雨杂波中目标的最佳极化特性研究
摘要
本篇论文目的是通过研究雨杂波中的目标的极化特性来寻找收发雷达的最佳
化方式以提高目标的接收信号或增强接收信杂比。首先根据国内外学者已有的
究成果，将雷达极化学里常用概念给以重新定义或描述，本文从单个雨滴的散
入手，用统计的方法计算出雨区的Mueller散射矩阵，并对后向散射功率从极
的角度做了分析，将其分成完全极化部分和完全非极化部分，这对于分析雷达
杂波的接收有重要的指导意义。提高雷达目标的回波功率和提高信杂比（SCR
在雷达检测中有十分重要的意义，本文就雷达回波功率的问题从变极化的角度
了分析。根据散射波的性质不同，雷达目标可分为相干目标和非相干目标。对
相干目标，利用“三步法”的方法可以得到雷达最佳极化；对于非相干目标，
中用Kennaugh矩阵得到散射功率，然后用拉格朗日乘子法求出最佳极化和最
接收功率。最后，我们同样用Kennaugh矩阵分别表示出目标信号和杂波的接
功率，然后将信杂比用收发雷达的极化状态表示出来，用拉格朗日乘子法结合
代法求出最优化的雷达的极化状态。这种优化往往是以削弱目标信号的接收换
的，但这对于雷达目标检测来说是必要的。需要注意的是，上面我们考虑的只
共极化通道和交叉极化通道的后向散射接收功率，所以收发雷达的极化状态不是
独立的。
The purpose of
this paper is to improve the received signal and SCR (the ratio of signal to clutter) by study of the polarization character of the target in rain clutter and finding the optimum polarization states of the antennae. In this paper, all notions and prescripts are redefined based on the existed documents. In ohier to obtain the Mueller matrix in rain area, the back scattering character of one raindrop is studied, and the Mueller matrix is then obtained by means of statistics. The power of the reflected waves are classified according to the polarization states, and it is a matter of great significance. To enhance the reflected signal of the radar target, which is important in the field of radar target recognition, the three-step method and Lagrange factor method are used. It is also discussed how to get the optimum polarimetric state of the antennae when the SCR is optimum. Although it could weaken the signal of the target in clutter, it is reasonable to radar target detection. It should be noted that in this paper the polarimetric states of receiving and transmitting antenna are same
or cross which are not independent.
化方式以提高目标的接收信号或增强接收信杂比。首先根据国内外学者已有的
究成果，将雷达极化学里常用概念给以重新定义或描述，本文从单个雨滴的散
入手，用统计的方法计算出雨区的Mueller散射矩阵，并对后向散射功率从极
的角度做了分析，将其分成完全极化部分和完全非极化部分，这对于分析雷达
杂波的接收有重要的指导意义。提高雷达目标的回波功率和提高信杂比（SCR
在雷达检测中有十分重要的意义，本文就雷达回波功率的问题从变极化的角度
了分析。根据散射波的性质不同，雷达目标可分为相干目标和非相干目标。对
相干目标，利用“三步法”的方法可以得到雷达最佳极化；对于非相干目标，
中用Kennaugh矩阵得到散射功率，然后用拉格朗日乘子法求出最佳极化和最
接收功率。最后，我们同样用Kennaugh矩阵分别表示出目标信号和杂波的接
功率，然后将信杂比用收发雷达的极化状态表示出来，用拉格朗日乘子法结合
代法求出最优化的雷达的极化状态。这种优化往往是以削弱目标信号的接收换
的，但这对于雷达目标检测来说是必要的。需要注意的是，上面我们考虑的只
共极化通道和交叉极化通道的后向散射接收功率，所以收发雷达的极化状态不是
独立的。
The purpose of
this paper is to improve the received signal and SCR (the ratio of signal to clutter) by study of the polarization character of the target in rain clutter and finding the optimum polarization states of the antennae. In this paper, all notions and prescripts are redefined based on the existed documents. In ohier to obtain the Mueller matrix in rain area, the back scattering character of one raindrop is studied, and the Mueller matrix is then obtained by means of statistics. The power of the reflected waves are classified according to the polarization states, and it is a matter of great significance. To enhance the reflected signal of the radar target, which is important in the field of radar target recognition, the three-step method and Lagrange factor method are used. It is also discussed how to get the optimum polarimetric state of the antennae when the SCR is optimum. Although it could weaken the signal of the target in clutter, it is reasonable to radar target detection. It should be noted that in this paper the polarimetric states of receiving and transmitting antenna are same
or cross which are not independent.
