个人信用征信中隐私权法律保护研究
摘要
市场经济是信用经济,个人信用征信势在必行,而在个人信用征信过程中,征信的客体是个人信用信息。若不考虑主观因素,个人信用征信的客体就属于个人信息隐私权的范畴。而隐私权,作为一种人格权,历来是各国民事立法保护的重点。国际社会对于个人私生活权利的保护也早已突破了传统的局限于个人人身权和财产权保护的概念,个人信息的隐私权得到认可并在国际、国内经济生活中占有越来越重要的地位。因此在个人信用征信中,涉及到信用信息披露和保护信用信息隐私权的双重要求,这种冲突实质是知情权与隐私权、不同利益、效率与自由冲突的体现。个人信用征信与隐私权保护是一种替代关系,如何协调此矛盾,不同的国家由于各国的政治、经济、文化、法律、道德等因素的不同,在彼此协调中各有侧重。但不管怎样,都必须坚持公共利益、利益衡量、自愿、目的特定原则。
对于我国,由于信息隐私权法律保护体系的不完善,现行法并未将个人信息作为直接的保护条款,对隐私权也未作明确的规定,只是在对公民名誉权保护的同时,间接地保护公民隐私权。在个人信用征信方面,存在法制体系薄弱、机构运作规范性差。有关信息保密的法律与征信开展相冲突等问题。对于这种情形,笔者认为,应该至少建立一个自上而下的三维法律体系:首先,应从明确隐私权法律保护的宪法基础、在民法中确立隐私权的独立人格权地位、增加隐私权侵权的民事责任、增设隐私权侵权行为的刑事责任等方面来完善隐私权保护的一般规定。其次,在比较借鉴他国立法经验的基础上,加快我国信息立法,体现政府在尊重隐私权方面的强制性态度。最后,构建个人信用活动中隐私权保护的具体规则,即从征信、储存、管理等环节来对个人信用信息提供者、征信机构、信用信息使用者予以法律约束,尤其应明确界定征信信息的范围,哪些是隐私,如何合法地去征信,征信报告的使用范围是什么,体现政府的引导与协调。只有这样,在个人信用活动中,公民的隐私权才能真正得到保护。
The market economy is an economy based on credit, personal credit is imperative, In the course of personal credit, personal credit information is the object of personal credit.If not to consider subjective factors, the object of personal credit belongs to the scope of personal information privacy. And the right to privacy, as a personal right, has been the focus of civil legislation. the protection of personal privacy also has been broken the traditional concept about personal and property protection, and the privacy of personal information has been recongnized and gained a more and more important position.in the international and domestic economic life .Therefore, in personal credit there is the conflict relating to the disclosure of credit information and the protection of privacy, the conflict is the conflict of different interests, of efficient and free,of the right of information and privacy. Personal credit and privacy protection is an alternative, how to coordinate the contradictions in different countries due to political, economic, cultural, legal, moral factors the result is different. But in any case, we must uphold the principle of public interest, of interest measuring, of voluntaring and of specificing.
For our country, because the legal protection system of information privacy is imperfect, the law does not direct the personal information as the protection clause, the right to privacy has not been clearly defined, but in the protection of the right of citizen's honour at the same time and indirectly protecting citizens' privacy. In the personal credit, there are problems of weak legal system, low legislated level, poorly standardized operation of the agency, conflicting about the confidentiality law of information and the credit. For such cases, the author believes that should establish a legal system from top to bottom 3D.Firstly,should perfect the general provisions of privacy protection from clearing constitutional foundation, establishing the independent right to personality in the Civil, and adding privacy violations and criminal responsibility. Secondly, should speed up China's information legislation referencing from other countries' experiences on the basis of legislation, reflecting the mandatory attitude of the Government in respect for the privacy .Finally, should construct the specific rules of privacy protection. that is, from credit, storage, management, and other aspects of personal credit activities to strengthen the protection of privacy, particularly should define the credit information ,standerdize credit procedures and determ the use scope of personal credit report, what reflects the government's guidance and coordination. Only in this way, in personal credit activities, can the privacy of citizens really be protected.
