虚拟场景辅助设计技术和展示技术研究及其在房产的应用
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摘要
虚拟现实技术的不断发展，其应用领域也渗透到教育、商业、金融、海洋、农业、娱乐、房地产等领域。特别是随着Internet的发展，基于Web的虚拟现实技术的应用也不断涌现。然而这些新的应用面临两大瓶颈问题：一是与用户交互的虚拟场景的建模和设计问题，特别是在建筑行业设计中这个问题更为突出；二是大规模虚拟场景的网络传输受目前带宽的限制。这两问题的存在极大的限制了虚拟现实技术的应用推广。
造型、布局、色彩是虚拟场景设计的三大基本要素。场景的色彩设计方案直接影响到整个场景的整体效果，但色彩设计往往需要很高的艺术修养，因此本文针对虚拟场景的色彩设计提出了一套辅助设计方案。通过分析虚拟场景设计原则、场景设计的材质约束、三维场景中的色彩表示等问题，提出了约束条件下的色彩协调算法、多个角度的色彩协调算法、基于CASE的色彩协调算法。
针对大规模虚拟场景网络传输问题，基于新的Web三维标准X3D和支持流式传输的MPEG-4标准，本文提出了结合模型分割技术与流式传输技术的解决方案。结合模型分割技术，将虚拟场景分割成小规模的子场景，这样即有利于降低网络延迟，同时通过组合子场景的不同传输顺序，打破流式传输的固定路线传输，在一定程度上满足用户挑选路径浏览的需求。
最后，本文通过将这两个技术应用到房地产行业中，设计开发了“支持新型房地产经营服务模式的虚拟房产系统”，对这两个技术进行了验证。
While VR (Virtual Reality) technology is rapidly developing, its application areas extend to education, commerce, entertainment, ocean, finance, agriculture, real estate, etc. The applications of web based VR emerge with the development of the Internet. But these new applications confront two major problems. One is the difficulty in the process of modeling and designing of virtual scenes. The other is the restriction posed by transferring the large-scale scenes over the network. These two problems seriously limit the application and popularization of VR technology.
There are three basic elements in scene design, which are sculpture, layout and colorway. The colorway scheme of the scene directly influences the overall effects of the whole scene, but it requires high art accomplishment. Therefore, this paper proposes a set of computer-aided designing schemes for the colorway of the virtual scenes. Color harmony algorithm under restrictions, color harmony algorithm of multiply views and color harmony algorithm based on CASE are brought forward by analyzing the principle of virtual scene designing, material restriction, and color expression in 3D environment.
Aiming at network transferring problem of large-scale virtual scene, this paper put forward a solution combining the model dividing technique and stream transferring technique based on the web 3D standard X3D and MPEG-4 supporting stream transferring. But the time sequences of streaming transfer could only allow the virtual environment to be transferred in a fixed sequence. Using the model dividing technique, the virtual scene is divided into small-scale sub-scenes. Meanwhile, by combining the different transferring sequence of sub-scenes, this could not only reduce the network delay, but allow the combination of sub scenes in any sequences so that users can choose their own path to follow.
Finally, we adapt these two technologies into real estate, and develop a virtual real estate system faces to new real estate management.
造型、布局、色彩是虚拟场景设计的三大基本要素。场景的色彩设计方案直接影响到整个场景的整体效果，但色彩设计往往需要很高的艺术修养，因此本文针对虚拟场景的色彩设计提出了一套辅助设计方案。通过分析虚拟场景设计原则、场景设计的材质约束、三维场景中的色彩表示等问题，提出了约束条件下的色彩协调算法、多个角度的色彩协调算法、基于CASE的色彩协调算法。
针对大规模虚拟场景网络传输问题，基于新的Web三维标准X3D和支持流式传输的MPEG-4标准，本文提出了结合模型分割技术与流式传输技术的解决方案。结合模型分割技术，将虚拟场景分割成小规模的子场景，这样即有利于降低网络延迟，同时通过组合子场景的不同传输顺序，打破流式传输的固定路线传输，在一定程度上满足用户挑选路径浏览的需求。
最后，本文通过将这两个技术应用到房地产行业中，设计开发了“支持新型房地产经营服务模式的虚拟房产系统”，对这两个技术进行了验证。
While VR (Virtual Reality) technology is rapidly developing, its application areas extend to education, commerce, entertainment, ocean, finance, agriculture, real estate, etc. The applications of web based VR emerge with the development of the Internet. But these new applications confront two major problems. One is the difficulty in the process of modeling and designing of virtual scenes. The other is the restriction posed by transferring the large-scale scenes over the network. These two problems seriously limit the application and popularization of VR technology.
