结构型负载杂多酸复合微球的构筑及其应用
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摘要
两相催化反应因应用广泛而受到人们极大关注。其中,提高两相催化反应效率以及简化催化剂和产物分离过程是该领域研究中主要课题。已有的研究结果表明,在两相催化反应中,基于相转移和胶束特点的催化反应体系在提高催化反应效率方面具有一定优势,但表面活性剂或相转移试剂复杂的分离过程是该方法主要缺点。因此,在保证催化效率的条件下,探索在催化剂回收和产物分离方面具有广泛适用性的两相催化反应体系研究,仍然具有重要的理论和应用价值。依据胶束结构特点,结合本实验室有关微球的研究结果,本研究提出在微凝胶表面负载具有两相催化性质的相转移催化剂,制备具有类似胶束结构特点的复合微球,以此复合微球所具有的整体回收催化剂和产物功能,以解决两相催化反应的普遍难题。
基于上述目的,本研究主要集中在以下几个方面:
1、以可聚合表面活性剂与微凝胶单体共聚模板微球制备复合微球
合成了季铵盐型可聚合表面活性剂,丙烯酰胺丙基十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(APDDAB),并对其进行了表征;以丙烯酰胺(AM)和APDDAB为单体,利用反相乳液聚合法制得了P(AM-co-APDDAB)微凝胶;利用磷钨酸(PWA)与P(AM-co-APDDAB)微球中的季铵盐离子交换作用,获得P(AM-co-APDDAB/PW_(12)O_(40))复合微球。通过红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、热重、能谱等手段对复合微球成分和形貌进行表征。
研究结果表明:
通过反相乳液聚合可以制得粒径分布均匀、表面光滑的P(AM-co-APDDAB)微凝胶,这种微凝胶与PAM微球相比具有较小网络孔径,且孔径随APDDAB引入量的增加而减小。
所得到的P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40)复合微球,具有与模板微球类似的球形形貌和光滑的表面,其溶胀性与模板微球相比有所降低。PW_(12)O_(40)~(3-)主要分布在复合微球表面。
所得复合微球核主要为水凝胶,而壳层主要分布磷钨酸季铵盐复合物,这种结构特点,决定了所得复合微球具有一定的表面活性和催化作用。
2、以可聚合表面活性剂甲醇溶液浸渍孔结构微凝胶模板制备复合微球
将水溶胀聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)微凝胶冷冻干燥制得多孔微球;再将其浸渍于APDDAB的甲醇溶液中;所得微球(PAM/APDDAB)在磷钨酸水溶液中进行离子交换反应;在水中超声洗涤后,经丙酮和水交替洗涤得到表面覆盖有磷钨酸季铵盐复合物纳米颗粒的复合微球(PAM/APDDAB-PWA)。通过红外光谱、元素分析、等离子体发射原子吸收光谱、光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜等手段,研究了PAM微凝胶不同交联度、APDDAB浸渍液浓度、离子交换反应时间以及洗涤方式等因素对复合微球形貌及组成的影响。
研究结果表明:
PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球具有表面褶皱形貌;这种褶皱的形成是由于PAM聚合物骨架内部和外部收缩的不均匀引起的;这种不均性收缩与APDDAB-PWA在复合微球网络骨架上沉积量不同而引起网络骨架刚性差异性有关,这种刚性的差异性导致水溶胀复合微球经丙酮或甲醇洗涤收缩而产生网络骨架的变形。
复合微球表面褶皱上呈现APDDAB-PWA小颗粒形貌;这种小颗粒是可聚合表面活性剂APDDAB的簇集和PWA反应的结果,其中PWA阴离子起着交联剂的作用而将APDDAB的球形簇集固定下来;APDDAB-PWA小颗粒的形成与溶剂的成分关系密切;丙酮或醇和水的混合溶剂有利于其形成;只有当溶剂比例合适时才能形成APDDAB-PWA小颗粒。
所得复合微球具有核/壳结构;核为水凝胶,使复合微球具有储存水溶性物质的作用;壳层为APDDAB-PWA复合物使其不仅具有双亲性而且具有潜在的催化性;复合微球整体具有大体积,表面密集覆盖小尺寸的APDDAB-PWA颗粒,使复合微球易于分离且有利于催化;APDDAB-PWA球形簇集体具有双亲性,使其能够在水或有机溶剂中稳定地分散,并能在油水界面自发地组装;这些性质赋予了PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球应用于两相催化反应的良好功能。
