复杂产品系统的研发团队有效性研究
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摘要
复杂产品系统已经成为现代工业的核心,复杂产品系统的研发、制造会对国民经济诸多行业和产业产生辐射和深远的影响。以团队形式开展技术研发也成为国内外复杂产品系统研发的主流形式。由于复杂产品系统的研发任务具有多技术系统、多层次集成的特点,所以其研发团队的有效性也具有不同于常规“简单”产品研发团队的特点。但是,现有复杂产品系统的研究成果绝大多数集中在技术管理、技术创新等领域。而团队有效性的研究也聚集在组织行为学、应用心理学等领域。这就造成以复杂产品系统研发团队有效性为主题的研究相对空白。因此,针对复杂产品系统研发团队有效性进行研究具有一定程度的填补空白的理论价值和提升中国复杂产品系统研发团队绩效的现实意义。
本文属于局部探索性研究,整个研究过程形成了如下的研究逻辑：首先基于文献研究明确了研究切入点,并结合实际调研提出复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念假设(包括组织有效性和运行有效性)。其次,采用探索性案例研究方法,对复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念假设和研发团队组织有效性预设模型、研发团队运行有效性预设模型进行检验,并提炼形成包含具体变量的理论模型。再次,分别采用多案例检验和问卷调查样本数据实证检验的方法,对复杂产品系统的研发团队组织有效性和研发团队运行有效性理论模型予以假设检验和修正。最后,整合形成复杂产品系统研发团队有效性模型,得出本文的研究结论,并提出相关的管理启示和建议。
在这样的研究逻辑和框架下,本文完成的主要研究工作如下：
首先,提出并检验了复杂产品系统研发团队有效性概念假设。本文通过文献研究和实际案例调研发现,由于复杂产品系统具有多层级、多技术系统的属性,因此复杂产品系统的研发团队也具有多层级的技术协同和设计集成特征。所以,本文扩展了现有团队有效性的概念外延,将组织有效性纳入到复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念范畴中。并采用探索性案例研究方法,以4个复杂产品系统的研发机构(或公司)及其8个研发团队为案例样本,对其研发团队的组织形式和运行过程进行了案例内分析和跨案例对比分析。探索性案例研究结果表明,复杂产品系统的研发团队绩效分别与研发团队组织形式(层级、类型)、研发团队特征存在对应关系。从而验证了本文提出的复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念假设：复杂产品系统的研发团队有效性包括组织有效性和运行有效性两个部分。
其次,构建并检验了复杂产品系统研发团队组织有效性模型。本研究在探索性案例研究的基础上,发现了复杂产品系统的研发团队组织形式具有不同于常规研发团队的多层级、多类型组合的特点,并通过要素提炼构建了复杂产品系统研发团队组织有效性理论模型。然后采用基于个案的多案例检验方法,对理论模型及其研究假设进行了逐一检验和对比,从而建立了以复杂产品系统研发特征与研发团队组织形式(多层级的研发团队类型)之间匹配关系为逻辑的复杂产品系统研发团队组织有效性模型。该模型表明,技术复杂程度、研制一体化程度、客户／市场类型、产品交付周期这4个研发特征因素决定着复杂产品系统研发团队的组织形式。同时,为了增强该模型的应用价值,构建了具有明确匹配关系、可以度量的“复杂产品系统的多层级研发团队组织有效性匹配模型”从而为中国的复杂产品系统研发机构(或集成商)选择合适的研发团队组织形式提供了明确的理论参考和可应用的匹配工具。
再次,基于IPO逻辑构建并检验了复杂产品系统研发团队运行有效性模型。在探索性案例研究的基础上,提炼并构建了符合IPO逻辑的复杂产品系统研发团队运行有效性理论模型,并采用问卷调查数据分析的方法对该理论模型进行了假设检验和结构方程模型验证。研究结果表明,任务复杂性和互依性是复杂产品系统研发团队运行有效性的关键输入因素,共享心智模型和交互记忆系统这两个认知因素不仅直接影响研发团队绩效,而且可以通过影响团队互动这个行为变量进一步影响团队绩效。同时,在任务复杂性、互依性与团队绩效之间,共享心智模型、交互记忆系统和团队互动也起到了完全中介作用。同时,本文分别对专业研发团队和项目研发团队的样本数据进行了结构方程模型检验,结果表明,团队成员之间的共享心智模型和交互记忆系统对复杂产品系统研发团队绩效的影响作用有所不同,这种不同与两种类型研发团队的运行机制有很大关系。从而揭示出项目研发团队更需要通过团队建设促进成员之间形成共享心智模型和交互记忆系统,从而提升项目研发团队的绩效。
最后,本文在检验修正研发团队组织有效性模型和运行有效性模型的基础上,构建形成了复杂产品系统的研发团队有效性整合模型。该模型表明,复杂产品系统的研发特征决定着相应的多层级研发团队组织类型,不同的研发团队类型又决定了不同状态的任务复杂性、任务互依性和成员专业异质性；这些因素又作为关键输入影响团队互动过程和团队成员之间共享心智模型、交互记忆系统的形成；最终共同作用于团队绩效。这个逻辑过程涵盖了复杂产品系统研发团队从组织到运行,再到产出的整个过程。
Complex products and systems (CoPS) have been the core of modern industry. The R&D and manufacturing of CoPS will have the comprehensive and deep influence on the national economy in many industries. Using team to carry out technical R&D has become the main form of CoPS R&D at home and abroad. Because the characteristics of CoPS R&D are multi-technology system and multi-level integration, the R&D team effectiveness has different characteristics from the conventional simple product R&D team. However, most academic research on CoPS focuses on the field of technological management and technological innovation. The research on team effectiveness focuses on the field of organizational behavior and applied psychology. The theme of the effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is much less studied. In this context, the study of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS will fill the theoretical gaps, and enhance the Chinese R&D team's performance in CoPS.