引文
[1] 庄钊文，肖顺平，王雪松．雷达极化信息处理及其应用．北京国防工业出版 社．1999年
[2] 汪被德 ，雷达极化理论和应用．《SSS丛书》，编辑部出版，1994．
[3] 汪被德．电磁波的极化及其应用，电波科学学报，第14卷，第3期．1999年9 月
[4] 英特，天线和雷达中的极化，电子科技大学出版社．
[5] A．Maitra,C．j， Gibbins，Modeling of Raindrop Size Distributions from Multiwavelength Rain Attenuation Measurements，Radio Science，Volume 34， Number 3，PP657-666，May-June 1999
[6] Huang Jiying，Yin Ouanxi，A Srady of Rain Backscattering Properties in MM Wave Band,ISRP’93．
[7] 黄际英，陈丽红，毫米波段降雨引起的总场衰减与去极化，电波科学学报，第 8卷，第3期．1993年9月
[8] 黄际英，肖景明，随机介质中的波传播，西北电讯工程学院．
[9] 徐朴，林昌禄，涂覆平板散射场的极化特性分析，电渡科学学报，第12卷，第3 期，1997年9月，PP269-274
[10] 欧杨，介质涂覆平板电磁散射特性的研究(电子科技大学硕士论文，1989)
[11] E．M．Kennaugh,Polarization Dependence of RCS-A Geometrical Interpretation， IEEB Trans．Antennas Propagat．，vol．AP-29，Mar．1981． PP412-413
[12] Cho，Soonk,Electromagnetic Scattering，Springer-Verlag，New York，1990
[13] Aleander B．Kostinski and Wolfgang-Martin Borner，On the Polarimetric Contrast Optimization，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat．，Vol，Ap-35，No．8， August 1987，PP988-991
[14] Aleander B．Kostinski and Wolfgang-Martin Borner，On Foundations of Radar Polarimetry，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat．，Vol．Ap-34，No．12，December， 1986
[15] Jokob J．Van Zyl，On the importance of polarization in radar scattering problem． California Institute博士论文，1986
[16] Jokob J．Van zy1，Charles H．Papas and Charles Elachi，On the Optimum Polarizations of Incoherently Reflected Waves，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat， Vol．Ap-35，No．7，july 1987． PP818-825
[17] Cho Soon K. Electromagnetic Is Scattering．Spring-Verlag，New York，1990
[18] Asoke K．Bhattacharyya and S．K．Tandon,Radar Cross Section Of a Finite Planar Structure Coated with a Lossy Dielectric，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat, Vol．Ap-32，No．9，September 1984，PP1003-1007
[19] 温芳茹，雷达目标探测的最佳极化，电波与天线，1998年第1期,PP48-59
[20] Ioannidis，George A．and David E．Hammers,Optimum Antenna Polarizations for Target Discrimination in Clutter,IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat,Vol．Ap-27 1979
[21] David G．Michelson and Ian G．Cummin，Charles E．Livingstone，Symmetry Properties of the Circular Polarization Covariance Matrix，Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications，Vol．11，PP719-738，1997
[22] 是湘全，杜颖钢，一般极化散射矩阵最佳解的简单求解法，现代雷达，第6期， 1999年12月,PP90-93
[23] Gregory E．Heath，Properties of the Linear Polarization Bistatic Scattering Matrix，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat,Vol．Ap-29，No．3，May 1981，PP523． 525
[24] Pottier E．，Saillard，Optimal Polarimetic Detection of Radar Target In A Slowly Fluctuating Evironment of Clutter,Radar-90．
[25] Tomohiro Oguchi，Rain Depolarization Studies at Centimeter and Millimeter Wavelengths：Theory and Measurement,Journal of the Radio Research Labcratories，Vol．22，No．109，PP165-211，1975
[26] Enrico Torlaschi，Anthony R．Holt，A Comparison of Different Polarization Schemes for the Radar Sensing of Precipitation，Radio Science，Volume 33， Number 5，PP1335-1352,September-October 1998
[27] An-Qing Xi and Wolfgang-Martin Boerner,Determination of the Charateristic Polarization States of the Radar Target Scattering Matrix[S(AB)]for the Coherent Monostatic and Reciprocal Propagation Space by Using the Complex Polarization Ratio ρ Transformation Formulation,Journal of optical Society of America,Vol．9，No．3，March,PP437-455 1992