3、以PAM微凝胶季铵化改性微球为模板制备复合微球
以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)微凝胶与羟甲基二甲胺(甲醛和二甲胺反应物)在pH=9-11的水溶液中进行Mannich反应,再与十二烷基溴进行季铵化反应,之后在磷钨酸水溶液中进行离子交换反应,最终得到负载磷钨酸季铵盐催化剂的CPAM/PWA复合微球。通过红外光谱、光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜等手段对复合微球进行了表征,并研究了上述过程中不同反应条件对复合微球形貌及组成产生的影响。
研究结果表明:所得CPAM/PWA复合微球表面光滑、球形保持;随着修饰程度提高,复合微球溶胀度变小;PAM与羟甲基二甲胺的配比是决定磷钨酸负载量的关键因素;该配比不仅影响复合微球对磷钨酸阴离子负载量,而且影响复合微球的溶胀性。
4、复合微球催化过氧化氢氧化脱硫的性能研究
以催化过氧化氢氧化十氢萘中二苯并噻吩(DBT)为模型反应,以PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球为催化微反应器,考察了反应温度、复合微球用量、复合微球组成、H_2O_2/DBT摩尔比、模板微球交联度、溶剂中DBT浓度、复合微球回收利用次数等因素对过氧化氢氧化DBT催化效率的影响。
研究结果表明:
PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球对于DBT具有良好的催化反应效率。说明了利用该方法所构筑的复合微球材料作为两相催化微反应器的可行性,可以实现催化剂的反复回收利用。
PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球材料具有萃取过氧化氢氧化DBT产物砜的作用。说明通过复合微球中水凝胶高分子的设计实现对不同两相催化产物的萃取分离是完全可能的。
在利用这类核壳型复合微球进行两相催化反应时,水相与复合微球配比对催化反应效率具有显著的影响,且合适的溶胀是非常重要的;水相相对较高时,因复合微球间易于聚集而不利于催化反应进行;水相相对较低时,因氧化剂不足导致催化反应不完全。
复合微球的尺寸对于催化性能有显著影响。复合微球尺寸越小越催化效率越高;若兼顾催化性能和分离,选择合适的复合微球尺寸是非常重要的。
综上所述:以具有水溶胀行为的高分子微凝胶为核,以负载于其表面的杂多酸季铵盐为壳所构筑的复合微球,应用于两相催化是切实可行的;该类复合微球易于分离和重复使用;本研究所得到的复合微球不仅具有较高的催化过氧化氢氧化脱硫效率,使这种方法在燃料油脱硫方面具有借鉴意义,而且依据本研究所提出的构筑两相催化微反应器的基本设想,这类复合微球构筑方法具有普遍的适用性。
The study of biphasic catalysis has attracted wide interests.Considerable research findings showed that micellar phase-transfer catalysis has obvious advantages.However,separation of both surfactants and products is relatively difficult.Therefore,enhancement of biphasic catalysis and simplization of process in separation and recovery of the catalysts and products are still significant for theory and application.Based on the micellar phase-transfer catalysis features and our previous works related to preparation of core-shell composite microspheres,a novel method for preparation of composite microspheres with microgel core and phase-transfer catalyst shell was proposed in this thesis.This kind of composite microspheres has the feature of micellar phase-transfer catalysis and the advantage in separation.