对于我国,由于信息隐私权法律保护体系的不完善,现行法并未将个人信息作为直接的保护条款,对隐私权也未作明确的规定,只是在对公民名誉权保护的同时,间接地保护公民隐私权。在个人信用征信方面,存在法制体系薄弱、机构运作规范性差。有关信息保密的法律与征信开展相冲突等问题。对于这种情形,笔者认为,应该至少建立一个自上而下的三维法律体系:首先,应从明确隐私权法律保护的宪法基础、在民法中确立隐私权的独立人格权地位、增加隐私权侵权的民事责任、增设隐私权侵权行为的刑事责任等方面来完善隐私权保护的一般规定。其次,在比较借鉴他国立法经验的基础上,加快我国信息立法,体现政府在尊重隐私权方面的强制性态度。最后,构建个人信用活动中隐私权保护的具体规则,即从征信、储存、管理等环节来对个人信用信息提供者、征信机构、信用信息使用者予以法律约束,尤其应明确界定征信信息的范围,哪些是隐私,如何合法地去征信,征信报告的使用范围是什么,体现政府的引导与协调。只有这样,在个人信用活动中,公民的隐私权才能真正得到保护。
The market economy is an economy based on credit, personal credit is imperative, In the course of personal credit, personal credit information is the object of personal credit.If not to consider subjective factors, the object of personal credit belongs to the scope of personal information privacy. And the right to privacy, as a personal right, has been the focus of civil legislation. the protection of personal privacy also has been broken the traditional concept about personal and property protection, and the privacy of personal information has been recongnized and gained a more and more important position.in the international and domestic economic life .Therefore, in personal credit there is the conflict relating to the disclosure of credit information and the protection of privacy, the conflict is the conflict of different interests, of efficient and free,of the right of information and privacy. Personal credit and privacy protection is an alternative, how to coordinate the contradictions in different countries due to political, economic, cultural, legal, moral factors the result is different. But in any case, we must uphold the principle of public interest, of interest measuring, of voluntaring and of specificing.
For our country, because the legal protection system of information privacy is imperfect, the law does not direct the personal information as the protection clause, the right to privacy has not been clearly defined, but in the protection of the right of citizen's honour at the same time and indirectly protecting citizens' privacy. In the personal credit, there are problems of weak legal system, low legislated level, poorly standardized operation of the agency, conflicting about the confidentiality law of information and the credit. For such cases, the author believes that should establish a legal system from top to bottom 3D.Firstly,should perfect the general provisions of privacy protection from clearing constitutional foundation, establishing the independent right to personality in the Civil, and adding privacy violations and criminal responsibility. Secondly, should speed up China's information legislation referencing from other countries' experiences on the basis of legislation, reflecting the mandatory attitude of the Government in respect for the privacy .Finally, should construct the specific rules of privacy protection. that is, from credit, storage, management, and other aspects of personal credit activities to strengthen the protection of privacy, particularly should define the credit information ,standerdize credit procedures and determ the use scope of personal credit report, what reflects the government's guidance and coordination. Only in this way, in personal credit activities, can the privacy of citizens really be protected.