[28] Giuli，D．Polarization diversity in radars，Proc．of the IEEE，Vol．74，No．2，Feb 1986
[29] M．Abramowitz and I．A．Stagun，Handbook of Mathematical Function．New York：Dover,1965
[30] Kostinski A．B．，James B．D．And Boerner W．M．,on the Optimal Reception of Partlly Polarized Waves,1988 Int’1 symposium on radio propagation,Beijing．
[31] David G．Michelson and Ian G．Cumming，Symmetry Properties of the Circular Polarization Covariance Matrix，Journal of Electromagnetic Wave and Application，Vol．11，PP719-738，1997
[32] Enrico Torlaschi，A Comparison of Different Polarization Schemes for the Radar Sensing of Precipitation，Radio Science，Volume 33，Number 5，PP1335-1352，September-October，1998．
[33] Mead J B，Pazrnany A．L．，et al．Comparison of Coherent and Noncoherent Polarimetric Radar Measurement Techniques at 95 GHz，Radio Science，Vol．31-2， PP325-333，March-April 1996
[34] Born M and Wolf E．Principles of optics．Third，Pergamon Press，1965
[35] Yueh，S．H．，J．A．Kong，R．M．Barnes，and R．T．Shin，Calibration of Polarimetdc Radars Using In-scene Reflectors．J．Electromag． Wave Applic．，Vol．4，Jan．1990． PP27-48．
[36] 葛德彪，电磁波理论，西安电子科技大学，1997年
[37] Akira Ishimaru,Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Academic Press，1978．
[38] M．O．Ajewole，L．B．Kolawole and G．O．Ajayi，“Theoretical study of the effect of different types of tropical rainfall on microwave and millimeter-wave propagation，” Radio Science，34，PP；1103，1999．
[39] 王一平，肖景明，微波传播，人民邮电出版社，1985年
[40] 徐朴，林昌禄，涂覆球体的散射矩阵及极化分析，电波科学学报科，第12 卷，第2期，1997年6月
[2] 汪被德 ，雷达极化理论和应用．《SSS丛书》，编辑部出版，1994．
[3] 汪被德．电磁波的极化及其应用，电波科学学报，第14卷，第3期．1999年9 月
[4] 英特，天线和雷达中的极化，电子科技大学出版社．
[5] A．Maitra,C．j， Gibbins，Modeling of Raindrop Size Distributions from Multiwavelength Rain Attenuation Measurements，Radio Science，Volume 34， Number 3，PP657-666，May-June 1999
[6] Huang Jiying，Yin Ouanxi，A Srady of Rain Backscattering Properties in MM Wave Band,ISRP’93．
[7] 黄际英，陈丽红，毫米波段降雨引起的总场衰减与去极化，电波科学学报，第 8卷，第3期．1993年9月
[8] 黄际英，肖景明，随机介质中的波传播，西北电讯工程学院．
[9] 徐朴，林昌禄，涂覆平板散射场的极化特性分析，电渡科学学报，第12卷，第3 期，1997年9月，PP269-274
[10] 欧杨，介质涂覆平板电磁散射特性的研究(电子科技大学硕士论文，1989)
[11] E．M．Kennaugh,Polarization Dependence of RCS-A Geometrical Interpretation， IEEB Trans．Antennas Propagat．，vol．AP-29，Mar．1981． PP412-413
[12] Cho，Soonk,Electromagnetic Scattering，Springer-Verlag，New York，1990
[13] Aleander B．Kostinski and Wolfgang-Martin Borner，On the Polarimetric Contrast Optimization，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat．，Vol，Ap-35，No．8， August 1987，PP988-991
[14] Aleander B．Kostinski and Wolfgang-Martin Borner，On Foundations of Radar Polarimetry，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat．，Vol．Ap-34，No．12，December， 1986
[15] Jokob J．Van Zyl，On the importance of polarization in radar scattering problem． California Institute博士论文，1986
[16] Jokob J．Van zy1，Charles H．Papas and Charles Elachi，On the Optimum Polarizations of Incoherently Reflected Waves，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat， Vol．Ap-35，No．7，july 1987． PP818-825
[17] Cho Soon K. Electromagnetic Is Scattering．Spring-Verlag，New York，1990
