段落加工条件下外语听力不同水平人群抑制效率差异的研究
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摘要
从第二语言为英语的大学生中筛选出英语听力水平高、低两组被试,采用意义适合性判断任务,考察在英文段落加工层面上,插入语对外语听力效果的影响,探讨中国人第二语言听力理解中对外在干扰抑制作用的特点。结果表明:
(1)中国人群外语听力抑制机制的效率与听力水平有关,高水平英文听力人群英文词汇的心理词典表征稳固、清晰,不易受干扰;低水平英文听力人群英文词汇的心理词典表征易受干扰。
(2)中国人群外语听力的抑制干扰的方式除了“清除”和“限制”的抑制机制后作用之外,在高水平听力人群中也包括“阻止通达”的抑制机制前作用。
(3)本实验发现第二语言的听力抑制机制不同于母语的阅读理解的抑制加工。
This experiment chose two groups of the college students whose second language is English as the experimental target. The English listening ability of the first group is higher than the second group’s. The experiment will check the influence of parenthesis to the result of English listening ability .They were asked to verify whether the test word matched the meaning of the sentence they just read, so that we can find some features of restraining interference when students do exerise of listening comprehension. The results are as follows:
(1) The efficiency of restraining interference is connected with the level of listening ability. The high level usually are clear about the meaning of each word and can not be interfered; the low level usually is easily interfered.
(2) The methods of restraining interference do not only include“elimination”and“restriction”of inhibition mechanism,but also include“prohibiting understanding”of inhibition mechanism.
(3) The restraining to English listening is quite different from the restraining to reading comprehension of mother tongue.
(1)中国人群外语听力抑制机制的效率与听力水平有关,高水平英文听力人群英文词汇的心理词典表征稳固、清晰,不易受干扰;低水平英文听力人群英文词汇的心理词典表征易受干扰。
(2)中国人群外语听力的抑制干扰的方式除了“清除”和“限制”的抑制机制后作用之外,在高水平听力人群中也包括“阻止通达”的抑制机制前作用。
(3)本实验发现第二语言的听力抑制机制不同于母语的阅读理解的抑制加工。
This experiment chose two groups of the college students whose second language is English as the experimental target. The English listening ability of the first group is higher than the second group’s. The experiment will check the influence of parenthesis to the result of English listening ability .They were asked to verify whether the test word matched the meaning of the sentence they just read, so that we can find some features of restraining interference when students do exerise of listening comprehension. The results are as follows:
(1) The efficiency of restraining interference is connected with the level of listening ability. The high level usually are clear about the meaning of each word and can not be interfered; the low level usually is easily interfered.
(2) The methods of restraining interference do not only include“elimination”and“restriction”of inhibition mechanism,but also include“prohibiting understanding”of inhibition mechanism.
(3) The restraining to English listening is quite different from the restraining to reading comprehension of mother tongue.
引文
[1]周治金,陈永明,杨丽霞等 语言理解中抑制机制的研究概况 心理科学进展 第 10 卷第 4 期 2002。
[2] Brjorklund D F, Hamishfeger K K. The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior .In:Dempster F N,Brainerd C Jed.Inerference and inhibition in congnition.San Diego:Academic Press,1995 1-24
[3][7]Hasher L, Zacks R T.Working memory ,comprehension and aging:A review and a new view.In:Bower G H ed.The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in research and theory.Vol.22.San Diego,CA:Academic Press,1988.193-225
[4] Gernsbacher M A,Faust M. Skilled suppression.In:Dempster Compster F,Brainerd C J ed.Interference and Inhibition in Cognition.San Diego:Academic Press,1995.295-327
[5] Kintsch W.The Role of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension: A Construction-Integration Model.Ssychological Review,1988,95(2):163-182
[6] Gernsbacher M A,Language comprehension as structure building.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc,1990
[8] Taft M.Interactive-activation as a framework for understandingn morphological procession. Language and Cognitive processes,1994,271-294
[9] Zhou X.Mzrslen Wilson W.The nature of sublexical processing in reading Chinese characters.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,Memory and Cognition, 1999, 25: 819- 837
[10] Zhou X. Mzrslen Wilson W. Taft M, Shu H. Morphology, orthography,phonology in reading Chinese compound words.Language and Cognitive Processes,1999,14:525-565
[11] Simpson G B,Burgess C.Activation and selection processes in the recognition of ambiguous words.Journal of Experimental psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1985,11:28-39
[12] Simpson G B,Kang H.Inhibitory processing in the recognition of homograph meaning, In:Dagenbach D ed.Inhibitory processes in attention,memory,and language.Academic Press, 1994,359-381
[13] Swinney D A.Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,1979,18:645-659
[14] Gernsbacher M A. Varner K R.Faust M E. Investigation differences in general comprehension skill.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1990,16(3):430-445
[15]陈永明,崔耀 汉语歧义词的加工 心理学报 1997,29:1-6。
[16] Hamm V P,Hasher L.Age snd the availability of inferences. Psychology and Aging. 1992,6:56-64
[17] Connelly S.Hasher L.Zacks R T.Age snd Reading:The impact of distraction Asychology and Aging,1991,6:533-541
[18]杨丽霞,陈永明等 理解能力不同的个体抑制干扰信息的效率心理学报 2001 33:294- 299。
