浅层地下水有机污染研究—以某城市近郊为例
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摘要
近几年来，随着工农业的发展，地下水污染日趋严重。就污染的种类、污染的范围以及对人类的健康而言，地下水有机污染排在所有污染物的首位。由于许多有机污染物具有“致癌、致畸和致突变”的“三致”作用而被世人瞩目。受分析技术和费用的限制，地下水有机污染系统的研究在我国仍属于一个空白。本文是以“国土资源重点项目”和“国家重点基础研究973项目”两项目为依托，开拓了地下水有机污染系统研究的先例。
研究表明，所有40项有机测试组分中，检出25项，分别为单环芳烃类、卤代烃类和多环芳烃类。从多次取样结果看，研究区地下水中有机物主要为三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯，检出率分别为60.27％、29.45％、30.82％和32.19％，检出值在0.09-71.89μg／L之间。地下水中氯代烃的空间分布呈点状分布特征，重污染点主要集中在研究区的西郊一带，已形成一个局部重污染区，其它地方零星分布。重污染区污染范围大约5km~2，主要污染物是三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯，多数在10μg／L以上。从环境水文地质角度看，潜水含水层中有机物的检出率和检出值较承压含水层和潜水-承压含水层过渡带高，高浓度点主要集中在潜水含水层中。
从单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价结果来看，三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯是研究区地下水中主要有机污染物。从平面分布特征来看，重污染(Ⅳ)(地下水中至少有一项有机物超过对照值10倍)和严重污染(Ⅴ)(地下水中至少有一项有机物超过对照值50倍及50倍以上)的点主要分布在西南部的潜水区和中部的潜水-承压水过渡带，承压含水层未受污染。总体上看，西部污染较东部严重，南部较北部严重。
水质评价结果表明，研究区的地下水水质整体较好，但有个别点个别组分已超标。威胁地下水质的有机污染物主要是三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯。三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯超标分别可达14.38倍和9.128倍。
工厂广泛使用有机溶剂是地下水中氯代烃的主要污染来源，污染河流和垃圾淋滤液不是主要的。研究区重污染(Ⅳ)和严重污染(Ⅴ)83.3％的点位于工业区，工业区地下水中三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯超过饮用水标准的水点占区域总超标点的80％和87.5％。
氯代烃对地下水的污染与其本身的物理性质、包气带的结构和地下水动力条件等因素有关。氯代烃的迟后因子R值很小，很容易在地下环境中迁移，因此研究区地下水中氯代烃检出率高，并且局部己形成重污染区；氯代烃重污染点主要集中在潜水和潜水承压水过渡带，是因为这一带含水层防污性能差；而在洪积扇缘的承压水区，由于表层粘土层厚，含水层防污性能相对较好，地下水不容易受到氯代烃的污染，因此这一带氯代烃检出率低、检出值小。地下水动态变化是引起氯代烃呈季节性变化的主要原因。在重污染区污染羽的上部TCE和PCE枯水期高于丰水期，而下部正好相反；垃圾场附近的地下水中氯代烃检出值丰水期比枯水期高。
室内长期排污河渠对地下水影响的模拟研究表明，含水介质颗粒的大小是影响污染物净化的主要原因，介质颗粒越大，对污染物的净化率就低。苯、甲苯和单环芳烃总量(TBETX)在粗砂中的总净化率小于中砂；柱2的苯、甲苯和TBETX的单位体积质量变化率(FWAC)、单位孔隙体积质量变化率(PFWAC)和总的净化率大于柱3和柱1柱，这是因为柱2砂土
中含粘十的量大了往3和杜1的缘故：沿水流方向上单环芳烃各组分浓度导递减趋势，其自
然净化作川主要发生在土壤表面0．4米内：水动力特征的改变使得污染物的迁移特征也随之
改变；从目前的实验未看，长期排污河渠对地下水有影响，但影响不会很大。
研究区目前的取样点和加油站监测井中几乎没有检出单环芳烃，地下水中单环芳烃是否
污染仍是一个悬而未决的问题。但一点可以肯定：即使有，也是局部污染，形不成人面积的
污染。不论潜水含水层、200米的承压含水层以及500米的煤系地层和 1000米以上的岩溶
水中都有本并［a］充检出，含量低，为数个n舍卜。深层地下水中的苯并［仙花的人为来源的说
法从理论上没法解释，可能是大然来源。浅层地下水中本并［al ie的来源是否有人为来源，
就目前的情况来看，没法下一个准确的结论。因此，苯并回龙的来源仍是一个问题，作进
一步深入的研究是有必要的。
以卜这些认识，为研究区地下水资源规划、管理和保护提供重要的基础资料和科学依据。
同时，可望为以后在我国其他城市开展地下水有机污染调查和治理工作提供借鉴。
In the last few years, with the development of the industry and agriculture, the groundwater contamination is gradually serious. In regard to the category and scope of contamination and its harm to human health, organic chemicals in groundwater are the first one. Because they can cause cancer, abnormality and mutation, many organic chemicals have been regarded by the public in the world. By the restriction of the technique and expenses of analysis, the systemic research on organic chemicals in groundwater still has not been reported in China. Based on "key item of the national land resources "and" research of national key foundation 973 project", this paper sets a precedent for the systemic research on groundwater contaminated by organic chemicals in China.