Based on the idea mentioned above,the main contents of this thesis include four aspects as follows:
1 Preparation of the composite microshperes by using copolymer microspheres of surfmer (polymerizable surfactant) and AM as templates
Surfmer[3-(Acryloylamino)propyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide,APDDAB]has been synthesized and characterized.Based on the reverse emulsion polymerization technique,the copolymer microgels have been obtained by using copolymerization of AM and APDDAB.Then, the resulting copolymer microgels were placed in phosphotungstic acid(PWA) aqueous solution. Finally,the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres were prepared by ion-exchange reaction.The morphologies and compositions of the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Fouier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), respectively.
The results indicated that the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres are of core/shell structure.For the composite microspheres,the hydrogel P(AM-co-APDDAB) dominantly locates in the core,and the complexes of PWA with APDDAB mainly locates in the shell.The structure of the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres is similar to that of the micellar phase-transfer catalyst.However,the composite microspheres are easy to be separated.
2 Preparation of the composite microspheres by using the porous PAM microspheres immersed with APDDAB as templates
The PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were prepared by following method. Firstly,the water-swollen PAM microspheres were treated by the freeze-drying to obtain porous microspheres.Secondly,the porous microspheres were impregnated in methanol solution containing APDDAB.Then the PAM/APDDAB microspheres were placed in HPW aqueous solution for 7days.At last,the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were obtained.The morphologies and compositions of PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),Fouier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS),inductive coupled plasma atom emission spectrometer(ICP-AES),and Elementar Analyzer,respectively.
The results indicated that PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microsphere with different hierarchical surface structures could be obtained by controlling the weight ratio of APDDAB to PAM microgels,cross-linking degree of PAM microgels,the amount of PWA reacted with APDDAB in PAM/APDDAB,and solvent-washing process.
A general feature of PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microsphere was of the core-shell structure and the wrinkly surface covered with APDDAB-PWA particles.The formation of the wrinkly surface is attributed to the difference in shrink between inside and outside of PAM microgel frameworks,and the formation of APDDAB-PWA small particles originates from the reaction between APDDAB aggregation and PWA.
This composite microsphere with PAM hydrogel core is suitable to store water-soluble substances,and the shell composed of the surfactant/Keggin-type polyoxometalate complexes is not only amphiphilic but also catalytic.
3 Preparation of the composite microspheres by using the quaterised PAM microspheres as templates
Mannich reaction of PAM microgel with hydroxymethyl dimethylammonia was conducted in pH 9-11 aqueous solution.Then,resulting products were quarterized with dodecyl bromide.At last, the quaterised microspheres(CPAM) were placed in the HPW aqueous solution for ion-exchange. The CPAM/PWA composite microspheres were obtained.The morphologies and compositions of the CPAM/PWA composite microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS) and Fouier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),respectively.The results indicated that the CPAM/PWA composite microspheres are of core/shell structure.For the composite microspheres,the hydrogel CPAM dominantly locates in the core,and the complexes of PWA with quaternary ammonium salt mainly locates in the shell.The structure of the CPAM/PWA composite microspheres is similar to that of P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40).The CPAM/PWA composite microspheres are mainly controlled by mole ratio of PAM to hydroxymethyl dimethylammonia.
4 The catalytic performances of the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were systematically investigated by using dibenzothiophene(DBT) oxidized by H_2O_2 in decalin as a model system so that some key factors related to the catalytic performances of the composite microspheres were obtained.
The results indicated that the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres used as microreactors have excellent performances in ultra-deep desulfurization.Meanwhile,the microreactors are renewable.
The results indicated that PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres can extract sulfoxide-the product of the oxidized DBT.So,the prepared PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres are of bifunctions in extaction and separation.
The results indicated that swelling degree of PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres with H_2O_2 is very important in biphasic catalysis.
The results indicated that the size of the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres is a very important factor in the catalytic efficiency.The smaller PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres,the higher the catalyticaly efficiency.
