基于ArcEngine的三维地形可视化系统研究
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摘要
随着可视化技术和虚拟现实技术的发展,建立三维实时、交互的仿真地形环境成为可能。目前,实现三维地形环境中的地形分析,更精确、更直观地以可视化形式表达真实的地形状况成为了研究热点。
本文在分析和研究三维地形可视化的研究现状、研究背景和意义及三维地形可视化相关技术的基础上,提出了以Visual C#.NET为开发环境平台,以ArcEngine为二次开发组件的三维地形可视化系统的总体设计,详述了系统三维地形可视化功能和三维地形分析功能的实现方法和关键技术,设计并实现了包括三维地表生成模块、三维场景浏览及设置模块、三维地形分析模块的三维地形可视化系统。三维地表生成模块实现了生成三维地形表面的功能,包括TIN数据和Raster数据,用于生成三维场景,是三维场景浏览及设置模块和三维地形分析模块中各功能操作的主要数据基础。三维场景浏览及设置模块实现了放大、缩小、漫游等场景浏览功能和场景参数、叠加纹理、分层设色等场景设置功能。三维地形分析功能模块实现了包括三维属性查询、坡度分析、坡向分析、阴影分析、通视分析、剖面分析、水淹分析、等值线生成等地形分析功能,是系统研究的重要部分。
最后将基于ArcEngine开发的三维地形可视化系统应用到大连未来城生态区,作为三维地形可视化的原型系统,对该地区地形进行三维可视化显示和分析,取得了良好的效果,为该地区土地利用和辅助决策等研究提供了实用性的软件工具。
With the development of visualization and virtual reality technology, it becomes possible to establish 3D real-time, interactive artificial terrain environment. At present, realizing the terrain analysis in the 3D terrain environment and expressing real terrain more accurate and intuitively in visual condition become the focus of studying.
Based on the current research situation of 3D terrain visualization, background and significance and the relevant technology of 3D terrain visualization, this thesis has proposed the overall design of the 3D terrain visualization system regarding Visual C#.NET platform as the development environment and ArcEngine as secondary development package. It detailed the implementation method and key technology of the visual and analyzing function of 3D terrain visualization system. And it has designed and realized 3D terrain visualization system including the 3D surface generation module, 3D scene browsing and setting module and 3D terrain analysis module. 3D surface generation module implements the 3D terrain surface data, including TIN and Raster, and the data that would be used to generate 3D scene is the main basic data for 3D scene browsing and setting module and 3D terrain analysis module to performing their functions. 3D scene browsing and setting module has implemented the function of browsing 3D scene, including enlarging, narrowing, roaming and so on. It also has the function of setting 3D scene, including setting scene parameter, stacking texture, filling layer with different level colors etc.,. 3D terrain analysis module has implemented the functions of terrain analysis including 3D attributes inquiry, slope analysis, aspect analysis, hillshade analysis, viewshed analysis, profile analysis, flood analysis, contour analysis etc.,. It is an important part of the research.
Finally, 3D visualization terrain system based on ArcEngine has been applied to Dalian future city ecological zones, as the prototype system to the region. Visualization and analysis the region have obtained good effect for the region and provided the practical software tools for researching the region such as land use and auxiliary decision.
本文在分析和研究三维地形可视化的研究现状、研究背景和意义及三维地形可视化相关技术的基础上,提出了以Visual C#.NET为开发环境平台,以ArcEngine为二次开发组件的三维地形可视化系统的总体设计,详述了系统三维地形可视化功能和三维地形分析功能的实现方法和关键技术,设计并实现了包括三维地表生成模块、三维场景浏览及设置模块、三维地形分析模块的三维地形可视化系统。三维地表生成模块实现了生成三维地形表面的功能,包括TIN数据和Raster数据,用于生成三维场景,是三维场景浏览及设置模块和三维地形分析模块中各功能操作的主要数据基础。三维场景浏览及设置模块实现了放大、缩小、漫游等场景浏览功能和场景参数、叠加纹理、分层设色等场景设置功能。三维地形分析功能模块实现了包括三维属性查询、坡度分析、坡向分析、阴影分析、通视分析、剖面分析、水淹分析、等值线生成等地形分析功能,是系统研究的重要部分。
最后将基于ArcEngine开发的三维地形可视化系统应用到大连未来城生态区,作为三维地形可视化的原型系统,对该地区地形进行三维可视化显示和分析,取得了良好的效果,为该地区土地利用和辅助决策等研究提供了实用性的软件工具。
With the development of visualization and virtual reality technology, it becomes possible to establish 3D real-time, interactive artificial terrain environment. At present, realizing the terrain analysis in the 3D terrain environment and expressing real terrain more accurate and intuitively in visual condition become the focus of studying.