There are three basic elements in scene design, which are sculpture, layout and colorway. The colorway scheme of the scene directly influences the overall effects of the whole scene, but it requires high art accomplishment. Therefore, this paper proposes a set of computer-aided designing schemes for the colorway of the virtual scenes. Color harmony algorithm under restrictions, color harmony algorithm of multiply views and color harmony algorithm based on CASE are brought forward by analyzing the principle of virtual scene designing, material restriction, and color expression in 3D environment.
Aiming at network transferring problem of large-scale virtual scene, this paper put forward a solution combining the model dividing technique and stream transferring technique based on the web 3D standard X3D and MPEG-4 supporting stream transferring. But the time sequences of streaming transfer could only allow the virtual environment to be transferred in a fixed sequence. Using the model dividing technique, the virtual scene is divided into small-scale sub-scenes. Meanwhile, by combining the different transferring sequence of sub-scenes, this could not only reduce the network delay, but allow the combination of sub scenes in any sequences so that users can choose their own path to follow.
Finally, we adapt these two technologies into real estate, and develop a virtual real estate system faces to new real estate management.
引文
[1] 张茂军，“虛拟现实系统”，北京，科学出版社，2001．09
[2] 程艳旗，“面向房地产业新型商务模式的研究及系统设计”，浙江大学硕士论文，2003
[3] 潘云鹤，“智能模拟彩色图案CAD”，人工智能学报，1983(1)
[4] 施敏，“基于case的色彩协调模型”，CAD／CG international meeting
[5] 张玲莉，鲁东明，潘云鹤，“计算机辅助色彩协调设计系统”，计算机工程，1999．25(10)．P77-79，96．
[6] Web3D, Virtual Reality Modeling Language, International Standard [S] ISO/IEC 14772-1: 1997.
[7] Web3D, Virtual Reality Modeling Language, International Standard ISO/IEC 14772:200x [S]. September 20 2000.http://www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/specification
[8] W3C Recommendation, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0(Second Edition)[S]. October 6 2000. http://www.w3.org
[9] x3d working group of Web3d consortium. "Computer graphics and image processing—Extensible 3D (X3D)", ISO/IEC 19775:200x, X3D
[10] Web3D, Scene Authoring Interface Draft Specification [S]. February 5 2001. http://www.web3d.org/x3d
[11] 王晓楠，王仲海，“新一代交互式三维图形标准X3D”，基建优化，2003，24(1)：44-50
[12] 刘华峰，党岗，金士尧，“X3D：新一代面向Web的交互式三维图形规范”，《系统仿真学报》，2001，13．app，199-202，211
[13] Julien Signès, Yuval Fisher and Alexandros Eleftheriadis, "MPEG-4's binary format for scene description", Signal Processing: Image Communication, 15 (4-5)(2000) pp. 321-345.
[14] "Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard. Final Draft", ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N3931. January 2001.
[15] P. Kauff, J.-R. Ohm, S. Rauthenberg, "The MPEG-4 Standard and its Applications in Virtual 3D Environments", http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/454737.html
[16] S. Rauthenberg: "A MPEG-4 Demonstrator for Interactive Services in Virtual Environments", Proc. of PCS'97, Sept. 97
[17] M. Gutierrez, F. Vexo, D. Thalmann. "A mpeg-4 virtual human animation engine for interactive web based applications". Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human and Interactive Communication, pages 554-559. Berlin, Germany, September 2002.