In summary,based on the results from application of the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres in the ultra-deep desulfurization based on biphasic catalysis,the following conclusions for general biphasis catalysis could be obtained.Firstly,the composite microspheres with the hydrogel core and the shell composed of phase-transfer catalysts are feasibly used in biphasic catalysis,and the composite microspheres are easily separated from the reaction medium.
基于上述目的,本研究主要集中在以下几个方面:
1、以可聚合表面活性剂与微凝胶单体共聚模板微球制备复合微球
合成了季铵盐型可聚合表面活性剂,丙烯酰胺丙基十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(APDDAB),并对其进行了表征;以丙烯酰胺(AM)和APDDAB为单体,利用反相乳液聚合法制得了P(AM-co-APDDAB)微凝胶;利用磷钨酸(PWA)与P(AM-co-APDDAB)微球中的季铵盐离子交换作用,获得P(AM-co-APDDAB/PW_(12)O_(40))复合微球。通过红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、热重、能谱等手段对复合微球成分和形貌进行表征。
研究结果表明:
通过反相乳液聚合可以制得粒径分布均匀、表面光滑的P(AM-co-APDDAB)微凝胶,这种微凝胶与PAM微球相比具有较小网络孔径,且孔径随APDDAB引入量的增加而减小。
所得到的P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40)复合微球,具有与模板微球类似的球形形貌和光滑的表面,其溶胀性与模板微球相比有所降低。PW_(12)O_(40)~(3-)主要分布在复合微球表面。
所得复合微球核主要为水凝胶,而壳层主要分布磷钨酸季铵盐复合物,这种结构特点,决定了所得复合微球具有一定的表面活性和催化作用。
2、以可聚合表面活性剂甲醇溶液浸渍孔结构微凝胶模板制备复合微球
将水溶胀聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)微凝胶冷冻干燥制得多孔微球;再将其浸渍于APDDAB的甲醇溶液中;所得微球(PAM/APDDAB)在磷钨酸水溶液中进行离子交换反应;在水中超声洗涤后,经丙酮和水交替洗涤得到表面覆盖有磷钨酸季铵盐复合物纳米颗粒的复合微球(PAM/APDDAB-PWA)。通过红外光谱、元素分析、等离子体发射原子吸收光谱、光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜等手段,研究了PAM微凝胶不同交联度、APDDAB浸渍液浓度、离子交换反应时间以及洗涤方式等因素对复合微球形貌及组成的影响。
研究结果表明:
PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球具有表面褶皱形貌;这种褶皱的形成是由于PAM聚合物骨架内部和外部收缩的不均匀引起的;这种不均性收缩与APDDAB-PWA在复合微球网络骨架上沉积量不同而引起网络骨架刚性差异性有关,这种刚性的差异性导致水溶胀复合微球经丙酮或甲醇洗涤收缩而产生网络骨架的变形。
复合微球表面褶皱上呈现APDDAB-PWA小颗粒形貌;这种小颗粒是可聚合表面活性剂APDDAB的簇集和PWA反应的结果,其中PWA阴离子起着交联剂的作用而将APDDAB的球形簇集固定下来;APDDAB-PWA小颗粒的形成与溶剂的成分关系密切;丙酮或醇和水的混合溶剂有利于其形成;只有当溶剂比例合适时才能形成APDDAB-PWA小颗粒。
所得复合微球具有核/壳结构;核为水凝胶,使复合微球具有储存水溶性物质的作用;壳层为APDDAB-PWA复合物使其不仅具有双亲性而且具有潜在的催化性;复合微球整体具有大体积,表面密集覆盖小尺寸的APDDAB-PWA颗粒,使复合微球易于分离且有利于催化;APDDAB-PWA球形簇集体具有双亲性,使其能够在水或有机溶剂中稳定地分散,并能在油水界面自发地组装;这些性质赋予了PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球应用于两相催化反应的良好功能。
3、以PAM微凝胶季铵化改性微球为模板制备复合微球
以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)微凝胶与羟甲基二甲胺(甲醛和二甲胺反应物)在pH=9-11的水溶液中进行Mannich反应,再与十二烷基溴进行季铵化反应,之后在磷钨酸水溶液中进行离子交换反应,最终得到负载磷钨酸季铵盐催化剂的CPAM/PWA复合微球。通过红外光谱、光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜等手段对复合微球进行了表征,并研究了上述过程中不同反应条件对复合微球形貌及组成产生的影响。
研究结果表明:所得CPAM/PWA复合微球表面光滑、球形保持;随着修饰程度提高,复合微球溶胀度变小;PAM与羟甲基二甲胺的配比是决定磷钨酸负载量的关键因素;该配比不仅影响复合微球对磷钨酸阴离子负载量,而且影响复合微球的溶胀性。
