近无籽实心多倍体番茄新品系的选育
摘要
试验以番茄品种特洛皮克、强力米寿、DRD8018、中蔬六号、中杂8号、中杂9号、薯叶番茄、铭农1号、美味樱桃番茄、黄珍珠樱桃番茄、黄梨樱桃番茄、红梨樱桃番茄、串珠樱桃番茄为诱变材料，使用改良L．D．Cua法进行多倍体诱变。对变异株进行详细的形态学与细胞学观察，各品种均获得了多倍体材料。同时以近无籽实心性状为目标性状对变异株进行选育，以期获得具有近无籽实心性状的多倍体番茄材料。结果如下：(1)番茄经多倍体诱变后变异株表现为：苗期生长受阻、叶变厚，颜色深绿、叶形指数变小、花器变大、叶下表皮气孔器变大，密度下降、保卫细胞内叶绿体含量增加、花粉量减少，育性下降。(2)果实成熟后进行室内鉴定，从中选出果肉厚，种子少，胎座膨大的株系，再进行根尖染色体制片鉴定倍体。利用此方法获得了7个大果型品种的具有近无籽实心性状的多倍体材料。其中中蔬六号01-1与薯叶00-6分别经过2代与3代的观察，近无籽实心性状与倍性均较稳定，这两个品系可进一步选育为近无籽实心多倍体番茄新品种。
Thirteen cultivars of tomato were treated using L.D.Cau. means with 0.2% colchicine solution. Many variant plants of all cultivars were got. We surveyed and researched the mutations of this variant plants by morphology and cytology methods, and found that there were some real polyploid plants in variant plants of every cultivars. Meanwhile, we regarded the few seeds and solid characteristics as objective characteristics of breeding new cultivars. We hope to get good-quality polyploid tomato cultivars with few seeds and solid characteristics. The experimental results are conclude as follows:
(1) Obvious changes have taken place on the induced plants. In comparison with normal plants, variant plants expressed the follow features: the growing is checked. The leaves appear to be darken green and become thick than that of diploid. The leaf shape index becomes smaller. The flowers become larger. The stomatal cell is larger and the number of stomata in a unit area of leaf in variant plants sharply reduced. The number of chloroplast in stomata is increased. The number of pollen is increased and the pollen viability is decreased.
(2) We investigated the fruit characteristics. The plant lines were selected that they have some good-quality characteristics including of the thick pulp, few seeds and big placenta. And we calculated the chromosome number of this plant lines. At last, the experiment got polyploid tomato with few seeds and solid characteristics of seven tomato cultivars, which cultivars have big fruit. ZhongShu No.6 01-1 has been breed for two years and Shu Ye 00-6 has been breed for three years. These two pure lines have had the stability good-quality characteristics and the chromosome number. ZhongShu No.6 01-1 and ShuYe 00-6 will be taken further steps to breed good-quality cultivars.
Thirteen cultivars of tomato were treated using L.D.Cau. means with 0.2% colchicine solution. Many variant plants of all cultivars were got. We surveyed and researched the mutations of this variant plants by morphology and cytology methods, and found that there were some real polyploid plants in variant plants of every cultivars. Meanwhile, we regarded the few seeds and solid characteristics as objective characteristics of breeding new cultivars. We hope to get good-quality polyploid tomato cultivars with few seeds and solid characteristics. The experimental results are conclude as follows:
(1) Obvious changes have taken place on the induced plants. In comparison with normal plants, variant plants expressed the follow features: the growing is checked. The leaves appear to be darken green and become thick than that of diploid. The leaf shape index becomes smaller. The flowers become larger. The stomatal cell is larger and the number of stomata in a unit area of leaf in variant plants sharply reduced. The number of chloroplast in stomata is increased. The number of pollen is increased and the pollen viability is decreased.
(2) We investigated the fruit characteristics. The plant lines were selected that they have some good-quality characteristics including of the thick pulp, few seeds and big placenta. And we calculated the chromosome number of this plant lines. At last, the experiment got polyploid tomato with few seeds and solid characteristics of seven tomato cultivars, which cultivars have big fruit. ZhongShu No.6 01-1 has been breed for two years and Shu Ye 00-6 has been breed for three years. These two pure lines have had the stability good-quality characteristics and the chromosome number. ZhongShu No.6 01-1 and ShuYe 00-6 will be taken further steps to breed good-quality cultivars.