[18] Asoke K．Bhattacharyya and S．K．Tandon,Radar Cross Section Of a Finite Planar Structure Coated with a Lossy Dielectric，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat, Vol．Ap-32，No．9，September 1984，PP1003-1007
[19] 温芳茹，雷达目标探测的最佳极化，电波与天线，1998年第1期,PP48-59
[20] Ioannidis，George A．and David E．Hammers,Optimum Antenna Polarizations for Target Discrimination in Clutter,IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat,Vol．Ap-27 1979
[21] David G．Michelson and Ian G．Cummin，Charles E．Livingstone，Symmetry Properties of the Circular Polarization Covariance Matrix，Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications，Vol．11，PP719-738，1997
[22] 是湘全，杜颖钢，一般极化散射矩阵最佳解的简单求解法，现代雷达，第6期， 1999年12月,PP90-93
[23] Gregory E．Heath，Properties of the Linear Polarization Bistatic Scattering Matrix，IEEE Trans．Antennas Propagat,Vol．Ap-29，No．3，May 1981，PP523． 525
[24] Pottier E．，Saillard，Optimal Polarimetic Detection of Radar Target In A Slowly Fluctuating Evironment of Clutter,Radar-90．
[25] Tomohiro Oguchi，Rain Depolarization Studies at Centimeter and Millimeter Wavelengths：Theory and Measurement,Journal of the Radio Research Labcratories，Vol．22，No．109，PP165-211，1975
[26] Enrico Torlaschi，Anthony R．Holt，A Comparison of Different Polarization Schemes for the Radar Sensing of Precipitation，Radio Science，Volume 33， Number 5，PP1335-1352,September-October 1998
[27] An-Qing Xi and Wolfgang-Martin Boerner,Determination of the Charateristic Polarization States of the Radar Target Scattering Matrix[S(AB)]for the Coherent Monostatic and Reciprocal Propagation Space by Using the Complex Polarization Ratio ρ Transformation Formulation,Journal of optical Society of America,Vol．9，No．3，March,PP437-455 1992
[28] Giuli，D．Polarization diversity in radars，Proc．of the IEEE，Vol．74，No．2，Feb 1986
[29] M．Abramowitz and I．A．Stagun，Handbook of Mathematical Function．New York：Dover,1965
[30] Kostinski A．B．，James B．D．And Boerner W．M．,on the Optimal Reception of Partlly Polarized Waves,1988 Int’1 symposium on radio propagation,Beijing．
[31] David G．Michelson and Ian G．Cumming，Symmetry Properties of the Circular Polarization Covariance Matrix，Journal of Electromagnetic Wave and Application，Vol．11，PP719-738，1997
[32] Enrico Torlaschi，A Comparison of Different Polarization Schemes for the Radar Sensing of Precipitation，Radio Science，Volume 33，Number 5，PP1335-1352，September-October，1998．
[33] Mead J B，Pazrnany A．L．，et al．Comparison of Coherent and Noncoherent Polarimetric Radar Measurement Techniques at 95 GHz，Radio Science，Vol．31-2， PP325-333，March-April 1996
[34] Born M and Wolf E．Principles of optics．Third，Pergamon Press，1965
[35] Yueh，S．H．，J．A．Kong，R．M．Barnes，and R．T．Shin，Calibration of Polarimetdc Radars Using In-scene Reflectors．J．Electromag． Wave Applic．，Vol．4，Jan．1990． PP27-48．
[36] 葛德彪，电磁波理论，西安电子科技大学，1997年
[37] Akira Ishimaru,Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Academic Press，1978．
[38] M．O．Ajewole，L．B．Kolawole and G．O．Ajayi，“Theoretical study of the effect of different types of tropical rainfall on microwave and millimeter-wave propagation，” Radio Science，34，PP；1103，1999．
[39] 王一平，肖景明，微波传播，人民邮电出版社，1985年
[40] 徐朴，林昌禄，涂覆球体的散射矩阵及极化分析，电波科学学报科，第12 卷，第2期，1997年6月