Based on the current research situation of 3D terrain visualization, background and significance and the relevant technology of 3D terrain visualization, this thesis has proposed the overall design of the 3D terrain visualization system regarding Visual C#.NET platform as the development environment and ArcEngine as secondary development package. It detailed the implementation method and key technology of the visual and analyzing function of 3D terrain visualization system. And it has designed and realized 3D terrain visualization system including the 3D surface generation module, 3D scene browsing and setting module and 3D terrain analysis module. 3D surface generation module implements the 3D terrain surface data, including TIN and Raster, and the data that would be used to generate 3D scene is the main basic data for 3D scene browsing and setting module and 3D terrain analysis module to performing their functions. 3D scene browsing and setting module has implemented the function of browsing 3D scene, including enlarging, narrowing, roaming and so on. It also has the function of setting 3D scene, including setting scene parameter, stacking texture, filling layer with different level colors etc.,. 3D terrain analysis module has implemented the functions of terrain analysis including 3D attributes inquiry, slope analysis, aspect analysis, hillshade analysis, viewshed analysis, profile analysis, flood analysis, contour analysis etc.,. It is an important part of the research.
Finally, 3D visualization terrain system based on ArcEngine has been applied to Dalian future city ecological zones, as the prototype system to the region. Visualization and analysis the region have obtained good effect for the region and provided the practical software tools for researching the region such as land use and auxiliary decision.
引文
[1]徐青.地形三维可视化技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000.
[2]李清泉.基于混合数据结构的三维GIS数据模型与空间分析研究[D].武汉测绘科技大学博士论文,1998.
[3]朱庆,林珲.数码城市地理信息系统——虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉大学出版社,2004.
[4] KavourasM.,Masry S..An Information System for Geosciences[C].Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on ComPuter Assisted Cartography,Baltimore,1987:336～345.
[5] Bak P.R.G.,Mill A.J.B..3D Representation in a Geoscientific Resources Management System for the Minerals Industry,In Raper J.(eds),Three Dimensional Applications in GIS,PA:Taylor and Francis,1989:155～182.
[6]危拥军.三维GIS数据组织管理及符号化表示研究[D].中国人民解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2006.
[7] ScottM.S..The Extension of Cartographic Modeling for Volumetric Geographic Analysis[EB/OL].http://www.cla.sc.edu/geog/geogdocs/departdocs/stddocs/mscott.html.
[8] Tomlin C.D..Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling,Engle wood C1iffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1990.
[9]李军.三维GIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2000.
[10] Tom Ishida.Activities and Technologies in Digital City Kyoto[A].Lecture Notes in Computer[C].Science Springer Berlin/Heidelberg,2005:166～167.
[11]刘南,刘仁义.WebGIS原理及其应用——主要WebGIS平台开发实例[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[12] Ehlen J,Harmon R S.Geo Comp99:Geocomputation and the Geosciences[J].Computer &Geosciences,2001,27(8):1～2.
[13]郭达志.国际矿山测量的发展现状与展望[J].测绘通报,1998,(4):36～38.
[14]刘征,郑贵洲.矿山三维GIS研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2006,V01.25(4):109～112.
[15]马丽丽.探测GIS中三维可视化的研究与设计[D].成都理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[16]翟巍.三维GIS中大规模场景数据获取、组织及调度方法的研究与实现[D].大连理工大学博士学位论文,2003.
[17]朱英浩.城市三维可视化GIS的研究[D].武汉测绘科技大学博士学位论文,1998.
[18]杨必胜,李清泉,梅宝燕.3维城市模型的可视化研究[J].测绘学报,2000,V01.29(2):149～159.
[19]常歌.基于遥感数据的城市景观建模技术研究与实践[D].中国人民解放军信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文,2001.
[20]朱庆,卢丹丹,张叶廷.GIS三维可视化在数字文化遗产中的应用[J].测绘科学,2006,V01.31(1):55～57.