[18] 黄艳雁，“谈建筑色彩设计”，《湖北工学院学报》，2001，16(3)．P16-18．
[19] 吕京庆，赵景伟，“浅谈住宅室内色彩设计”，《山东科技大学学报(自然科学版)》，2001，20(3)．P103-105．
[20] 陈华斌，王彤，“虚拟建筑环境实时漫游系统的设计和实现”，《西南交通大学学报(自科版)》，2001，36(1)．53-56
[21] 陆暄，周曼丽，“VRML技术在MPEG4中的应用研究”，《计算机与数字工
程》，2000, 28(3)．22-27
[22] 石东新，“VRML及其在MPEG-4中的应用”，《北京广播学院学报(自然版)》，2001，33(1)：62-69
[23] 张昆，边馥苓，“用于虚拟现实的分区漫游”，《测绘信息与工程》，2002，12．16-17
[24] Taewoo Kim, Paul A. Fishwick, "A 3D XML-Based Visualization Framework for Dynamic Models", Proceeding of the seventh international conference on 3D Web technology, Tempe, Arizona, USA 2002,103～109
[25] Fishwick, P. A. "On Web-Based Models and Repositories", Enabling Technology for Simulation Science within SPIE'01 AeroSense Conference, Orlando, April 2001.
[26] Kim, T., Fishwick, P. A. "Virtual Reality Modeling Language Templates for Dynamic Model Construction". Enabling Technology for Simulation Science within SPIE '01 AeroSense Conference, Orlando, April 2001.
[27] Paul Fishwick, RUBE: "An XML-Based Architecture for 3D Process Modeling and Model Fusion", http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/506112.html.
[28] Alan Watt. "3D Computer Graphics", 2nd Edition. Addison-Wesley, 1993
[29] Newman, R Sproull. "Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, 2d edition[M]". New York: McGraw Hill, 1979.
[30] R. Barzel, A. H. Barr. "A Modeling System Based on Dynamic Constrains", ACM SIGGRAPH'88 Conference Proceddings, 1988, 22(4): 179-188
[31] M.R.Macedonia, M. J. Zyda, "NPSNET: A Network Software Architecture for Large Scale VE", Presence, 3(4): 265-287, 1994.
[32] G.Sing.h, L.Serra, "BrickNet: "A Software Toolkit for Network Based Virtual Worlds", Presence, Vol.3, No.1: 19-34, 1994.
[33] S. Shirmohammadi, N.D. Georganas, "An End-to-End Communication Architecture for Collaborative Virtual Environments", Computer Networks Journal, Vol.35, No.2-3, Febr. 2001, pp.351-367.
[34] Z.Lei, ND.Georganas, Rate Adaptation, "Transcoding for Precoded Video Streams", Proceedings of ACM Multimedia 2002, Juan-les-Pins, France, December 1-6, 2002.
[35] G. Popescu, Z. Liu, "On Scheduling 3D Model Transmission in Network Virtual Environments", Sixth IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT'02), October 11-13, 2002.
[36] Wing Ho Leung, Tsuhan Chen, "Creating a Multiuser 3-D Virtual Environment", IEEE signal processing magazine, Vol. 18, pp.9-16, May 2001.
[37] Wing Ho Leung, Tsuhan Chen, "A Multi-User 3-D Virtual Environment with Interactive Collaboration, Shared Whiteboard Technologies", Journal of Multimedia Tools and Applications, Special Issue on Distributed Multimedia Systems for Virtual Society, Vol. 19, No. 3, April 2003.
[38] Efi Fogel, Daniel Cohen-Or, "A web architecture for progressive delivery of 3d content", Proceedings of the sixth international conference on 3D Web technology, Paderbon, Germany. 2001, pp.35-41.
[39] Mojtaba Hosseini, Nicolas D. Georganas, "MPEG-4 BIFS Streaming of Large Virtual Environments and their Animation on the web", Wev3D'02, Tempe, Arizona,
USA. Februaru 24-26,2002, pp. 19-25.
[40] Teler, E., Lischinski, D., "Streaming of Complex 3D Scenes for Remote Walkthroughs", Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 2001, Manchester, UK, September 2001.
[41] Southern, R., Perkins, S., Steyn, B., Muller, A., Marais, P., Blake, E., "A Stateless Client for Progressive View-Dependent Transmission", Proceedings of WEB3D 2001, Paderbon, Germany, February 2001.
[42] Hosseini, M., Georganas, N.D., "Suitability of MPEG4's BIFS for Development of Collaborative Virtual Environments", Proceedings of 10th IEEE International Workshop on Enabling Technologies for Collaborative Enterprises 2001 (WET ICE'01), Cambridge, MA, USA, June 2001.