引文
1 Stebbins, G. L.. Variation and in Plant. Columbia University Press. New York. 1959
2 Stebbins, G. L.. Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Arnold. London 1971
3 White, M. J. D..The Chromosomer. ed. 2. Methuen. London, 1952.
4 Grant, V.. The Origin of Adaptations. Columbia University Press, New York, 1963
5 Goldblatt, P. .Polyploidy in angiosperms: moncotyledons, Polyploidy: Biological Relevance. Plenum Press. New York, 1980
6 Masterson J. Stomatal size in fossil plants: evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiosperms. Science. 1992, 264:421-424
7 Ehrendorfer，F．．多倍性和地理分布．多倍体在植物和动物中的地位．贵州人民出版社．1984
8 王鸣等．染色体和瓜类育种．河南科学出版社．1981。
9 [苏]．杜比宁．植物育种的遗传学原理．科学出版社，1974
10 [美]W．H．路易斯主编．鲍文奎译．多倍性在植物和动物中的地位．贵州人民出版社．1984
11 郑思乡等．芦笋多倍体诱导及其离体培养的研究．湖南农业科学．1996，1：22-23
12 罗耀武等．高梁同源四倍体及四倍体杂交种．遗传学报．1985，12(5)：339-343
13 张海洋等．芝麻同源四倍体的诱发与鉴定．华北农学报．2001，16(2)：12-15
14 吕世民等．怀牛膝多倍体育种的研究．中药通报．1988，13(7)11-14
15 石荫坪等．苹果试管苗染色组工程育种．落叶果树．1993(4)：1-5
16 罗耀武等．秋水仙素诱普葡萄玫瑰香品种为四倍体的研究．中国果树．1995(2)：5-7
17 韩礼星等．猕猴桃多倍体诱导研究．果树科学．1998，15(2)：273-276
18 王长泉等．苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素加倍效应的研究．果树科学．1999，16(2)：104-109
19 刘惠吉等．南农矮脚黄四倍体不结球白菜新品种的选育．南京农业大学学报．1990，13(2)：33-40
20 刘惠吉等．四倍体白菜热优2号的选育．南京农业大学学报．1992，15(4)：39-44
21 刘惠吉等．四倍体耐寒黑菜的选育．南京农业大学学报．1994，17(2)：118-120
22 刘惠吉等．同源四倍体不结球白菜“寒优1号”的选育．园艺学报．1995，22(2)：193-194
23 周朴华等．黄花菜圆球茎秋水仙处理后再生苗加倍效果观察．湖南农学院学报．1991，17(2)：158-164
24 杜先明等．小白菜多倍体诱变试验．湖南农学院学报．1995，21(1)：25-29
25 李树贤等．同源四倍体茄子品种新茄一号的选育．中国农业科学．2002，35(6)：686-689
26 陈沁滨．四倍体小白菜新品种连黑1号．长江蔬菜．2000，1：25-26
27 郭启高等．秋水仙碱诱导生姜多倍体的研究．西南农业大学学报．2000，22(5)400-402
28 鲍惟钊等．百合组培诱变研究．江苏农业科学．1984，(1)，28-30
29 牛维和等．诱导君子兰多倍体的研究初报．园艺学报．1986，13(1)：61-63
30 张敩方等．诱导金鱼草多倍体的初步研究．园艺学报．1990，17(1)：76-79
31 张敩方等．矮牵牛多倍体诱导初探．北方园艺．1992，1：37-38
32 马志明等．桑树多倍体育种研究概况．江苏蚕业．2001，1，1-3
33 乔传卓等．菘蓝多倍体育种的研究，植物学报．1989，31(9)：678-683
34 吴清等．金荞麦的离体快繁及及同源四倍体的诱导．西南农业大学学报．2001，23(2)：108-110
35 程心旻等．白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较．植物资源与环境学报．2003，12(1)：16-20
36 王海廷，王鸣，李长年．番茄育种．上海科学技术出版社．1988
37 Tal, M..Physiology of Polyploids Plants: DNA, RNA, Portein. and Abseisic Acid in Autotertrapliod and Diploid Tomato under Low and High Salinty. Bot. Gaz., 1977
