基于本体的地理信息语义转换模型与方法研究
|
摘要
论文将本体论思想与方法论和语言语义学观点引入到地理信息科学领域,阐述了地理本体的特征与含义以及本体在地理信息科学领域的作用和意义;分析了语言表述语义的机制,以及语言与本体的关系。重点讨论了基于本体的地理信息语义转换理论问题,提出语言分析与本体构建相结合实现地理信息不同描述语言形式之间的语义转换,并给出了语义转换模型;对地理领域本体层次进行了分析,给出了领域本体构建的原则与方法,并对领域本体操作包括本体裁剪、语义相似度计算等进行了全面分析,为语义转换提供了基础;应用MDA的元建模框架与机制,进行了GIS数据本体元建模和元建模下的GIS数据转换实验,探索了结构性语言描述下的地理信息语义转换;使用本体标注与自然语言处理技术实现从自然语言描述中提取地理知识,完成了非结构性空间信息描述向结构化地理本体的转换实验。
论文的具体贡献包括:
1.深入探讨了语言的语义表达机制;比较了语言与本体的相互关系,指出了语言语义与本体论方法的结合点;分析了地理本体的不同描述语言之间的关系,为使用本体论技术实现地理信息转换提供了理论基础。
2.提出了基于本体论的地理信息语义转换模型。对地理信息的特点进行了分析,并比较了地理信息描述的典型语言,探索基于本体的地理信息描述方法,给出了构建地理信息领域本体的原则与步骤;利用叙词表、地形图、地理信息分类词表等资源和本体裁剪等方法进行了地理信息领域本体的创建;提出从分析地理信息描述语言着手,分解语言的形式与语义,并利用高阶-低阶模型理论,建立了基于本体的地理信息语义转换模型;讨论了基于此模型的转换流程和转换模式。
3.进行了基于本体元建模的GIS数据转换实验。论文对软件工程中的建模和元建模技术与本体技术进行了比较,将本体抽象层次与元模型层次对应起来,提出利用本体元建模的方法进行GIS数据的转换。利用元建模技术架构MDA和UML扩展机制,分析、创建了GIS数据元模型,并利用元模型进行了GIS数据建模。依据提出的基于本体的地理信息语义转换模型,制订了本体元建模技术下的GIS数据转换流程,进行了GIS数据转换的相关实验。
4.建立了本体相似度计算实验平台。通过对当前的语义相似度算法以及本体映射原型系统的分析,指出对不同的任务应使用不同的算法或算法组合;设计并实现了地理信息语义相似度计算的实验系统,作为算法分析和评估的平台;实现了MDSM算法、基于HowNet词典语义距离的算法以及改动的SF算法等语义相似度算法;在实验平台中,选用案例测试了几种算法的性能,并评估了本体裁剪对相似度计算的影响。
5.研究了非结构化空间信息的处理问题。从非结构化的空间描述中获取地理认知,和将形式化的地理知识转换为习惯的自然语言形式,这是地理信息转换的重要模式。论文分析了现有的自然语言处理和知识抽取方法,以及这些方法在地理信息领域中的应用现状,提出采用本体标注与自然语言处理相结合的技术途径,来实现从自然语言形式的地理信息描述中提取地理知识,从而完成非结构化的地理信息描述向结构化的地理本体的转换。论文设计了支持多本体语义标注的系统,对从HowNet中提取形式化地理本体进行了阐述;对利用领域本体改进分词结果,应用概念复合生成短语结构,以及领域句法模式规则描述等关键技术进行了分析,并在实验系统中对相关算法与规则进行了检验。
The paper leads the ontology thoughts, the methodology and language semantics viewpoint into the geographic information science domain, elucidates the exact character and meaning of geographic ontology and the function and the sense of ontology in the geographic information science domain, analyses the mechanism that language expresses semantics and the relation between the language and the ontology. The paper deeply discusses the geographic information semantic conversion theory problem based on the ontology, combines language analysis with ontology building to realize the semantic conversion in different language forms, and designs the semantic conversion model. The paper analysis geographic domain ontology, suggests the principle and method for building domain ontology, thoroughly analysis domain ontology manipulation which contains ontology cutting and semantic similarity degree computing, and establishes the foundation for the semantic conversion. The paper does an experiment on GIS data transformation between GIS data ontology metamodeling and metamodeling based on MDA metamodeling framework and mechanism, explores geographic information semantic conversion under structural linguistics. The paper distills geographic knowledge with the ontology annotation and natural language management technology in natural language, realizes the experiment on the conversion from non-structural spatial information description to structural geographic ontology.
The main works of the paper is as follow:
1. This paper thoroughly discusses the mechanism semantic expression of language, compares the relations between language and ontology, indicates the relation between language semantic and ontology theory method, analysis the connection in different description language, this offer theory base for using ontology technology to realize the conversion of geographic information.
2. This paper puts forward geographic information semantic conversion model based on ontology. It analysis the characteristics of geographic information, compares typical languages of describing geographic information, explores the methods of geographic information based on ontology, indicates the principles and steps for establishing geographic information domain ontology. This paper uses some sources such as thesauri, topographic map, geographic information classify vocabulary, some methods such as ontology cutting, to establish geographic information domain ontology. This paper launches on languages of describing geographic information, breaks up forms and semantics of language, establishes geographic information semantic conversion model based on ontology by high-low order model theory. The paper discusses conversion flow and pattern based on this model.
3. This paper does an experiment on GIS data transformation based on ontology metamodeling. The paper compares modeling in software engineering with metamodeling technology and ontology, abstract ontology level and element model are corresponding, puts forward GIS data transformation methods based on ontology metamodeling. The paper analysis and establishes GIS data element model by MDA and UML extended mechanism, modeling GIS data with element model. The paper constitutes GIS data conversion flow by using geographic information semantic conversion model based on ontology, does related experiment on GIS data conversion.