引文
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[2]王秀哲.隐私权的宪法保护.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007,40-46
[3]李丽峰,李岩.人格权:从传统走向现代—理论与实务双重视角.北京:中国法制出版社,2007,120
[4]轶名.个人征信面临六大困境 重建信用体系迫在眉睫.http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-11/15/content-630419.htm,2002-11-15
[5]齐爱民.个人资料保护法原理及其跨国流通法律问题研究.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004,110
[6]李秀芬.论隐私的法律保护范围.当代法学,2004(4):98-99
[7]李倩.个人征信中的隐私权保护.应用文写作网,2005-12-29
[8]江苏省:11月起实施个人、企业信用征信管理法规.http://202.123.110.5/gzdt/2007-11/01/content_792531.htm,2007-11-01
[9]尚鸣.征信制度在国外.农村金融研究,2003(12):18
[10]黄萍.个人信用征信制度中的隐私权保护.长白学刊,2004(总119):40
[11]金雪军,刘璐.我国征信过程中隐私保护立法探析.企业经济,2004(1):16
[12]梁慧星,廖新仲.隐私的本质与隐私权的概念.http://www.2wmscp.com/list.asp?unid=4139.2007-11-20
[13]冯希艳.浅论隐私权及其价值基础.法制与社会,2007(9):23
[14]王锐,熊键,熊桂琴.完善我国个人信用征信体系的法学思考.中国法学,2002(4):84-85
[15]刘颖.个人信用征信中隐私权保护研究:[西南财经大学硕士论文].成都:西南财经大学,2005,11
[16]刘玉勉.个人征信制度中隐私权的保护:[安徽大学硕士论文].合肥:安徽大学,2007,28
[17]轶名.美国信用制度建设的三个方面.http://www.ccn86.com/news/word/20070612/23107-2.shtm/,2007-06-12
[18]张新宝.隐私权的法律保护.北京:群众出版社,2004,86
[19]林敏.政府信息公开中知情权和隐私权的冲突与协调原则.图书情报工作,2007(2):49
[20]陈丽丽.隐私权的一般理论分析:[南京师范大学硕士学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2006,27
[21]江平,程和红.论信用—从古罗马法到现代社会.载东吴法学,2000(1):15
[22]Rechard.Posner,The Right of Privacy,Goergia Law Review,vol.12(Spring1978),pp393-409,esp,399
[23]王锐,熊键.论加入TWO后我国个人信用征信业中的经济租—立法缺失的成本国际比较及相应政策建议.商业研究,2003(6):127
[24]R.M.Goode,Legal Problems of Gredit and Security,London Sweet & Maxwell 1982.
[25]Westin,Privacy and Freedom,p,42
[26]Hill Smith & Alexander G.L,Consumer Credit:Law and Practice,London.Sweet & Maxwell,1985.
[27]Alfred M.Pollard,Banking Law in the United States,Butterworth Legal Publishers,1988.
[28]卢克贞.征信立法与隐私权保护.红旗文稿,2006(23):13
[29]王泽鉴.民法总则.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,553
[30]徐亮.论隐私权.[武汉大学博士学位论文].武汉:武汉大学,2005,114-115
[31]杨立新.中国人格权立法报告.北京:知识产权出版社,2005,426
[32]段京连.中国隐私权和信用权立法现状及有关考虑.www.pbc.gov.cn/zhengxinguanli/yanjiucankao/ppt2/16.pdf,2004-07-22
[33]中国人民银行广州分行副行长匡国建博士就个人信用信息基础数据库有关问题答本刊记者问.南方金融,2006(3):6
[34]孙玉荣.个人信用征信过程中隐私权的保护.法学杂志,2006(3):61
[35]张德淼.论隐私及其立法保护.载于华中理工大学学报,1998(4):51
[36]张强,刘玫.消费信用中的个人征信问题探析.财经理论与实践,2006(6):22
[37]轶名.我国征信法律制度建设问题研究 信用问题已成为主要议题.http://www.hncredit.cn/Article/news/200801/10703-5.asp,2008-01-31
[38]谈李荣.信息披露的法律制度研究.财经科学,2004(4):123
[39]陈波.信用受污谁之过.南方周末,2002-08-28
[40]佚名.我国征信法律制度建设问题研究信用问题已成为主要议题.南方都市报,2008-01-31
[41]央行负责人就《中国人民银行法》修改答记者.http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/fl-c/469931.htm,2003-12-29
[42]查全亚.个人征信活动中信用信息的规范利用和法律保护.金融纵横,2006(8):5
[43]裴丽平.论个人征信过程中的问题及其法律调整—以法律关系为线索.华中科技大学学报.2003(6):25
[44]周桂党,蒲海涛.关于构建我国个人联合征信系统法律环境的思考.科学、经 济、社会,2004(2):87
[45]刘子君.我国个人信用体系建立方法研究.财会研究,2006(11):73
[46]佚名.个人征信时代遭遇拦路六虎.http://www.tonglie.com/neiye/24.htm.2008-03-26
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