This study belongs to exploratory study. The research logic is as follows:Firstly, on the basis of literature review and field research, the concept hypotheses of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS (including organizational effectiveness and operational effectiveness) are proposed. Secondly, the exploratory case study is used to test the concept hypotheses, organizational effectiveness hypothetical model and operational effectiveness hypothetical model about effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS, and theoretical model containing specific variables is proposed. Thirdly, multi-case study and questionnaire survey are used to test and correct the organizational effectiveness hypothetical model and operational effectiveness hypothetical model respectively. Lastly, the model of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is formed, and relevant managerial implications and recommendations are put forwarded.
In this research logic and framework, this dissertation involves the follow research work:
Firstly, the concept hypotheses of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS are proposed and tested. Using literature study and case study, the results show that the R&D team in CoPS has the multi-level technology collaborative and integrated design features because of the multi-level and multi-technology system properties of CoPS. This paper extends the concept extension of team effectiveness, and organizational effectiveness is incorporated into the concept of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS. Four R&D institutions (or companies) in CoPS and their eight R&D teams as case samples, this paper uses the case study and cross-case comparative study to analyze the forms of organization and R&D team process. The results show that the R&D team performance in CoPS has the corresponding relationships with the R&D team's form (level and type) and R&D team's characteristics. The concept hypotheses of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS are tested:the effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS includes organizational effectiveness and operational effectiveness.
Secondly, the model of organizational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is constructed and tested. Based on the exploratory case study, this paper finds that multi-level and multi-type combination are characteristics of R&D team's organizational form in CoPS that different from the conventional R&D team, and the theoretical model of organizational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is constructed by elements refined. Multi-case study is used to test and contrast the theoretical model and research hypotheses. The model of organizational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS based on the match between R&D features of CoPS and organizational form of R&D team (multi-level R&D team type). The model results show that the degree of technical complexity, the degree of R&D and manufacturing integration, customer/marker type, and product delivery cycle are four R&D characteristics of factors that determine the organizational form of the R&D team in CoPS. At the same time, in order to enhance the application value of the model, this paper constructs the organizational effectiveness fit model with clear matching relations and measurable multi-level R&D team in CoPS. This model provides the clear theoretical reference and application of matching tools for CoPS R&D institutions (or integrator) to select the appropriate organizational form of R&D team.
Thirdly, the operational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is constructed and tested according to the IPO framework. Using the exploratory case study, this paper refines and constructs the theoretical model of operational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS based on IPO-logic, and survey data analysis is used to test the theoretical model's hypotheses by structural equation model validation. The results show that task complexity and interdependence are the key input factors of operational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS; shared mental model and transactive memory system can impact the R&D team performance directly and impact the R&D team performance indirectly through the team interaction. At the same time, shared mental model, transactive memory system and team interaction play fully mediated roles between the task complexity/interdependence and team performance. This paper takes professional R&D team and project R&D team as sample data respectively and use structural equation model to test research hypotheses. The results show that, shared mental model and transactive memory system between team members have different impact on R&D team performance in CoPS, and these differences relate to the operating mechanism of two types of R&D team. The results indicate that project R&D team need more team building to promote the shared mental model and transactive memory system between team members, and improve the project R&D team's performance.