4. This paper establishes experimental platform for ontology similarity calculation. Through analyzing existing semantic similarity algorithm and ontology mapping prototype system, indicates that it should use different algorithm or algorithm combinatorial according as different tasks. The paper designs and realizes the experiment based on geographic information semantic similarity algorithm, makes it as the platform for algorithm analysis and evaluation. The paper realizes some semantic similarity algorithm such as MDSM algorithm, semantic distance algorithm based on HowNet dictionary and altered SF algorithm. In experiment platform, the paper tests capability of these algorithm with related cases, evaluates the influence to similarity algorithm of ontology cutting.
5. This paper researches the problem for dealing with non-structural spatial information. Getting geographic cognition from non-structural spatial description, transforming formal geography knowledge into customary natural language form, all of this is important pattern for conversion geographic information. The paper analysis existing methods of natural language processing and knowledge extraction, discusses its application situation in geographic information domain. The paper puts forward the technology approach combining ontology annotation and natural language processing, extracts geography knowledge from geographic information description of natural language form, then accomplishes the conversion from non-structural geographic information to structural geographic ontology. The paper designs a system which supports multi-ontology semantic annotation, describes the formal geographic ontology which is extracted from HowNet. The paper analysis some key technologies such as improving the word segmentation results with domain ontology, creating phrase structure by compounding conception, describing rules with domain syntactical patter. The paper tests related algorithms and rules in experimental system.
论文的具体贡献包括:
1.深入探讨了语言的语义表达机制;比较了语言与本体的相互关系,指出了语言语义与本体论方法的结合点;分析了地理本体的不同描述语言之间的关系,为使用本体论技术实现地理信息转换提供了理论基础。
2.提出了基于本体论的地理信息语义转换模型。对地理信息的特点进行了分析,并比较了地理信息描述的典型语言,探索基于本体的地理信息描述方法,给出了构建地理信息领域本体的原则与步骤;利用叙词表、地形图、地理信息分类词表等资源和本体裁剪等方法进行了地理信息领域本体的创建;提出从分析地理信息描述语言着手,分解语言的形式与语义,并利用高阶-低阶模型理论,建立了基于本体的地理信息语义转换模型;讨论了基于此模型的转换流程和转换模式。
3.进行了基于本体元建模的GIS数据转换实验。论文对软件工程中的建模和元建模技术与本体技术进行了比较,将本体抽象层次与元模型层次对应起来,提出利用本体元建模的方法进行GIS数据的转换。利用元建模技术架构MDA和UML扩展机制,分析、创建了GIS数据元模型,并利用元模型进行了GIS数据建模。依据提出的基于本体的地理信息语义转换模型,制订了本体元建模技术下的GIS数据转换流程,进行了GIS数据转换的相关实验。
4.建立了本体相似度计算实验平台。通过对当前的语义相似度算法以及本体映射原型系统的分析,指出对不同的任务应使用不同的算法或算法组合;设计并实现了地理信息语义相似度计算的实验系统,作为算法分析和评估的平台;实现了MDSM算法、基于HowNet词典语义距离的算法以及改动的SF算法等语义相似度算法;在实验平台中,选用案例测试了几种算法的性能,并评估了本体裁剪对相似度计算的影响。
5.研究了非结构化空间信息的处理问题。从非结构化的空间描述中获取地理认知,和将形式化的地理知识转换为习惯的自然语言形式,这是地理信息转换的重要模式。论文分析了现有的自然语言处理和知识抽取方法,以及这些方法在地理信息领域中的应用现状,提出采用本体标注与自然语言处理相结合的技术途径,来实现从自然语言形式的地理信息描述中提取地理知识,从而完成非结构化的地理信息描述向结构化的地理本体的转换。论文设计了支持多本体语义标注的系统,对从HowNet中提取形式化地理本体进行了阐述;对利用领域本体改进分词结果,应用概念复合生成短语结构,以及领域句法模式规则描述等关键技术进行了分析,并在实验系统中对相关算法与规则进行了检验。
The paper leads the ontology thoughts, the methodology and language semantics viewpoint into the geographic information science domain, elucidates the exact character and meaning of geographic ontology and the function and the sense of ontology in the geographic information science domain, analyses the mechanism that language expresses semantics and the relation between the language and the ontology. The paper deeply discusses the geographic information semantic conversion theory problem based on the ontology, combines language analysis with ontology building to realize the semantic conversion in different language forms, and designs the semantic conversion model. The paper analysis geographic domain ontology, suggests the principle and method for building domain ontology, thoroughly analysis domain ontology manipulation which contains ontology cutting and semantic similarity degree computing, and establishes the foundation for the semantic conversion. The paper does an experiment on GIS data transformation between GIS data ontology metamodeling and metamodeling based on MDA metamodeling framework and mechanism, explores geographic information semantic conversion under structural linguistics. The paper distills geographic knowledge with the ontology annotation and natural language management technology in natural language, realizes the experiment on the conversion from non-structural spatial information description to structural geographic ontology.
The main works of the paper is as follow:
1. This paper thoroughly discusses the mechanism semantic expression of language, compares the relations between language and ontology, indicates the relation between language semantic and ontology theory method, analysis the connection in different description language, this offer theory base for using ontology technology to realize the conversion of geographic information.
2. This paper puts forward geographic information semantic conversion model based on ontology. It analysis the characteristics of geographic information, compares typical languages of describing geographic information, explores the methods of geographic information based on ontology, indicates the principles and steps for establishing geographic information domain ontology. This paper uses some sources such as thesauri, topographic map, geographic information classify vocabulary, some methods such as ontology cutting, to establish geographic information domain ontology. This paper launches on languages of describing geographic information, breaks up forms and semantics of language, establishes geographic information semantic conversion model based on ontology by high-low order model theory. The paper discusses conversion flow and pattern based on this model.
3. This paper does an experiment on GIS data transformation based on ontology metamodeling. The paper compares modeling in software engineering with metamodeling technology and ontology, abstract ontology level and element model are corresponding, puts forward GIS data transformation methods based on ontology metamodeling. The paper analysis and establishes GIS data element model by MDA and UML extended mechanism, modeling GIS data with element model. The paper constitutes GIS data conversion flow by using geographic information semantic conversion model based on ontology, does related experiment on GIS data conversion.