[43] ISO/IEC 14772: "Information technology--Computer graphics and image processing--The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)", 1997
[44] Eamonn Boyle, Thomas Curran, "THE CREATION OF MPEG-4 CONTENT AND ITS DELIVERY OVER DVB INFRASTRUCTURE",
[45] Walczak K., Wojciech Cellary, "XML-based Dynamic Generation of Virtual Scenes", Proc. of the 5th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia VSMM'99, pp. 335-348, Dundee, Scotland, UK, September 1-3, 1999.
[46] G. Franceschini, "The delivery layer in MPEG-4", Signal Processing: Image Communication, 15 (4-5)(2000)pp. 347-363.
[47] 娄渊胜，朱跃龙，“基于虚拟现实技术的实时漫游系统研究及实现”，《计算机工程》，2001．27(6)：98-99，145
[2] 程艳旗，“面向房地产业新型商务模式的研究及系统设计”，浙江大学硕士论文，2003
[3] 潘云鹤，“智能模拟彩色图案CAD”，人工智能学报，1983(1)
[4] 施敏，“基于case的色彩协调模型”，CAD／CG international meeting
[5] 张玲莉，鲁东明，潘云鹤，“计算机辅助色彩协调设计系统”，计算机工程，1999．25(10)．P77-79，96．
[6] Web3D, Virtual Reality Modeling Language, International Standard [S] ISO/IEC 14772-1: 1997.
[7] Web3D, Virtual Reality Modeling Language, International Standard ISO/IEC 14772:200x [S]. September 20 2000.http://www.web3d.org/TaskGroups/x3d/specification
[8] W3C Recommendation, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0(Second Edition)[S]. October 6 2000. http://www.w3.org
[9] x3d working group of Web3d consortium. "Computer graphics and image processing—Extensible 3D (X3D)", ISO/IEC 19775:200x, X3D
[10] Web3D, Scene Authoring Interface Draft Specification [S]. February 5 2001. http://www.web3d.org/x3d
[11] 王晓楠，王仲海，“新一代交互式三维图形标准X3D”，基建优化，2003，24(1)：44-50
[12] 刘华峰，党岗，金士尧，“X3D：新一代面向Web的交互式三维图形规范”，《系统仿真学报》，2001，13．app，199-202，211
[13] Julien Signès, Yuval Fisher and Alexandros Eleftheriadis, "MPEG-4's binary format for scene description", Signal Processing: Image Communication, 15 (4-5)(2000) pp. 321-345.
[14] "Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard. Final Draft", ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N3931. January 2001.
[15] P. Kauff, J.-R. Ohm, S. Rauthenberg, "The MPEG-4 Standard and its Applications in Virtual 3D Environments", http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/454737.html
[16] S. Rauthenberg: "A MPEG-4 Demonstrator for Interactive Services in Virtual Environments", Proc. of PCS'97, Sept. 97
[17] M. Gutierrez, F. Vexo, D. Thalmann. "A mpeg-4 virtual human animation engine for interactive web based applications". Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human and Interactive Communication, pages 554-559. Berlin, Germany, September 2002.
[18] 黄艳雁，“谈建筑色彩设计”，《湖北工学院学报》，2001，16(3)．P16-18．
[19] 吕京庆，赵景伟，“浅谈住宅室内色彩设计”，《山东科技大学学报(自然科学版)》，2001，20(3)．P103-105．
[20] 陈华斌，王彤，“虚拟建筑环境实时漫游系统的设计和实现”，《西南交通大学学报(自科版)》，2001，36(1)．53-56
[21] 陆暄，周曼丽，“VRML技术在MPEG4中的应用研究”，《计算机与数字工
程》，2000, 28(3)．22-27
[22] 石东新，“VRML及其在MPEG-4中的应用”，《北京广播学院学报(自然版)》，2001，33(1)：62-69
[23] 张昆，边馥苓，“用于虚拟现实的分区漫游”，《测绘信息与工程》，2002，12．16-17
[24] Taewoo Kim, Paul A. Fishwick, "A 3D XML-Based Visualization Framework for Dynamic Models", Proceeding of the seventh international conference on 3D Web technology, Tempe, Arizona, USA 2002,103～109
[25] Fishwick, P. A. "On Web-Based Models and Repositories", Enabling Technology for Simulation Science within SPIE'01 AeroSense Conference, Orlando, April 2001.