[21]谢义林,汪云甲.利用虚拟场景实现3DGIS的研究与应用[J].测绘工程,2006,Vol.15(6):43～46.
[22]范力铭.基于ArcGIS Engine的三维GIS系统开发与应用[D].华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[23]侯恩科,吴立新,李建民等.三维地学模拟与数值模拟的耦合方法研究[J].煤炭学报,2002,V01.27(4):388～393.
[24]邢继红.鞍钢厂区三维可视化设计与应用[J].北京测绘,2006(3):50～53.
[25]王华玉,于喜东.MapGIS在数字矿山中的应用[J].煤炭科技,2001(2):10～12.
[26]韩瑞栋.煤矿三维可视化系统关键技术研究与实现[D].山东科技大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[27]煤矿三维虚拟环境系统[EB/OL].http://www.longruan.com/htmls/cpjs/mzgl_3.asp.
[28]谢小蕙.基于ArcGIS Engine的开发原理和方法的探讨[J].城市勘测,2006,2:46～48.
[29]吕成姝.三维场景中查询功能的设计与实现[D].大连理工大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[30] ESRI.ArcGIS Engine Developer Guide[M]. USA,ESRI Press,2004.
[31]刘仁义,刘南.ArcGIS开发宝典——从入门到精通[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[32] Michael Zeiler.Exploring ArcObjects[M].USA,ESRI Press,2001.
[33] ESRI.ArcGIS轻松入门教程——ArcGIS Engine[M].北京:2008.
[34]龚健雅,杜道生,李清泉等.当代地理信息技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[35]黄杏元,马劲松,汤勤.地理信息系统概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[36]吴秀芹,张洪岩,李瑞改等.ArcGIS 9地理信息系统应用与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
[37] Michael Zeiler.Modeling Our World[M].USA,ESRI Press,2002.
[38]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
[39]邬伦.地理信息系统原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[40]韩鹏,徐占华,褚海峰等.地理信息系统开发——ArcObjects方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.
[41] Bob Booth.Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst[M].USA,ESRI Press,2001.
[42]史永忠,曹全龙.基于ArcEngine的三维地形可视化系统的研究与开发[J].现代测绘,2007,3:37～41.
[43] ArcGIS Developer Online[EB/OL].http://edndoc.esri.com/arcobjects/9.0/
[44] ArcGIS Engine开发入门介绍[EB/OL].http://www.gissky.net/Soft/448.html
[45]三维GIS开发[EB/OL].http://www.gisempire.com/bbs/index.asp?boardid=21
[46] esrichina[EB/OL].http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/
[47]杨朝辉,徐秀萍,党立华.基于ArcObjects的地形三维可视化分析系统的研制[J].海洋测绘,2003,6(23):41～44.
[48]周奕君.基于ArcEngine的洪水风险管理信息系统及三维分析研究[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[49]魏东,马玉婿.基于ArcGIS Engine的三维地形平台的开发与实现[J].城市勘测,2008,6:59～61.
[50]汤国安,杨昕.ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[2]李清泉.基于混合数据结构的三维GIS数据模型与空间分析研究[D].武汉测绘科技大学博士论文,1998.
[3]朱庆,林珲.数码城市地理信息系统——虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉大学出版社,2004.
[4] KavourasM.,Masry S..An Information System for Geosciences[C].Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on ComPuter Assisted Cartography,Baltimore,1987:336～345.
[5] Bak P.R.G.,Mill A.J.B..3D Representation in a Geoscientific Resources Management System for the Minerals Industry,In Raper J.(eds),Three Dimensional Applications in GIS,PA:Taylor and Francis,1989:155～182.
[6]危拥军.三维GIS数据组织管理及符号化表示研究[D].中国人民解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2006.
[7] ScottM.S..The Extension of Cartographic Modeling for Volumetric Geographic Analysis[EB/OL].http://www.cla.sc.edu/geog/geogdocs/departdocs/stddocs/mscott.html.
[8] Tomlin C.D..Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling,Engle wood C1iffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall,1990.
[9]李军.三维GIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2000.
[10] Tom Ishida.Activities and Technologies in Digital City Kyoto[A].Lecture Notes in Computer[C].Science Springer Berlin/Heidelberg,2005:166～167.