4. This paper establishes experimental platform for ontology similarity calculation. Through analyzing existing semantic similarity algorithm and ontology mapping prototype system, indicates that it should use different algorithm or algorithm combinatorial according as different tasks. The paper designs and realizes the experiment based on geographic information semantic similarity algorithm, makes it as the platform for algorithm analysis and evaluation. The paper realizes some semantic similarity algorithm such as MDSM algorithm, semantic distance algorithm based on HowNet dictionary and altered SF algorithm. In experiment platform, the paper tests capability of these algorithm with related cases, evaluates the influence to similarity algorithm of ontology cutting.
5. This paper researches the problem for dealing with non-structural spatial information. Getting geographic cognition from non-structural spatial description, transforming formal geography knowledge into customary natural language form, all of this is important pattern for conversion geographic information. The paper analysis existing methods of natural language processing and knowledge extraction, discusses its application situation in geographic information domain. The paper puts forward the technology approach combining ontology annotation and natural language processing, extracts geography knowledge from geographic information description of natural language form, then accomplishes the conversion from non-structural geographic information to structural geographic ontology. The paper designs a system which supports multi-ontology semantic annotation, describes the formal geographic ontology which is extracted from HowNet. The paper analysis some key technologies such as improving the word segmentation results with domain ontology, creating phrase structure by compounding conception, describing rules with domain syntactical patter. The paper tests related algorithms and rules in experimental system.
引文
[1]米立根.自然辩证法原理[M].北京:军事宜文出版社,2002.
[2]陶佳.电力企业生产信息集成理论及应用研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2007.
[3]刘钢.从信息的哲学问题到信息哲学[J].自然辩证法研究,2003,19(1):45-39.
[4]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:56-57.
[5]景东升.基于本体的地理空间信息语义表达和服务研究[D].中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文,2005.
[6]陈常松,张传霞. GIS语义共享的实质及其实现途径[J].测绘科学,2000, 25(1):29-33.
[7]陈常松,何建邦.面向数据共享目的的GIS语义数据模型[J] .中国图象图形学报:A辑,1999,4(1):13-18.
[8]陈常松.面向数据共享的GIS语义表达理论的初步研究[J].测绘学报,2000,29(1):93-93.
[9]黄裕霞,Hoffm.F. GIS互操作的实现途径评述[J].地理研究,1999,18(1):105-112.
[10]黄裕霞,柯正谊. GIS网络语义共享问题[J].计算机科学,2000,27(12):1-6.
[11]沈筱彦. Web信息检索若干关联挖掘问题的研究[D].北京邮电大学博士学位论文,2009.
[12]乐小虬.非结构化网络空间信息智能搜索与服务研究[D].中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文,2006.
[13]崔巍.用本体实现地理信息系统语义集成与互操作[D].武汉大学博士学位论文,2004.
[14] Barry Smith, David M. Mark. Geographical categories: an ontological investigation, geographical information science, 2001, 15(7).
[15]郑茂辉,冯学智,蒋莹滢等.基于描述逻辑本体的GIS多重表达[J].测绘学报,2006,35(3):261-266.
[16] Fonseca F T. Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems[D]. University of Maine, 2001.
[17]许金川,赵政.基于本体论的地理信息系统体系结构研究[J].微处理机,2007,28(4):100-103.
[18] Wache H, Vogele T, Visser U. Ontology-Based Integration of Information-A Survey of Existing Approaches[C]. In the Proceedings of the IJCAI-2001 Workshop on Ontologies and Information Sharing. Seattle, WA, 2001.
[19] Harry T. Uitermark, Peter J. M. van Oosterom. Ontology-Based Geographic Data Set Integration[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1999, 1:10-11.
[20] Harry T. Uitermark, Peter J. M. van Oosterom. Ontology-based integration of topographic data sets[C]. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 2005.
[21]杜云艳,周成虎等.海岸带及近海科学数据集成于共享研究[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.
[22] P. Smart, A.I. Abdelmoty, C.B. Jones. An Evaluation of Geo-Ontology Representation Languages for Supporting Web Retrieval of Geographical Information.
[23]黄茂军.地理本体的形式化表达机制及其在地图服务中的应用研究[D].武汉大学,2005.
[24]刘瑜,张毅,田原.广义地名及其本体研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(6):1-7.
[25]李霖,朱海红,王红等.基于形式本体的基础地理信息语义分析——以陆地水系要素类为例[J].测绘学报,2008,37(2):230-235,242.
[26]苏里,朱庆伟,陈宜金等.基于地理本体的空间数据库概念建模[J],计算机工程,2007,33(12)
[27] M. Andrea Rodríguez, Max J. Egenhofer. Determining Semantic Similarity Among Entity Classes from Different Ontologies[J], IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.
[28] M. Andrea Rodríguez, Max J. Egenhofer. Comparing Geospatial Entity Classes: An Asymmetric and Context-Dependent Similarity Measure.
[29]张维鼎.意义与认知范畴化[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2007.
[30]李福印.认知语言学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.12
[31]朱晓军.空间范畴的认知语义研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2008.
[32]杜清运.空间信息的语言学特征及其自动理解机制研究.武汉大学博士学位论文,2001.
[33]史燕,程显毅,杨天明,陈海光.知网、HNC和框架网的语义知识表示异同[J].广西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2009,27(1):173-176.
[34]明小娜,龙毅,钱程扬,张翎.基于受限自然语言的GIS命令解析方法[J].地球信息科学学报, 2009,11(2):183-188.
[35]李玉森,张雪英,袁正午.面向GIS的地理命名实体识别研究[J].重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版),2008,6(20):719-724.
[36]张智雄,吴振新,刘建华等.当前知识抽取的主要技术方法解析[J].现代图书情报技术,2008, 8:2-11.
[37]杨宗亮,边馥苓,张艳敏.基于MDA的地理信息系统开发方法[J].计算机工程,2008,18(34): 243-245.