38 Albuzio, A. Spettolli, P. ,Cacco, G..Changes in Gene Dosage Effects on from Diploid to Autotetraploid Status of Lycoperslcon esculentum. Physiol.P1. 1978
39 Gastafsson, F. G..Grouwth Hormone Studies of Some Diploid and Autotetraploid Plants. J. Heredity, 1944
40 刘艳俊等．诱导番茄同源四倍体的研究．山西农业大学学报．1991，11(2)：118-120
41 饶升土等．秋水仙素处理番茄幼苗染色体加倍的研究．浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版)．1996，19(1)：62-64。
42 邹道谦，申书兴．四倍体番茄低稔性胚胎学研究．华北农学报．1990，5(1)：10-16
43 朱潋．植物染色体及染色体技术．1982
44 李正理．植物制片技术(第二版)．科学出版社．1987
45 李贵全．细胞学研究基础．中国林业出版社．2001
46 Sari. N, Abak, Pitrat M Cimparision of ploidy level screening methods inh watermelon:Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.) Scientia Horticulturae. 1999, 82:265-277
47 刘文革，王鸣．西瓜甜瓜育种中的染色体倍性操作及倍性鉴定．果树学报．2002，19(2)：132-135
48 曾广文，蒋德安．植物生理学．中国农业科技出版社．2000年
49 詹喜焱等．番茄染色体核型的研究．武汉大学学报(自然科学版)．1985，NO．2：86-90
50 陈国菊等．番茄大、小孢子的发生及雌、雄配子体的发育．华南农业大学学报．1999，20(2)：36-40
51 高振华．番茄新品种和高新栽培技术．中国劳动社会保障出版社．2001
52 郭启高等．植物多倍体诱导育种研究进展．生物学通报．2000，35(2)：8-11
53 西南农业大学主编．蔬菜育种学(第二版)．农业出版社．1980
54 [日]松尾孝岭 监修．葛扣麟等译．育种手册(第二分册——育种技术)．上海科学技术出版社．1986
55 浙江农业大学主编．遗传学(第二版)．农业出版社．1980
2 Stebbins, G. L.. Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Arnold. London 1971
3 White, M. J. D..The Chromosomer. ed. 2. Methuen. London, 1952.
4 Grant, V.. The Origin of Adaptations. Columbia University Press, New York, 1963
5 Goldblatt, P. .Polyploidy in angiosperms: moncotyledons, Polyploidy: Biological Relevance. Plenum Press. New York, 1980
6 Masterson J. Stomatal size in fossil plants: evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiosperms. Science. 1992, 264:421-424
7 Ehrendorfer，F．．多倍性和地理分布．多倍体在植物和动物中的地位．贵州人民出版社．1984
8 王鸣等．染色体和瓜类育种．河南科学出版社．1981。
9 [苏]．杜比宁．植物育种的遗传学原理．科学出版社，1974
10 [美]W．H．路易斯主编．鲍文奎译．多倍性在植物和动物中的地位．贵州人民出版社．1984
11 郑思乡等．芦笋多倍体诱导及其离体培养的研究．湖南农业科学．1996，1：22-23
12 罗耀武等．高梁同源四倍体及四倍体杂交种．遗传学报．1985，12(5)：339-343
13 张海洋等．芝麻同源四倍体的诱发与鉴定．华北农学报．2001，16(2)：12-15
14 吕世民等．怀牛膝多倍体育种的研究．中药通报．1988，13(7)11-14
15 石荫坪等．苹果试管苗染色组工程育种．落叶果树．1993(4)：1-5
16 罗耀武等．秋水仙素诱普葡萄玫瑰香品种为四倍体的研究．中国果树．1995(2)：5-7
17 韩礼星等．猕猴桃多倍体诱导研究．果树科学．1998，15(2)：273-276
18 王长泉等．苹果叶片离体培养中秋水仙素加倍效应的研究．果树科学．1999，16(2)：104-109