Lastly, this paper test and correct the models of organizational effectiveness and operational effectiveness of R&D team, and integrate to form the model of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS further. The model shows that the R&D features of CoPS determine the multi-level R&D team's organizational type, and different R&D team types determine the different the task complexity, task interdependence and professional heterogeneity. These factors as key input factors impact team interaction process and form of the shared mental model and transactive memory system. Finally, all of factors impact on team performance together. This logical process covers the whole process from organizing and operating to output of the R&D team in CoPS.
本文属于局部探索性研究,整个研究过程形成了如下的研究逻辑：首先基于文献研究明确了研究切入点,并结合实际调研提出复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念假设(包括组织有效性和运行有效性)。其次,采用探索性案例研究方法,对复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念假设和研发团队组织有效性预设模型、研发团队运行有效性预设模型进行检验,并提炼形成包含具体变量的理论模型。再次,分别采用多案例检验和问卷调查样本数据实证检验的方法,对复杂产品系统的研发团队组织有效性和研发团队运行有效性理论模型予以假设检验和修正。最后,整合形成复杂产品系统研发团队有效性模型,得出本文的研究结论,并提出相关的管理启示和建议。
在这样的研究逻辑和框架下,本文完成的主要研究工作如下：
首先,提出并检验了复杂产品系统研发团队有效性概念假设。本文通过文献研究和实际案例调研发现,由于复杂产品系统具有多层级、多技术系统的属性,因此复杂产品系统的研发团队也具有多层级的技术协同和设计集成特征。所以,本文扩展了现有团队有效性的概念外延,将组织有效性纳入到复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念范畴中。并采用探索性案例研究方法,以4个复杂产品系统的研发机构(或公司)及其8个研发团队为案例样本,对其研发团队的组织形式和运行过程进行了案例内分析和跨案例对比分析。探索性案例研究结果表明,复杂产品系统的研发团队绩效分别与研发团队组织形式(层级、类型)、研发团队特征存在对应关系。从而验证了本文提出的复杂产品系统研发团队有效性的概念假设：复杂产品系统的研发团队有效性包括组织有效性和运行有效性两个部分。
其次,构建并检验了复杂产品系统研发团队组织有效性模型。本研究在探索性案例研究的基础上,发现了复杂产品系统的研发团队组织形式具有不同于常规研发团队的多层级、多类型组合的特点,并通过要素提炼构建了复杂产品系统研发团队组织有效性理论模型。然后采用基于个案的多案例检验方法,对理论模型及其研究假设进行了逐一检验和对比,从而建立了以复杂产品系统研发特征与研发团队组织形式(多层级的研发团队类型)之间匹配关系为逻辑的复杂产品系统研发团队组织有效性模型。该模型表明,技术复杂程度、研制一体化程度、客户／市场类型、产品交付周期这4个研发特征因素决定着复杂产品系统研发团队的组织形式。同时,为了增强该模型的应用价值,构建了具有明确匹配关系、可以度量的“复杂产品系统的多层级研发团队组织有效性匹配模型”从而为中国的复杂产品系统研发机构(或集成商)选择合适的研发团队组织形式提供了明确的理论参考和可应用的匹配工具。
再次,基于IPO逻辑构建并检验了复杂产品系统研发团队运行有效性模型。在探索性案例研究的基础上,提炼并构建了符合IPO逻辑的复杂产品系统研发团队运行有效性理论模型,并采用问卷调查数据分析的方法对该理论模型进行了假设检验和结构方程模型验证。研究结果表明,任务复杂性和互依性是复杂产品系统研发团队运行有效性的关键输入因素,共享心智模型和交互记忆系统这两个认知因素不仅直接影响研发团队绩效,而且可以通过影响团队互动这个行为变量进一步影响团队绩效。同时,在任务复杂性、互依性与团队绩效之间,共享心智模型、交互记忆系统和团队互动也起到了完全中介作用。同时,本文分别对专业研发团队和项目研发团队的样本数据进行了结构方程模型检验,结果表明,团队成员之间的共享心智模型和交互记忆系统对复杂产品系统研发团队绩效的影响作用有所不同,这种不同与两种类型研发团队的运行机制有很大关系。从而揭示出项目研发团队更需要通过团队建设促进成员之间形成共享心智模型和交互记忆系统,从而提升项目研发团队的绩效。
最后,本文在检验修正研发团队组织有效性模型和运行有效性模型的基础上,构建形成了复杂产品系统的研发团队有效性整合模型。该模型表明,复杂产品系统的研发特征决定着相应的多层级研发团队组织类型,不同的研发团队类型又决定了不同状态的任务复杂性、任务互依性和成员专业异质性；这些因素又作为关键输入影响团队互动过程和团队成员之间共享心智模型、交互记忆系统的形成；最终共同作用于团队绩效。这个逻辑过程涵盖了复杂产品系统研发团队从组织到运行,再到产出的整个过程。
Complex products and systems (CoPS) have been the core of modern industry. The R&D and manufacturing of CoPS will have the comprehensive and deep influence on the national economy in many industries. Using team to carry out technical R&D has become the main form of CoPS R&D at home and abroad. Because the characteristics of CoPS R&D are multi-technology system and multi-level integration, the R&D team effectiveness has different characteristics from the conventional simple product R&D team. However, most academic research on CoPS focuses on the field of technological management and technological innovation. The research on team effectiveness focuses on the field of organizational behavior and applied psychology. The theme of the effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is much less studied. In this context, the study of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS will fill the theoretical gaps, and enhance the Chinese R&D team's performance in CoPS.