[38]李嘉丽.基于UML的本体表示方法研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[39] Jeremy L. Mennis, Donna J. Peuquet and Liujian Qian. A conceptual framework for incorporating cognitive principles into geographical database representation[J]. Transactions in GIS,2003,7(3):371-391.
[40] Jeremy L. Mennis Donna J. Peuquet and Diansheng Guo. A Semantic GIS Database Model for the Exploration of Spatio-Temporal Environmental Data, 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling Alberta, Canada, 2000.
[41]邬伦,王晓明,高勇等.基于地理认知的GIS数据元模型研究[J].遥感学报,2005,5(9): 583-588.
[42] http://baike.baidu.com
[43]吕红周.索绪尔的语言系统观研究[J].外语学刊,2010,4:57-60.
[44]李麒麟.回归语义本身:语义学的新观念[J].北京大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2010,4:153-155.
[45] Guarino N. Formal Ontology in Information Systems[M]. Amsterdam: IOS Press,I998.
[46]张庆熊.本体论研究的语言转向——以分析哲学为进路[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2008,4:55-60.
[47] Gruber T. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing[J].Human Computer Studies, 1995, 43(5-6): 907-928.
[48]何克清,何扬帆,梁鹏等.本体元建模理论与方法及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[49] Perez A, Benjamin V.Overview of knowledge sharing and reuse components: ontologies and problem-solving methods[J]. Lesson learned and Future Trends,1999, 18: 1-15.
[50] G. van Heijst, A.Th. Schreiber, B.J. Wielinga.Using Explicit Ontologies in KBS Development [J].Int.J. of Human and Computer Studies, 19974, 6(2): 183-292.
[51]李康.自然语言理解中的语言形式化研究[D].西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[52] Barry Bitters. A Geographical Ontology of Objects in the Visible Domain[D]. The Florida State University, 2005.
[53]李景.领域本体的构建方法与应用研究[D].中国农业科学院博士后报告,2009.
[54] David M. Mark1, Barry Smith, and Barbara Tversky. Ontology and Geographic Objects: An Empirical Study of Cognitive Categorization.
[55] Smith B., Mark D.M. Mark Ontology and Geographic Kinds Proceedings[C]. International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Vancouver, Canada, 1998.
[56] E Soja.Thirdspaee:journeys to Los Angeles and other realand-imagined places[M].Oxford,Cambridge:Blaekwell,1996.
[57]王家耀等.普通地图制图综合原理[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992.
[58]刘瑜,龚咏喜,张晶等.地理空间中的空间关系表达和推理[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,3(5):1-7.
[59]王开铸.自然语言理解[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1996.
[60] Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University,http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu.
[61]知网,Hownet knowledge database, http://www.keenage.com
[62]李娜,任瑞娟.叙词表、分类法与分布式本体[J].现代情报,2007,12:111-124.
[63]李金定.叙词表、元数据与本体之间关系探究[J].图书馆学研究,2007,8:61-64.
[64]仓定兰.基于叙词表的领域本体半自动构建的研究和实现[J].科学技术与工程,2009,24(9): 7588 -7593.
[65]张雪英,闾国年.新旧国家标准地理信息分类体系的对比分析[J].地理空间信息,2007,6(5) :20-23.
[66]张峰,崔晓健,王伟等.基于GML的地理空间数据交换技术研究[J].理空间信息,2009,1(7): 78-81.
[67]张书亮,闾国年,苗立志等. GML在中国的研究进展[J].地理信息科学,2008,6(10):763-769
[68] Peter Staub, Hans Rudolf, Andreas Morf. Semantic Interoperability through the Definition of Conceptual Model[J]. TransformationTransactions in GIS, 2008, 12(2): 193–207.
[69]李勤超.基于本体的地理信息检索方法研究[D].信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[70]赵晓琴,孙毅中,薛晓蕾.基于知识单元的自然语言结构化解析模型[J].测绘科学,2010.11,6(35):110-113.
[71]测绘学叙词表[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000.
[72] Shannon C E.A Mathematical TheoTy of CommunicationThe Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27:379—423&623-656.
[73]王家耀,陈毓芬.理论地图学[M].北京:解放军出版社,2000.
[74] Peter Staub, Hans Rudolf, Andreas Morf. Semantic Interoperability through the Definition of Conceptual Model[J]. TransformationTransactions in GIS, 2008, 12(2): 193–207.
[75] SUKHOV V I. Information capacity of a map entropy[J]. Geodesy and Aerophotography,1967,X:212-215.
[76] SUKHOV V I. Application of information theory in generalization of map contents[J]. Intemational Yearbook of Cartography,1970,X:4l-47.
[77] NEUMANN J. The topological information content of a map:An attempt at a rehabilitation of informa tion theory in cartography[J]. Cartographical,1994,3l:26-34.
[78] LI Zhi-lin, HUANG Pei-zhi. Quantitative measures for spatial in formation of maps[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2002,16(7):699-709.
[79]陈杰.矢量地图信息定量度量方法研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[80]方裕,周成虎,景贵飞等.第四代GIS软件研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(9):817-823.
[81]于洋.整体结构及其表示与推理[D].国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2007.
[82]邬伦.地理信息系统:原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[83]王浒.基于Geo-Ontology的元数据服务体系与技术研究[D].北京大学博士研究生学位论文,2003.
[84] Waralak V. Siricharoen. Merging Ontologies for Object Oriented Software Engineering[C]. Fourth International Conference on Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management, 2008, 525-530.
[85]王小龙.基于的本体建模方法研究[D].兰州理工大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[86]燕锋.基王MOF标注开放性元建模环境研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[87]王学斌.基于模型驱动架构的模型转换技术研究[D].国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2006.
[88]王晓燕.基于模型驱动架构的软件开发方法与实现技术研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.
[89] http://www.eclipse.org
[90] Baclawski K,Kokar M. Extending UML to support ontology engineering for the semantic web [C]. Proceedings of In 4th InternationaI Conf.on UML.Toronto, 2001, 342-360.
[91] Object Management Group. OMG Unified Modeling Language. Specificaiton-Version 1.3.2000.