The results indicate that the 25 organic compositions occur in all 40 ones in groundwater, which are aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons(CAHs) which contain trichloromethane(TCM), phenixin(CT), trichloroethylene(TCE) and tetrachloroethylene(PCE) are common in groundwater in the studied area, the frequency of occurrence is 60. 27%, 29. 45%, 30. 82% and 32.19% respectively. The concentration of CAHs ranges between 0. 09 n g/ L and 71. 89 u g/ L. The distribution of chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) in groundwater is of point characteristic, whose heavy contaminated points mainly concentrate at west suburb of the studied area, have already become a heavy local contaminated section, piecemeal distribution in other place. The scope of heavy contaminated section is about 5 km'', whose main contaminants are TCE and PCE above 10 u g/ L. The frequency and concentration of occurrence in phretic aquifer is higher than in confined aqu
ifer and their transition zone. High concentration points mainly concentrate on pretic aquifer.
The evaluation from the single factor contamination index method and the synthetic contamination index method indicate that TCE and PCE are the major organic contaminants in the groundwater in the studied area. The points of heavy contamination (IV) which contain at least one-organic composition in the groundwater whose concentration is 10 times more than background concentration, and the points of serious contamination (V) which contain at least one organic composition in the groundwater is 50 times more than background value. These two kinds of points primarily distribute in the south western phretic aquifer and the central part of the transition zone and the confined aquifer is not contaminated. In summary, contamination in the western region is heavier than that in the eastern region. Similarly, contamination in southern region is heavier than that in the northern region.
The evaluation of groundwater quality demonstrates that the groundwater quality
in the studied area is good on the whole, but individual composition has already exceeded to the standard of drinking water quality. The organic chemicals that threaten the groundwater quality is primarily TCE and PCE which exceed 14. 38 times and 9. 128 times respectively more than the drinking water standard.
Organic solvent extensively used in the factory is a major source of CAHs in groundwater in comparison with landfill leachate and contaminated rivers. 83.3% Wells of heavy contamination(FV) and serious contamination(V) in the studied area are located in the industrial estate. Wells contaminated by TCE and PCE in the industrial estate which exceed drinking water standard are 80 and 87. 5 percent of the total wells which exceed the drinking water standard.
Groundwater contaminated by CAHs is relevant to the physical property of CAHs, the construction of vadose zone, the hydraulic condition etc. Due to factor R of CAHs is very small, they very easily move in the underground environment. For this reason, the frequency of occurrence of CAHs in groundwater has been high, which have already become local heavy contaminative section. Wells contaminated by CAHs is located in phretic aquifer and the t
研究表明，所有40项有机测试组分中，检出25项，分别为单环芳烃类、卤代烃类和多环芳烃类。从多次取样结果看，研究区地下水中有机物主要为三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯，检出率分别为60.27％、29.45％、30.82％和32.19％，检出值在0.09-71.89μg／L之间。地下水中氯代烃的空间分布呈点状分布特征，重污染点主要集中在研究区的西郊一带，已形成一个局部重污染区，其它地方零星分布。重污染区污染范围大约5km~2，主要污染物是三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯，多数在10μg／L以上。从环境水文地质角度看，潜水含水层中有机物的检出率和检出值较承压含水层和潜水-承压含水层过渡带高，高浓度点主要集中在潜水含水层中。
从单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价结果来看，三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯是研究区地下水中主要有机污染物。从平面分布特征来看，重污染(Ⅳ)(地下水中至少有一项有机物超过对照值10倍)和严重污染(Ⅴ)(地下水中至少有一项有机物超过对照值50倍及50倍以上)的点主要分布在西南部的潜水区和中部的潜水-承压水过渡带，承压含水层未受污染。总体上看，西部污染较东部严重，南部较北部严重。
水质评价结果表明，研究区的地下水水质整体较好，但有个别点个别组分已超标。威胁地下水质的有机污染物主要是三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯。三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯超标分别可达14.38倍和9.128倍。
工厂广泛使用有机溶剂是地下水中氯代烃的主要污染来源，污染河流和垃圾淋滤液不是主要的。研究区重污染(Ⅳ)和严重污染(Ⅴ)83.3％的点位于工业区，工业区地下水中三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯超过饮用水标准的水点占区域总超标点的80％和87.5％。
氯代烃对地下水的污染与其本身的物理性质、包气带的结构和地下水动力条件等因素有关。氯代烃的迟后因子R值很小，很容易在地下环境中迁移，因此研究区地下水中氯代烃检出率高，并且局部己形成重污染区；氯代烃重污染点主要集中在潜水和潜水承压水过渡带，是因为这一带含水层防污性能差；而在洪积扇缘的承压水区，由于表层粘土层厚，含水层防污性能相对较好，地下水不容易受到氯代烃的污染，因此这一带氯代烃检出率低、检出值小。地下水动态变化是引起氯代烃呈季节性变化的主要原因。在重污染区污染羽的上部TCE和PCE枯水期高于丰水期，而下部正好相反；垃圾场附近的地下水中氯代烃检出值丰水期比枯水期高。