4、复合微球催化过氧化氢氧化脱硫的性能研究
以催化过氧化氢氧化十氢萘中二苯并噻吩(DBT)为模型反应,以PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球为催化微反应器,考察了反应温度、复合微球用量、复合微球组成、H_2O_2/DBT摩尔比、模板微球交联度、溶剂中DBT浓度、复合微球回收利用次数等因素对过氧化氢氧化DBT催化效率的影响。
研究结果表明:
PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球对于DBT具有良好的催化反应效率。说明了利用该方法所构筑的复合微球材料作为两相催化微反应器的可行性,可以实现催化剂的反复回收利用。
PAM/APDDAB-PWA复合微球材料具有萃取过氧化氢氧化DBT产物砜的作用。说明通过复合微球中水凝胶高分子的设计实现对不同两相催化产物的萃取分离是完全可能的。
在利用这类核壳型复合微球进行两相催化反应时,水相与复合微球配比对催化反应效率具有显著的影响,且合适的溶胀是非常重要的;水相相对较高时,因复合微球间易于聚集而不利于催化反应进行;水相相对较低时,因氧化剂不足导致催化反应不完全。
复合微球的尺寸对于催化性能有显著影响。复合微球尺寸越小越催化效率越高;若兼顾催化性能和分离,选择合适的复合微球尺寸是非常重要的。
综上所述:以具有水溶胀行为的高分子微凝胶为核,以负载于其表面的杂多酸季铵盐为壳所构筑的复合微球,应用于两相催化是切实可行的;该类复合微球易于分离和重复使用;本研究所得到的复合微球不仅具有较高的催化过氧化氢氧化脱硫效率,使这种方法在燃料油脱硫方面具有借鉴意义,而且依据本研究所提出的构筑两相催化微反应器的基本设想,这类复合微球构筑方法具有普遍的适用性。
The study of biphasic catalysis has attracted wide interests.Considerable research findings showed that micellar phase-transfer catalysis has obvious advantages.However,separation of both surfactants and products is relatively difficult.Therefore,enhancement of biphasic catalysis and simplization of process in separation and recovery of the catalysts and products are still significant for theory and application.Based on the micellar phase-transfer catalysis features and our previous works related to preparation of core-shell composite microspheres,a novel method for preparation of composite microspheres with microgel core and phase-transfer catalyst shell was proposed in this thesis.This kind of composite microspheres has the feature of micellar phase-transfer catalysis and the advantage in separation.
Based on the idea mentioned above,the main contents of this thesis include four aspects as follows:
1 Preparation of the composite microshperes by using copolymer microspheres of surfmer (polymerizable surfactant) and AM as templates
Surfmer[3-(Acryloylamino)propyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide,APDDAB]has been synthesized and characterized.Based on the reverse emulsion polymerization technique,the copolymer microgels have been obtained by using copolymerization of AM and APDDAB.Then, the resulting copolymer microgels were placed in phosphotungstic acid(PWA) aqueous solution. Finally,the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres were prepared by ion-exchange reaction.The morphologies and compositions of the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Fouier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), respectively.