[92] Dragan Djuric, Dragan GaseVic, Vladan Devedzic. Ontology Modeling and MDA[J]. Journal of Object Technology, 2005, 4(1):109-128.
[93] Saartje Brockmans, Peter Haase, Pascal Hitzler and Rudi Studer. A Metamodel and UML Profile for Rule-Extended OWL DL Ontologies[C]. ESWC 2006, 2006, 303–316.
[94]王翀,何克清,刘进.基于OWL元模型的本体建模研究[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2004,50(5): 581-585.
[95]何克清,何非,李兵等.面向服务的本体元建模理论与方法研究[J].计算机学报,2005,28(4):524-533.
[96]祝伟华,徐光侠,杨丹.应急事件的Ontology研究与建模[J].计算机科学,2007,134(15):159-16l,170.
[97]李娜,金芝.基于知识的UML图形文档自动生成[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,(33):50-55.
[98]葛继科,邱玉辉.一种基于本体概念语义距离的服务相似度度量方法[J].计算机科学,2009, 36(6):181-184.
[99]陈骏.一种新的本体映射方法[J].情报杂志,2009,28(8):183-186.
[100]魏凯斌,冉延平,余牛.语义相似度的计算方法研究与分析[J].计算机技术与发展,2010,20 (7):102-105.
[101] Tversky. A Feature of similarity[J]. Psychological Review, 1977, 84(4):327-352.
[102] Mark Gahegan, Anuj Jaiswal, Kean-Huat Soon, and et al. A Platform for Visualizing and Experimenting with Measures of Semantic Similarity in Ontologies and Concept Maps[J]. Transactions in GIS, 2008,12(6): 713–732.
[103] Rada R, Mili H, Bicknell E, et a1. Development and application of a metric on semantic nets[J]. IEEE Transaction on System, Man, and Cybernetics, 1989, 19(1):17-30.
[104]魏韡,向阳,陈千.计算术语间语义相似度的混合方法[J].计算机应用,2010,(6):1668-1670.
[105] AnHai Doan, Jayant Madhavant, Pedro Domingos, etal. Leanring to map between on tologies ong the semantic web[C]. Proceedings to the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 2002.
[106] Madhaven J, Bernstein Pam Rahm E. Generic schema matching with Cupid[C]. Proceding of 27th Int Conf. On Very Large Data Bases, 2001, 49-58.
[107] H.Do, E.Rahm. COMA-A System for Flexible Combination of Schema Matching Approaches[C]. Proceding of the 28th Int Conf. on Very Large Databased, 2002, 610-621.
[108] Angela Schwering. Approaches to Semantic Similarity Measurement for Geo-Spatial Data:A Survey. [J]. Transactions in GIS, 2008, 12(1):5–29.
[109] Agustina Buccella, Alejandra Cechich, Pablo Fillottrani. Ontology-driven geographic information integration: A survey of current approaches [J] . Computers & Geosciences, 2009, 35 (2009) 710–723.
[110]李红梅.地理空间实体类型语义相似度计算模型的研究[D].武汉大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[111]李红梅,翟亮,朱烷.基于本体的地理空间实体类型语义相似度计算模型的研究[J].测绘科学,2009,34(2):12-14,34.
[112] http://www.cyc.com
[113] Isabel Fcruz, William Sunna. Structured Alignment Methods with Applications to Geospatial Ontologies [J]. Transactions in GIS , 2008, 12(6): 683–711.
[114] Alistair J. Edwardes and Ross S. Purves. A Theoretical Grounding for Semantic Descriptions of Place[C]. W2GIS 2007, 2007, 106–120.
[115] Simon Overell, Stefan Ruger. Using co-occurrence models for placename disambiguation[J]. Internatinal Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2008, 22(3):265-287.
[116] Kathleen Stewart Hornsby, Naicong Li. Conceptual Framework for Modeling Dynamic Paths from Natural Language Expressions[J]. Transactions in GIS, 2009, 13(s1): 27–45.
[117] Marie-Laure Reinbergerr. Automatic extraction of spatial relations[J]. IEEE2005.
[118] Nicola Stokes, Yi Li, Alistair Moffat and Jiawen Rong. An empirical study of the effects of NLP components on Geographic IR performance[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2008, 22(3):247-264.
[119] Ilyoung Hong. Communal Ontology for Navifation Support in Urban Begion: Getting Directions from Familiar Landmarks[D]. State University of New York, 2007.
[120] Miguel R. Luaces, Jose R. Parama, Oscar Pedreira, and Diego Seco. An Ontology-based Index to Retrieve Documents with Geographic Information.
[121] Rui Wang, Günter Neumann. Ontology-based Query Construction for GeoCLEF.
[122] Vijay Khatri, Sudha Ram, Richard T. Snodgrass. Augmenting a Conceptual Model with Geospatiotemporal Annotations. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2004, 16(11):1324-1338.
[123]张雪英,闾国年.然语言空间关系及其在GIS中的应用研究[J].地理信息科学,2007,9(6):77-81.
[124]张雪英,间国年,宦建.面向汉语的自然语言路径描述方法[J].地理信息科学,2008,10(6):757-762.
[125]司望利.基于地理特征类型的自然语言空间关系查询[D].长安大学硕士学位论文.
[126]张连蓬,刘国林,江涛等.受限自然语言查询在GIS中的应用[J].测绘学院学报,2002,19(4):283-286,289.
[127]荆涛,左万利,孙吉贵等.中文网页语义标注:由句子到RDF表示[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(7):1221-1231.
[128]邹亮,廖述梅.基于本体的语义标注工具比较与分析[J].计算机应用,2004,24:328-330.
[129]董慧,余传明.中文本体的自动获取与评估算法分析[J].情报理论与实践,2005,28(4):415-418.
[130]王晓庆.基于框架语义的中文本体学习研究[D].中国海洋大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[131]陈绍琛.基于非结构中文数据源的本体学习[D].哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[132]李茹,王文晶,梁吉业等.基于汉语框架网的旅游信息问答系统设计[J].中文信息学报,2009,23(2):34-40.