[19] Walter C.The involvement of working memory in reading in a foreign language[A].Unpublished doctoral dissertation, RCEAL, Cambridge Univerdity,2000
[20].Rosen V.Engle R W.Working memory capacity and suppression[J]. Journal of Memory and Language,1998,418-436
[21] Frey L.The Nature of the suppression in reading: insights from an L1-L2 comparison [J].2005
[22] Kintsch W.The Role of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension: A Construction Integration Model.Psychological Review.1988,95(2):163-182
[23] Gernsbacher M A.Language Comprehension as structure building.Hillsdale NJ.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.1990
[24][28] Gernsbacher M A.Faust M E.The mechanism of suppression:A component of general comprehension skill.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1991,17(2):245-262
[25] Gernsbacher M A.Varner K R,Faust M E.Investigation differences in general comprehension skill.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1990,16(3):430-445
[26] Gernsbacher M A. Faust M. Skilled suppression.In:Dempster F,Brainerd C J ed.Interference and Inhibition in Cognition.San Diego:Academic Press,1995,295-327
[27] Hasher L.Zacks R T.Working memory comprehension and aging:A review and new view.In:Bower G H ed.The Psychology of Learning and theory Vol.22San Diego.CA:Academic Press.1988,193-225
[28] DW 卡罗尔著 缪小春译 《语言心理学》 上海:华东师范大学出版社 2007 年 3 月出版,302-311页。
[29]周治金、陈永明等 汉语歧义词加工中抑制机制的作用过程 心理学报 2004年6期P637—643。
[2] Brjorklund D F, Hamishfeger K K. The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior .In:Dempster F N,Brainerd C Jed.Inerference and inhibition in congnition.San Diego:Academic Press,1995 1-24
[3][7]Hasher L, Zacks R T.Working memory ,comprehension and aging:A review and a new view.In:Bower G H ed.The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in research and theory.Vol.22.San Diego,CA:Academic Press,1988.193-225
[4] Gernsbacher M A,Faust M. Skilled suppression.In:Dempster Compster F,Brainerd C J ed.Interference and Inhibition in Cognition.San Diego:Academic Press,1995.295-327
[5] Kintsch W.The Role of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension: A Construction-Integration Model.Ssychological Review,1988,95(2):163-182
[6] Gernsbacher M A,Language comprehension as structure building.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc,1990
[8] Taft M.Interactive-activation as a framework for understandingn morphological procession. Language and Cognitive processes,1994,271-294
[9] Zhou X.Mzrslen Wilson W.The nature of sublexical processing in reading Chinese characters.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,Memory and Cognition, 1999, 25: 819- 837
[10] Zhou X. Mzrslen Wilson W. Taft M, Shu H. Morphology, orthography,phonology in reading Chinese compound words.Language and Cognitive Processes,1999,14:525-565
[11] Simpson G B,Burgess C.Activation and selection processes in the recognition of ambiguous words.Journal of Experimental psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1985,11:28-39
[12] Simpson G B,Kang H.Inhibitory processing in the recognition of homograph meaning, In:Dagenbach D ed.Inhibitory processes in attention,memory,and language.Academic Press, 1994,359-381
[13] Swinney D A.Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,1979,18:645-659
[14] Gernsbacher M A. Varner K R.Faust M E. Investigation differences in general comprehension skill.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1990,16(3):430-445
[15]陈永明,崔耀 汉语歧义词的加工 心理学报 1997,29:1-6。
[16] Hamm V P,Hasher L.Age snd the availability of inferences. Psychology and Aging. 1992,6:56-64
[17] Connelly S.Hasher L.Zacks R T.Age snd Reading:The impact of distraction Asychology and Aging,1991,6:533-541
[18]杨丽霞,陈永明等 理解能力不同的个体抑制干扰信息的效率心理学报 2001 33:294- 299。
[19] Walter C.The involvement of working memory in reading in a foreign language[A].Unpublished doctoral dissertation, RCEAL, Cambridge Univerdity,2000
[20].Rosen V.Engle R W.Working memory capacity and suppression[J]. Journal of Memory and Language,1998,418-436
[21] Frey L.The Nature of the suppression in reading: insights from an L1-L2 comparison [J].2005
[22] Kintsch W.The Role of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension: A Construction Integration Model.Psychological Review.1988,95(2):163-182
[23] Gernsbacher M A.Language Comprehension as structure building.Hillsdale NJ.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.1990
[24][28] Gernsbacher M A.Faust M E.The mechanism of suppression:A component of general comprehension skill.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1991,17(2):245-262
[25] Gernsbacher M A.Varner K R,Faust M E.Investigation differences in general comprehension skill.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1990,16(3):430-445
[26] Gernsbacher M A. Faust M. Skilled suppression.In:Dempster F,Brainerd C J ed.Interference and Inhibition in Cognition.San Diego:Academic Press,1995,295-327
[27] Hasher L.Zacks R T.Working memory comprehension and aging:A review and new view.In:Bower G H ed.The Psychology of Learning and theory Vol.22San Diego.CA:Academic Press.1988,193-225
[28] DW 卡罗尔著 缪小春译 《语言心理学》 上海:华东师范大学出版社 2007 年 3 月出版,302-311页。
[29]周治金、陈永明等 汉语歧义词加工中抑制机制的作用过程 心理学报 2004年6期P637—643。