[26] Kim, T., Fishwick, P. A. "Virtual Reality Modeling Language Templates for Dynamic Model Construction". Enabling Technology for Simulation Science within SPIE '01 AeroSense Conference, Orlando, April 2001.
[27] Paul Fishwick, RUBE: "An XML-Based Architecture for 3D Process Modeling and Model Fusion", http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/506112.html.
[28] Alan Watt. "3D Computer Graphics", 2nd Edition. Addison-Wesley, 1993
[29] Newman, R Sproull. "Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, 2d edition[M]". New York: McGraw Hill, 1979.
[30] R. Barzel, A. H. Barr. "A Modeling System Based on Dynamic Constrains", ACM SIGGRAPH'88 Conference Proceddings, 1988, 22(4): 179-188
[31] M.R.Macedonia, M. J. Zyda, "NPSNET: A Network Software Architecture for Large Scale VE", Presence, 3(4): 265-287, 1994.
[32] G.Sing.h, L.Serra, "BrickNet: "A Software Toolkit for Network Based Virtual Worlds", Presence, Vol.3, No.1: 19-34, 1994.
[33] S. Shirmohammadi, N.D. Georganas, "An End-to-End Communication Architecture for Collaborative Virtual Environments", Computer Networks Journal, Vol.35, No.2-3, Febr. 2001, pp.351-367.
[34] Z.Lei, ND.Georganas, Rate Adaptation, "Transcoding for Precoded Video Streams", Proceedings of ACM Multimedia 2002, Juan-les-Pins, France, December 1-6, 2002.
[35] G. Popescu, Z. Liu, "On Scheduling 3D Model Transmission in Network Virtual Environments", Sixth IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT'02), October 11-13, 2002.
[36] Wing Ho Leung, Tsuhan Chen, "Creating a Multiuser 3-D Virtual Environment", IEEE signal processing magazine, Vol. 18, pp.9-16, May 2001.
[37] Wing Ho Leung, Tsuhan Chen, "A Multi-User 3-D Virtual Environment with Interactive Collaboration, Shared Whiteboard Technologies", Journal of Multimedia Tools and Applications, Special Issue on Distributed Multimedia Systems for Virtual Society, Vol. 19, No. 3, April 2003.
[38] Efi Fogel, Daniel Cohen-Or, "A web architecture for progressive delivery of 3d content", Proceedings of the sixth international conference on 3D Web technology, Paderbon, Germany. 2001, pp.35-41.
[39] Mojtaba Hosseini, Nicolas D. Georganas, "MPEG-4 BIFS Streaming of Large Virtual Environments and their Animation on the web", Wev3D'02, Tempe, Arizona,
USA. Februaru 24-26,2002, pp. 19-25.
[40] Teler, E., Lischinski, D., "Streaming of Complex 3D Scenes for Remote Walkthroughs", Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS 2001, Manchester, UK, September 2001.
[41] Southern, R., Perkins, S., Steyn, B., Muller, A., Marais, P., Blake, E., "A Stateless Client for Progressive View-Dependent Transmission", Proceedings of WEB3D 2001, Paderbon, Germany, February 2001.
[42] Hosseini, M., Georganas, N.D., "Suitability of MPEG4's BIFS for Development of Collaborative Virtual Environments", Proceedings of 10th IEEE International Workshop on Enabling Technologies for Collaborative Enterprises 2001 (WET ICE'01), Cambridge, MA, USA, June 2001.
[43] ISO/IEC 14772: "Information technology--Computer graphics and image processing--The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)", 1997
[44] Eamonn Boyle, Thomas Curran, "THE CREATION OF MPEG-4 CONTENT AND ITS DELIVERY OVER DVB INFRASTRUCTURE",
[45] Walczak K., Wojciech Cellary, "XML-based Dynamic Generation of Virtual Scenes", Proc. of the 5th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia VSMM'99, pp. 335-348, Dundee, Scotland, UK, September 1-3, 1999.
[46] G. Franceschini, "The delivery layer in MPEG-4", Signal Processing: Image Communication, 15 (4-5)(2000)pp. 347-363.
[47] 娄渊胜，朱跃龙，“基于虚拟现实技术的实时漫游系统研究及实现”，《计算机工程》，2001．27(6)：98-99，145