[133]钱龙华.命名实体间语义关系抽取研究[D].苏州大学博士学位论文,2009.
[134] http://ictclas.org/
[135] http://nlp.stanford.edu/
[136] Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Bill MacCartney, and Christopher D. Manning Generating Typed Dependency Parses from Phrase Structure Parses. http://nlp.stanford.edu/
[137] Fei Xia. The Part-Of-Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0) http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~chinese
[138] Nianwen Xue, Fei Xia The Bracketing Guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0) http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~chinese
[139]米海涛,熊德意,刘群.中文词法分析与句法分析融合策略研究[J].中文信息学报,2008,22(2): 10-17.
[2]陶佳.电力企业生产信息集成理论及应用研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2007.
[3]刘钢.从信息的哲学问题到信息哲学[J].自然辩证法研究,2003,19(1):45-39.
[4]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:56-57.
[5]景东升.基于本体的地理空间信息语义表达和服务研究[D].中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文,2005.
[6]陈常松,张传霞. GIS语义共享的实质及其实现途径[J].测绘科学,2000, 25(1):29-33.
[7]陈常松,何建邦.面向数据共享目的的GIS语义数据模型[J] .中国图象图形学报:A辑,1999,4(1):13-18.
[8]陈常松.面向数据共享的GIS语义表达理论的初步研究[J].测绘学报,2000,29(1):93-93.
[9]黄裕霞,Hoffm.F. GIS互操作的实现途径评述[J].地理研究,1999,18(1):105-112.
[10]黄裕霞,柯正谊. GIS网络语义共享问题[J].计算机科学,2000,27(12):1-6.
[11]沈筱彦. Web信息检索若干关联挖掘问题的研究[D].北京邮电大学博士学位论文,2009.
[12]乐小虬.非结构化网络空间信息智能搜索与服务研究[D].中国科学院遥感应用研究所博士学位论文,2006.
[13]崔巍.用本体实现地理信息系统语义集成与互操作[D].武汉大学博士学位论文,2004.
[14] Barry Smith, David M. Mark. Geographical categories: an ontological investigation, geographical information science, 2001, 15(7).
[15]郑茂辉,冯学智,蒋莹滢等.基于描述逻辑本体的GIS多重表达[J].测绘学报,2006,35(3):261-266.
[16] Fonseca F T. Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems[D]. University of Maine, 2001.
[17]许金川,赵政.基于本体论的地理信息系统体系结构研究[J].微处理机,2007,28(4):100-103.
[18] Wache H, Vogele T, Visser U. Ontology-Based Integration of Information-A Survey of Existing Approaches[C]. In the Proceedings of the IJCAI-2001 Workshop on Ontologies and Information Sharing. Seattle, WA, 2001.
[19] Harry T. Uitermark, Peter J. M. van Oosterom. Ontology-Based Geographic Data Set Integration[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1999, 1:10-11.
[20] Harry T. Uitermark, Peter J. M. van Oosterom. Ontology-based integration of topographic data sets[C]. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 2005.
[21]杜云艳,周成虎等.海岸带及近海科学数据集成于共享研究[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.
[22] P. Smart, A.I. Abdelmoty, C.B. Jones. An Evaluation of Geo-Ontology Representation Languages for Supporting Web Retrieval of Geographical Information.
[23]黄茂军.地理本体的形式化表达机制及其在地图服务中的应用研究[D].武汉大学,2005.
[24]刘瑜,张毅,田原.广义地名及其本体研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(6):1-7.
[25]李霖,朱海红,王红等.基于形式本体的基础地理信息语义分析——以陆地水系要素类为例[J].测绘学报,2008,37(2):230-235,242.
[26]苏里,朱庆伟,陈宜金等.基于地理本体的空间数据库概念建模[J],计算机工程,2007,33(12)
[27] M. Andrea Rodríguez, Max J. Egenhofer. Determining Semantic Similarity Among Entity Classes from Different Ontologies[J], IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.
[28] M. Andrea Rodríguez, Max J. Egenhofer. Comparing Geospatial Entity Classes: An Asymmetric and Context-Dependent Similarity Measure.
[29]张维鼎.意义与认知范畴化[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2007.
[30]李福印.认知语言学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.12
[31]朱晓军.空间范畴的认知语义研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,2008.
[32]杜清运.空间信息的语言学特征及其自动理解机制研究.武汉大学博士学位论文,2001.
[33]史燕,程显毅,杨天明,陈海光.知网、HNC和框架网的语义知识表示异同[J].广西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2009,27(1):173-176.
[34]明小娜,龙毅,钱程扬,张翎.基于受限自然语言的GIS命令解析方法[J].地球信息科学学报, 2009,11(2):183-188.
[35]李玉森,张雪英,袁正午.面向GIS的地理命名实体识别研究[J].重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版),2008,6(20):719-724.
[36]张智雄,吴振新,刘建华等.当前知识抽取的主要技术方法解析[J].现代图书情报技术,2008, 8:2-11.
[37]杨宗亮,边馥苓,张艳敏.基于MDA的地理信息系统开发方法[J].计算机工程,2008,18(34): 243-245.
[38]李嘉丽.基于UML的本体表示方法研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[39] Jeremy L. Mennis, Donna J. Peuquet and Liujian Qian. A conceptual framework for incorporating cognitive principles into geographical database representation[J]. Transactions in GIS,2003,7(3):371-391.
[40] Jeremy L. Mennis Donna J. Peuquet and Diansheng Guo. A Semantic GIS Database Model for the Exploration of Spatio-Temporal Environmental Data, 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling Alberta, Canada, 2000.
[41]邬伦,王晓明,高勇等.基于地理认知的GIS数据元模型研究[J].遥感学报,2005,5(9): 583-588.
[42] http://baike.baidu.com
[43]吕红周.索绪尔的语言系统观研究[J].外语学刊,2010,4:57-60.
[44]李麒麟.回归语义本身:语义学的新观念[J].北京大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2010,4:153-155.