19 刘惠吉等．南农矮脚黄四倍体不结球白菜新品种的选育．南京农业大学学报．1990，13(2)：33-40
20 刘惠吉等．四倍体白菜热优2号的选育．南京农业大学学报．1992，15(4)：39-44
21 刘惠吉等．四倍体耐寒黑菜的选育．南京农业大学学报．1994，17(2)：118-120
22 刘惠吉等．同源四倍体不结球白菜“寒优1号”的选育．园艺学报．1995，22(2)：193-194
23 周朴华等．黄花菜圆球茎秋水仙处理后再生苗加倍效果观察．湖南农学院学报．1991，17(2)：158-164
24 杜先明等．小白菜多倍体诱变试验．湖南农学院学报．1995，21(1)：25-29
25 李树贤等．同源四倍体茄子品种新茄一号的选育．中国农业科学．2002，35(6)：686-689
26 陈沁滨．四倍体小白菜新品种连黑1号．长江蔬菜．2000，1：25-26
27 郭启高等．秋水仙碱诱导生姜多倍体的研究．西南农业大学学报．2000，22(5)400-402
28 鲍惟钊等．百合组培诱变研究．江苏农业科学．1984，(1)，28-30
29 牛维和等．诱导君子兰多倍体的研究初报．园艺学报．1986，13(1)：61-63
30 张敩方等．诱导金鱼草多倍体的初步研究．园艺学报．1990，17(1)：76-79
31 张敩方等．矮牵牛多倍体诱导初探．北方园艺．1992，1：37-38
32 马志明等．桑树多倍体育种研究概况．江苏蚕业．2001，1，1-3
33 乔传卓等．菘蓝多倍体育种的研究，植物学报．1989，31(9)：678-683
34 吴清等．金荞麦的离体快繁及及同源四倍体的诱导．西南农业大学学报．2001，23(2)：108-110
35 程心旻等．白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较．植物资源与环境学报．2003，12(1)：16-20
36 王海廷，王鸣，李长年．番茄育种．上海科学技术出版社．1988
37 Tal, M..Physiology of Polyploids Plants: DNA, RNA, Portein. and Abseisic Acid in Autotertrapliod and Diploid Tomato under Low and High Salinty. Bot. Gaz., 1977
38 Albuzio, A. Spettolli, P. ,Cacco, G..Changes in Gene Dosage Effects on from Diploid to Autotetraploid Status of Lycoperslcon esculentum. Physiol.P1. 1978
39 Gastafsson, F. G..Grouwth Hormone Studies of Some Diploid and Autotetraploid Plants. J. Heredity, 1944
40 刘艳俊等．诱导番茄同源四倍体的研究．山西农业大学学报．1991，11(2)：118-120
41 饶升土等．秋水仙素处理番茄幼苗染色体加倍的研究．浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版)．1996，19(1)：62-64。
42 邹道谦，申书兴．四倍体番茄低稔性胚胎学研究．华北农学报．1990，5(1)：10-16
43 朱潋．植物染色体及染色体技术．1982
44 李正理．植物制片技术(第二版)．科学出版社．1987
45 李贵全．细胞学研究基础．中国林业出版社．2001
46 Sari. N, Abak, Pitrat M Cimparision of ploidy level screening methods inh watermelon:Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.) Scientia Horticulturae. 1999, 82:265-277
47 刘文革，王鸣．西瓜甜瓜育种中的染色体倍性操作及倍性鉴定．果树学报．2002，19(2)：132-135
48 曾广文，蒋德安．植物生理学．中国农业科技出版社．2000年
49 詹喜焱等．番茄染色体核型的研究．武汉大学学报(自然科学版)．1985，NO．2：86-90
50 陈国菊等．番茄大、小孢子的发生及雌、雄配子体的发育．华南农业大学学报．1999，20(2)：36-40
51 高振华．番茄新品种和高新栽培技术．中国劳动社会保障出版社．2001
52 郭启高等．植物多倍体诱导育种研究进展．生物学通报．2000，35(2)：8-11
53 西南农业大学主编．蔬菜育种学(第二版)．农业出版社．1980
54 [日]松尾孝岭 监修．葛扣麟等译．育种手册(第二分册——育种技术)．上海科学技术出版社．1986
55 浙江农业大学主编．遗传学(第二版)．农业出版社．1980