[11]刘南,刘仁义.WebGIS原理及其应用——主要WebGIS平台开发实例[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[12] Ehlen J,Harmon R S.Geo Comp99:Geocomputation and the Geosciences[J].Computer &Geosciences,2001,27(8):1～2.
[13]郭达志.国际矿山测量的发展现状与展望[J].测绘通报,1998,(4):36～38.
[14]刘征,郑贵洲.矿山三维GIS研究进展[J].地质科技情报,2006,V01.25(4):109～112.
[15]马丽丽.探测GIS中三维可视化的研究与设计[D].成都理工大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[16]翟巍.三维GIS中大规模场景数据获取、组织及调度方法的研究与实现[D].大连理工大学博士学位论文,2003.
[17]朱英浩.城市三维可视化GIS的研究[D].武汉测绘科技大学博士学位论文,1998.
[18]杨必胜,李清泉,梅宝燕.3维城市模型的可视化研究[J].测绘学报,2000,V01.29(2):149～159.
[19]常歌.基于遥感数据的城市景观建模技术研究与实践[D].中国人民解放军信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文,2001.
[20]朱庆,卢丹丹,张叶廷.GIS三维可视化在数字文化遗产中的应用[J].测绘科学,2006,V01.31(1):55～57.
[21]谢义林,汪云甲.利用虚拟场景实现3DGIS的研究与应用[J].测绘工程,2006,Vol.15(6):43～46.
[22]范力铭.基于ArcGIS Engine的三维GIS系统开发与应用[D].华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[23]侯恩科,吴立新,李建民等.三维地学模拟与数值模拟的耦合方法研究[J].煤炭学报,2002,V01.27(4):388～393.
[24]邢继红.鞍钢厂区三维可视化设计与应用[J].北京测绘,2006(3):50～53.
[25]王华玉,于喜东.MapGIS在数字矿山中的应用[J].煤炭科技,2001(2):10～12.
[26]韩瑞栋.煤矿三维可视化系统关键技术研究与实现[D].山东科技大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[27]煤矿三维虚拟环境系统[EB/OL].http://www.longruan.com/htmls/cpjs/mzgl_3.asp.
[28]谢小蕙.基于ArcGIS Engine的开发原理和方法的探讨[J].城市勘测,2006,2:46～48.
[29]吕成姝.三维场景中查询功能的设计与实现[D].大连理工大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[30] ESRI.ArcGIS Engine Developer Guide[M]. USA,ESRI Press,2004.
[31]刘仁义,刘南.ArcGIS开发宝典——从入门到精通[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[32] Michael Zeiler.Exploring ArcObjects[M].USA,ESRI Press,2001.
[33] ESRI.ArcGIS轻松入门教程——ArcGIS Engine[M].北京:2008.
[34]龚健雅,杜道生,李清泉等.当代地理信息技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[35]黄杏元,马劲松,汤勤.地理信息系统概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
[36]吴秀芹,张洪岩,李瑞改等.ArcGIS 9地理信息系统应用与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
[37] Michael Zeiler.Modeling Our World[M].USA,ESRI Press,2002.
[38]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
[39]邬伦.地理信息系统原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[40]韩鹏,徐占华,褚海峰等.地理信息系统开发——ArcObjects方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.
[41] Bob Booth.Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst[M].USA,ESRI Press,2001.
[42]史永忠,曹全龙.基于ArcEngine的三维地形可视化系统的研究与开发[J].现代测绘,2007,3:37～41.
[43] ArcGIS Developer Online[EB/OL].http://edndoc.esri.com/arcobjects/9.0/
[44] ArcGIS Engine开发入门介绍[EB/OL].http://www.gissky.net/Soft/448.html
[45]三维GIS开发[EB/OL].http://www.gisempire.com/bbs/index.asp?boardid=21
[46] esrichina[EB/OL].http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/
[47]杨朝辉,徐秀萍,党立华.基于ArcObjects的地形三维可视化分析系统的研制[J].海洋测绘,2003,6(23):41～44.
[48]周奕君.基于ArcEngine的洪水风险管理信息系统及三维分析研究[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[49]魏东,马玉婿.基于ArcGIS Engine的三维地形平台的开发与实现[J].城市勘测,2008,6:59～61.
[50]汤国安,杨昕.ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.