[45] Guarino N. Formal Ontology in Information Systems[M]. Amsterdam: IOS Press,I998.
[46]张庆熊.本体论研究的语言转向——以分析哲学为进路[J].复旦学报(社会科学版),2008,4:55-60.
[47] Gruber T. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing[J].Human Computer Studies, 1995, 43(5-6): 907-928.
[48]何克清,何扬帆,梁鹏等.本体元建模理论与方法及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[49] Perez A, Benjamin V.Overview of knowledge sharing and reuse components: ontologies and problem-solving methods[J]. Lesson learned and Future Trends,1999, 18: 1-15.
[50] G. van Heijst, A.Th. Schreiber, B.J. Wielinga.Using Explicit Ontologies in KBS Development [J].Int.J. of Human and Computer Studies, 19974, 6(2): 183-292.
[51]李康.自然语言理解中的语言形式化研究[D].西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[52] Barry Bitters. A Geographical Ontology of Objects in the Visible Domain[D]. The Florida State University, 2005.
[53]李景.领域本体的构建方法与应用研究[D].中国农业科学院博士后报告,2009.
[54] David M. Mark1, Barry Smith, and Barbara Tversky. Ontology and Geographic Objects: An Empirical Study of Cognitive Categorization.
[55] Smith B., Mark D.M. Mark Ontology and Geographic Kinds Proceedings[C]. International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Vancouver, Canada, 1998.
[56] E Soja.Thirdspaee:journeys to Los Angeles and other realand-imagined places[M].Oxford,Cambridge:Blaekwell,1996.
[57]王家耀等.普通地图制图综合原理[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992.
[58]刘瑜,龚咏喜,张晶等.地理空间中的空间关系表达和推理[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,3(5):1-7.
[59]王开铸.自然语言理解[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1996.
[60] Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University,http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu.
[61]知网,Hownet knowledge database, http://www.keenage.com
[62]李娜,任瑞娟.叙词表、分类法与分布式本体[J].现代情报,2007,12:111-124.
[63]李金定.叙词表、元数据与本体之间关系探究[J].图书馆学研究,2007,8:61-64.
[64]仓定兰.基于叙词表的领域本体半自动构建的研究和实现[J].科学技术与工程,2009,24(9): 7588 -7593.
[65]张雪英,闾国年.新旧国家标准地理信息分类体系的对比分析[J].地理空间信息,2007,6(5) :20-23.
[66]张峰,崔晓健,王伟等.基于GML的地理空间数据交换技术研究[J].理空间信息,2009,1(7): 78-81.
[67]张书亮,闾国年,苗立志等. GML在中国的研究进展[J].地理信息科学,2008,6(10):763-769
[68] Peter Staub, Hans Rudolf, Andreas Morf. Semantic Interoperability through the Definition of Conceptual Model[J]. TransformationTransactions in GIS, 2008, 12(2): 193–207.
[69]李勤超.基于本体的地理信息检索方法研究[D].信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2007.
[70]赵晓琴,孙毅中,薛晓蕾.基于知识单元的自然语言结构化解析模型[J].测绘科学,2010.11,6(35):110-113.
[71]测绘学叙词表[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000.
[72] Shannon C E.A Mathematical TheoTy of CommunicationThe Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27:379—423&623-656.
[73]王家耀,陈毓芬.理论地图学[M].北京:解放军出版社,2000.
[74] Peter Staub, Hans Rudolf, Andreas Morf. Semantic Interoperability through the Definition of Conceptual Model[J]. TransformationTransactions in GIS, 2008, 12(2): 193–207.
[75] SUKHOV V I. Information capacity of a map entropy[J]. Geodesy and Aerophotography,1967,X:212-215.
[76] SUKHOV V I. Application of information theory in generalization of map contents[J]. Intemational Yearbook of Cartography,1970,X:4l-47.
[77] NEUMANN J. The topological information content of a map:An attempt at a rehabilitation of informa tion theory in cartography[J]. Cartographical,1994,3l:26-34.
[78] LI Zhi-lin, HUANG Pei-zhi. Quantitative measures for spatial in formation of maps[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2002,16(7):699-709.
[79]陈杰.矢量地图信息定量度量方法研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[80]方裕,周成虎,景贵飞等.第四代GIS软件研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(9):817-823.
[81]于洋.整体结构及其表示与推理[D].国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2007.
[82]邬伦.地理信息系统:原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[83]王浒.基于Geo-Ontology的元数据服务体系与技术研究[D].北京大学博士研究生学位论文,2003.
[84] Waralak V. Siricharoen. Merging Ontologies for Object Oriented Software Engineering[C]. Fourth International Conference on Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management, 2008, 525-530.
[85]王小龙.基于的本体建模方法研究[D].兰州理工大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[86]燕锋.基王MOF标注开放性元建模环境研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[87]王学斌.基于模型驱动架构的模型转换技术研究[D].国防科学技术大学博士学位论文,2006.
[88]王晓燕.基于模型驱动架构的软件开发方法与实现技术研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文,2008.
[89] http://www.eclipse.org
[90] Baclawski K,Kokar M. Extending UML to support ontology engineering for the semantic web [C]. Proceedings of In 4th InternationaI Conf.on UML.Toronto, 2001, 342-360.
[91] Object Management Group. OMG Unified Modeling Language. Specificaiton-Version 1.3.2000.
[92] Dragan Djuric, Dragan GaseVic, Vladan Devedzic. Ontology Modeling and MDA[J]. Journal of Object Technology, 2005, 4(1):109-128.
[93] Saartje Brockmans, Peter Haase, Pascal Hitzler and Rudi Studer. A Metamodel and UML Profile for Rule-Extended OWL DL Ontologies[C]. ESWC 2006, 2006, 303–316.
[94]王翀,何克清,刘进.基于OWL元模型的本体建模研究[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2004,50(5): 581-585.
[95]何克清,何非,李兵等.面向服务的本体元建模理论与方法研究[J].计算机学报,2005,28(4):524-533.
[96]祝伟华,徐光侠,杨丹.应急事件的Ontology研究与建模[J].计算机科学,2007,134(15):159-16l,170.