室内长期排污河渠对地下水影响的模拟研究表明，含水介质颗粒的大小是影响污染物净化的主要原因，介质颗粒越大，对污染物的净化率就低。苯、甲苯和单环芳烃总量(TBETX)在粗砂中的总净化率小于中砂；柱2的苯、甲苯和TBETX的单位体积质量变化率(FWAC)、单位孔隙体积质量变化率(PFWAC)和总的净化率大于柱3和柱1柱，这是因为柱2砂土
中含粘十的量大了往3和杜1的缘故：沿水流方向上单环芳烃各组分浓度导递减趋势，其自
然净化作川主要发生在土壤表面0．4米内：水动力特征的改变使得污染物的迁移特征也随之
改变；从目前的实验未看，长期排污河渠对地下水有影响，但影响不会很大。
研究区目前的取样点和加油站监测井中几乎没有检出单环芳烃，地下水中单环芳烃是否
污染仍是一个悬而未决的问题。但一点可以肯定：即使有，也是局部污染，形不成人面积的
污染。不论潜水含水层、200米的承压含水层以及500米的煤系地层和 1000米以上的岩溶
水中都有本并［a］充检出，含量低，为数个n舍卜。深层地下水中的苯并［仙花的人为来源的说
法从理论上没法解释，可能是大然来源。浅层地下水中本并［al ie的来源是否有人为来源，
就目前的情况来看，没法下一个准确的结论。因此，苯并回龙的来源仍是一个问题，作进
一步深入的研究是有必要的。
以卜这些认识，为研究区地下水资源规划、管理和保护提供重要的基础资料和科学依据。
同时，可望为以后在我国其他城市开展地下水有机污染调查和治理工作提供借鉴。
In the last few years, with the development of the industry and agriculture, the groundwater contamination is gradually serious. In regard to the category and scope of contamination and its harm to human health, organic chemicals in groundwater are the first one. Because they can cause cancer, abnormality and mutation, many organic chemicals have been regarded by the public in the world. By the restriction of the technique and expenses of analysis, the systemic research on organic chemicals in groundwater still has not been reported in China. Based on "key item of the national land resources "and" research of national key foundation 973 project", this paper sets a precedent for the systemic research on groundwater contaminated by organic chemicals in China.
The results indicate that the 25 organic compositions occur in all 40 ones in groundwater, which are aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons(CAHs) which contain trichloromethane(TCM), phenixin(CT), trichloroethylene(TCE) and tetrachloroethylene(PCE) are common in groundwater in the studied area, the frequency of occurrence is 60. 27%, 29. 45%, 30. 82% and 32.19% respectively. The concentration of CAHs ranges between 0. 09 n g/ L and 71. 89 u g/ L. The distribution of chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) in groundwater is of point characteristic, whose heavy contaminated points mainly concentrate at west suburb of the studied area, have already become a heavy local contaminated section, piecemeal distribution in other place. The scope of heavy contaminated section is about 5 km'', whose main contaminants are TCE and PCE above 10 u g/ L. The frequency and concentration of occurrence in phretic aquifer is higher than in confined aqu
ifer and their transition zone. High concentration points mainly concentrate on pretic aquifer.
The evaluation from the single factor contamination index method and the synthetic contamination index method indicate that TCE and PCE are the major organic contaminants in the groundwater in the studied area. The points of heavy contamination (IV) which contain at least one-organic composition in the groundwater whose concentration is 10 times more than background concentration, and the points of serious contamination (V) which contain at least one organic composition in the groundwater is 50 times more than background value. These two kinds of points primarily distribute in the south western phretic aquifer and the central part of the transition zone and the confined aquifer is not contaminated. In summary, contamination in the western region is heavier than that in the eastern region. Similarly, contamination in southern region is heavier than that in the northern region.
The evaluation of groundwater quality demonstrates that the groundwater quality
in the studied area is good on the whole, but individual composition has already exceeded to the standard of drinking water quality. The organic chemicals that threaten the groundwater quality is primarily TCE and PCE which exceed 14. 38 times and 9. 128 times respectively more than the drinking water standard.
Organic solvent extensively used in the factory is a major source of CAHs in groundwater in comparison with landfill leachate and contaminated rivers. 83.3% Wells of heavy contamination(FV) and serious contamination(V) in the studied area are located in the industrial estate. Wells contaminated by TCE and PCE in the industrial estate which exceed drinking water standard are 80 and 87. 5 percent of the total wells which exceed the drinking water standard.
Groundwater contaminated by CAHs is relevant to the physical property of CAHs, the construction of vadose zone, the hydraulic condition etc. Due to factor R of CAHs is very small, they very easily move in the underground environment. For this reason, the frequency of occurrence of CAHs in groundwater has been high, which have already become local heavy contaminative section. Wells contaminated by CAHs is located in phretic aquifer and the t
引文
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