉知在右前额叶有关;而朋友面孔识别则表现出左前额叶优势,这可能与面孔身份通达了姓名所致。
"Self is the center of the personal psychology"(William James,1890),the understanding of individual psychology cannot be separated from individual self-knowledge.In recent years, many researchers have been exploring the psychological process and neural basis of self-awareness.Research on self-face recognition is the most effective method to understand the nature of self-information processing(Gallup,1970).
There are a lot of researches on self-face recognition at home and abroad,but the results of self-face recognition neural mechanism are inconsistent(Keenan,1999,2000;Turk,2002),and the researches related to the self-study need to take into account the different cultural factors (Zhu,2004).In this study,college students have been taken part in two experiments,by use of event-related potential techniques(ERP) and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS),adopted experimental method to explore the following questions:First,to explore the general neural mechanisms of face recognition;Second,to test Chinese college students' neural mechanisms of self-face recognition;third,to test Chinese college students' neural mechanisms of friends-face recognition;at last,trying to understand the similarities and differences between Chinese college students and West college students in face-recognition tasks so as to explore the cultural effects on self-perception(self-face recognition).The results were as follows:
First,face recognition in the early phase,the N170 and the VPP in the right hemisphere temporal-occipital junction was the face-specific ERP components to identify common face structural characteristics.The ERPs induced by face materials were more-positive going at 300ms and lasted 300ms,followed by a negative wave which lasted about 200ms.
Second,in addition to the general characteristics of face recognition,self-face recognition had unique characteristics.The ERPs induced by self-face in the top area,the central area and the frontal area showed more-positive amplitude than faces of strangers after 200ms. Transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment after inhibition right anterior frontal(F6 electrode) found that reaction time of self-face recognition become significantly longer,which proved that the right anterior frontal lobes involved in self-face recognition.
Third,the ERPs induced by friends' face also shown different characteristics with the self-face recognition and strangers face.Compared with the famous faces and the faces of strangers,the ERPs induced by friends' face showed more-positive amplitude after 300ms in the top zone,the central area and the frontal area.At 500ms,the ERP components evoked by friends' face in the left anterior frontal lobe showed more positive than the right anterior frontal lobe,showing the advantages of the left anterior frontal lobe in friend face recognition. Transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment further found that inhibiting the left anterior frontal indeed had an impact of the task of friend face recognition.
Fourth,the differences between the Chinese students' friends and self-face recognition in the study were not exactly consistent with the West.The direct comparison between the self and friend face recognition found the ERP waveform in the top zone,the central area and the anterior frontal area showed no significant difference,but the results from the West showed that self face recognition had their unique process of time both in the top area,central area and the frontal area compared to friend face recognition after 300ms(Keenan,1998,2000).After 700ms,self-face recognition showed right anterior frontal advantages,which may be related to self-awareness; and friends face recognition showed the left anterior frontal advantages,which may be associated with the names of the faces.
引文
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