[97]李娜,金芝.基于知识的UML图形文档自动生成[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,(33):50-55.
[98]葛继科,邱玉辉.一种基于本体概念语义距离的服务相似度度量方法[J].计算机科学,2009, 36(6):181-184.
[99]陈骏.一种新的本体映射方法[J].情报杂志,2009,28(8):183-186.
[100]魏凯斌,冉延平,余牛.语义相似度的计算方法研究与分析[J].计算机技术与发展,2010,20 (7):102-105.
[101] Tversky. A Feature of similarity[J]. Psychological Review, 1977, 84(4):327-352.
[102] Mark Gahegan, Anuj Jaiswal, Kean-Huat Soon, and et al. A Platform for Visualizing and Experimenting with Measures of Semantic Similarity in Ontologies and Concept Maps[J]. Transactions in GIS, 2008,12(6): 713–732.
[103] Rada R, Mili H, Bicknell E, et a1. Development and application of a metric on semantic nets[J]. IEEE Transaction on System, Man, and Cybernetics, 1989, 19(1):17-30.
[104]魏韡,向阳,陈千.计算术语间语义相似度的混合方法[J].计算机应用,2010,(6):1668-1670.
[105] AnHai Doan, Jayant Madhavant, Pedro Domingos, etal. Leanring to map between on tologies ong the semantic web[C]. Proceedings to the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 2002.
[106] Madhaven J, Bernstein Pam Rahm E. Generic schema matching with Cupid[C]. Proceding of 27th Int Conf. On Very Large Data Bases, 2001, 49-58.
[107] H.Do, E.Rahm. COMA-A System for Flexible Combination of Schema Matching Approaches[C]. Proceding of the 28th Int Conf. on Very Large Databased, 2002, 610-621.
[108] Angela Schwering. Approaches to Semantic Similarity Measurement for Geo-Spatial Data:A Survey. [J]. Transactions in GIS, 2008, 12(1):5–29.
[109] Agustina Buccella, Alejandra Cechich, Pablo Fillottrani. Ontology-driven geographic information integration: A survey of current approaches [J] . Computers & Geosciences, 2009, 35 (2009) 710–723.
[110]李红梅.地理空间实体类型语义相似度计算模型的研究[D].武汉大学硕士学位论文,2005.
[111]李红梅,翟亮,朱烷.基于本体的地理空间实体类型语义相似度计算模型的研究[J].测绘科学,2009,34(2):12-14,34.
[112] http://www.cyc.com
[113] Isabel Fcruz, William Sunna. Structured Alignment Methods with Applications to Geospatial Ontologies [J]. Transactions in GIS , 2008, 12(6): 683–711.
[114] Alistair J. Edwardes and Ross S. Purves. A Theoretical Grounding for Semantic Descriptions of Place[C]. W2GIS 2007, 2007, 106–120.
[115] Simon Overell, Stefan Ruger. Using co-occurrence models for placename disambiguation[J]. Internatinal Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2008, 22(3):265-287.
[116] Kathleen Stewart Hornsby, Naicong Li. Conceptual Framework for Modeling Dynamic Paths from Natural Language Expressions[J]. Transactions in GIS, 2009, 13(s1): 27–45.
[117] Marie-Laure Reinbergerr. Automatic extraction of spatial relations[J]. IEEE2005.
[118] Nicola Stokes, Yi Li, Alistair Moffat and Jiawen Rong. An empirical study of the effects of NLP components on Geographic IR performance[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2008, 22(3):247-264.
[119] Ilyoung Hong. Communal Ontology for Navifation Support in Urban Begion: Getting Directions from Familiar Landmarks[D]. State University of New York, 2007.
[120] Miguel R. Luaces, Jose R. Parama, Oscar Pedreira, and Diego Seco. An Ontology-based Index to Retrieve Documents with Geographic Information.
[121] Rui Wang, Günter Neumann. Ontology-based Query Construction for GeoCLEF.
[122] Vijay Khatri, Sudha Ram, Richard T. Snodgrass. Augmenting a Conceptual Model with Geospatiotemporal Annotations. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2004, 16(11):1324-1338.
[123]张雪英,闾国年.然语言空间关系及其在GIS中的应用研究[J].地理信息科学,2007,9(6):77-81.
[124]张雪英,间国年,宦建.面向汉语的自然语言路径描述方法[J].地理信息科学,2008,10(6):757-762.
[125]司望利.基于地理特征类型的自然语言空间关系查询[D].长安大学硕士学位论文.
[126]张连蓬,刘国林,江涛等.受限自然语言查询在GIS中的应用[J].测绘学院学报,2002,19(4):283-286,289.
[127]荆涛,左万利,孙吉贵等.中文网页语义标注:由句子到RDF表示[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(7):1221-1231.
[128]邹亮,廖述梅.基于本体的语义标注工具比较与分析[J].计算机应用,2004,24:328-330.
[129]董慧,余传明.中文本体的自动获取与评估算法分析[J].情报理论与实践,2005,28(4):415-418.
[130]王晓庆.基于框架语义的中文本体学习研究[D].中国海洋大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[131]陈绍琛.基于非结构中文数据源的本体学习[D].哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文,2009.
[132]李茹,王文晶,梁吉业等.基于汉语框架网的旅游信息问答系统设计[J].中文信息学报,2009,23(2):34-40.
[133]钱龙华.命名实体间语义关系抽取研究[D].苏州大学博士学位论文,2009.
[134] http://ictclas.org/
[135] http://nlp.stanford.edu/
[136] Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Bill MacCartney, and Christopher D. Manning Generating Typed Dependency Parses from Phrase Structure Parses. http://nlp.stanford.edu/
[137] Fei Xia. The Part-Of-Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0) http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~chinese
[138] Nianwen Xue, Fei Xia The Bracketing Guidelines for the Penn Chinese Treebank (3.0) http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~chinese
[139]米海涛,熊德意,刘群.中文词法分析与句法分析融合策略研究[J].中文信息学报,2008,22(2): 10-17.