This study belongs to exploratory study. The research logic is as follows:Firstly, on the basis of literature review and field research, the concept hypotheses of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS (including organizational effectiveness and operational effectiveness) are proposed. Secondly, the exploratory case study is used to test the concept hypotheses, organizational effectiveness hypothetical model and operational effectiveness hypothetical model about effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS, and theoretical model containing specific variables is proposed. Thirdly, multi-case study and questionnaire survey are used to test and correct the organizational effectiveness hypothetical model and operational effectiveness hypothetical model respectively. Lastly, the model of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is formed, and relevant managerial implications and recommendations are put forwarded.
In this research logic and framework, this dissertation involves the follow research work:
Firstly, the concept hypotheses of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS are proposed and tested. Using literature study and case study, the results show that the R&D team in CoPS has the multi-level technology collaborative and integrated design features because of the multi-level and multi-technology system properties of CoPS. This paper extends the concept extension of team effectiveness, and organizational effectiveness is incorporated into the concept of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS. Four R&D institutions (or companies) in CoPS and their eight R&D teams as case samples, this paper uses the case study and cross-case comparative study to analyze the forms of organization and R&D team process. The results show that the R&D team performance in CoPS has the corresponding relationships with the R&D team's form (level and type) and R&D team's characteristics. The concept hypotheses of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS are tested:the effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS includes organizational effectiveness and operational effectiveness.
Secondly, the model of organizational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is constructed and tested. Based on the exploratory case study, this paper finds that multi-level and multi-type combination are characteristics of R&D team's organizational form in CoPS that different from the conventional R&D team, and the theoretical model of organizational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is constructed by elements refined. Multi-case study is used to test and contrast the theoretical model and research hypotheses. The model of organizational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS based on the match between R&D features of CoPS and organizational form of R&D team (multi-level R&D team type). The model results show that the degree of technical complexity, the degree of R&D and manufacturing integration, customer/marker type, and product delivery cycle are four R&D characteristics of factors that determine the organizational form of the R&D team in CoPS. At the same time, in order to enhance the application value of the model, this paper constructs the organizational effectiveness fit model with clear matching relations and measurable multi-level R&D team in CoPS. This model provides the clear theoretical reference and application of matching tools for CoPS R&D institutions (or integrator) to select the appropriate organizational form of R&D team.
Thirdly, the operational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS is constructed and tested according to the IPO framework. Using the exploratory case study, this paper refines and constructs the theoretical model of operational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS based on IPO-logic, and survey data analysis is used to test the theoretical model's hypotheses by structural equation model validation. The results show that task complexity and interdependence are the key input factors of operational effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS; shared mental model and transactive memory system can impact the R&D team performance directly and impact the R&D team performance indirectly through the team interaction. At the same time, shared mental model, transactive memory system and team interaction play fully mediated roles between the task complexity/interdependence and team performance. This paper takes professional R&D team and project R&D team as sample data respectively and use structural equation model to test research hypotheses. The results show that, shared mental model and transactive memory system between team members have different impact on R&D team performance in CoPS, and these differences relate to the operating mechanism of two types of R&D team. The results indicate that project R&D team need more team building to promote the shared mental model and transactive memory system between team members, and improve the project R&D team's performance.
Lastly, this paper test and correct the models of organizational effectiveness and operational effectiveness of R&D team, and integrate to form the model of effectiveness of R&D team in CoPS further. The model shows that the R&D features of CoPS determine the multi-level R&D team's organizational type, and different R&D team types determine the different the task complexity, task interdependence and professional heterogeneity. These factors as key input factors impact team interaction process and form of the shared mental model and transactive memory system. Finally, all of factors impact on team performance together. This logical process covers the whole process from organizing and operating to output of the R&D team in CoPS.
引文
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