The results indicated that the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres are of core/shell structure.For the composite microspheres,the hydrogel P(AM-co-APDDAB) dominantly locates in the core,and the complexes of PWA with APDDAB mainly locates in the shell.The structure of the P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40) composite microspheres is similar to that of the micellar phase-transfer catalyst.However,the composite microspheres are easy to be separated.
2 Preparation of the composite microspheres by using the porous PAM microspheres immersed with APDDAB as templates
The PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were prepared by following method. Firstly,the water-swollen PAM microspheres were treated by the freeze-drying to obtain porous microspheres.Secondly,the porous microspheres were impregnated in methanol solution containing APDDAB.Then the PAM/APDDAB microspheres were placed in HPW aqueous solution for 7days.At last,the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were obtained.The morphologies and compositions of PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),Fouier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS),inductive coupled plasma atom emission spectrometer(ICP-AES),and Elementar Analyzer,respectively.
The results indicated that PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microsphere with different hierarchical surface structures could be obtained by controlling the weight ratio of APDDAB to PAM microgels,cross-linking degree of PAM microgels,the amount of PWA reacted with APDDAB in PAM/APDDAB,and solvent-washing process.
A general feature of PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microsphere was of the core-shell structure and the wrinkly surface covered with APDDAB-PWA particles.The formation of the wrinkly surface is attributed to the difference in shrink between inside and outside of PAM microgel frameworks,and the formation of APDDAB-PWA small particles originates from the reaction between APDDAB aggregation and PWA.
This composite microsphere with PAM hydrogel core is suitable to store water-soluble substances,and the shell composed of the surfactant/Keggin-type polyoxometalate complexes is not only amphiphilic but also catalytic.
3 Preparation of the composite microspheres by using the quaterised PAM microspheres as templates
Mannich reaction of PAM microgel with hydroxymethyl dimethylammonia was conducted in pH 9-11 aqueous solution.Then,resulting products were quarterized with dodecyl bromide.At last, the quaterised microspheres(CPAM) were placed in the HPW aqueous solution for ion-exchange. The CPAM/PWA composite microspheres were obtained.The morphologies and compositions of the CPAM/PWA composite microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS) and Fouier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),respectively.The results indicated that the CPAM/PWA composite microspheres are of core/shell structure.For the composite microspheres,the hydrogel CPAM dominantly locates in the core,and the complexes of PWA with quaternary ammonium salt mainly locates in the shell.The structure of the CPAM/PWA composite microspheres is similar to that of P(AM-co-APDDAB)/PW_(12)O_(40).The CPAM/PWA composite microspheres are mainly controlled by mole ratio of PAM to hydroxymethyl dimethylammonia.
4 The catalytic performances of the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres were systematically investigated by using dibenzothiophene(DBT) oxidized by H_2O_2 in decalin as a model system so that some key factors related to the catalytic performances of the composite microspheres were obtained.
The results indicated that the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres used as microreactors have excellent performances in ultra-deep desulfurization.Meanwhile,the microreactors are renewable.
The results indicated that PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres can extract sulfoxide-the product of the oxidized DBT.So,the prepared PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres are of bifunctions in extaction and separation.
The results indicated that swelling degree of PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres with H_2O_2 is very important in biphasic catalysis.
The results indicated that the size of the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres is a very important factor in the catalytic efficiency.The smaller PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres,the higher the catalyticaly efficiency.
In summary,based on the results from application of the PAM/APDDAB-PWA composite microspheres in the ultra-deep desulfurization based on biphasic catalysis,the following conclusions for general biphasis catalysis could be obtained.Firstly,the composite microspheres with the hydrogel core and the shell composed of phase-transfer catalysts are feasibly used in biphasic catalysis,and the composite microspheres are easily separated from the reaction medium.
引文
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