现代女词人茅于美研究
摘要
茅于美(1920—1998)祖籍江苏镇江,茅以升长女。曾在西南联大、浙江大学、清华研究院学习,师从吴宓、缪钺等人。1947年赴美在华盛顿大学研究院攻读英国文学。1950年回国后曾在出版总署编译局、人民出版社、中国社会科学院工作,后任中国人民大学比较文学教授。晚年移居美国。1998年5月13同因肝癌去世。她在辞世前一个月,写下遗诗《病中吟》,嘱咐亲人将她的骨灰带回祖国,撒入钱塘江大桥附近水域。
茅于美有作品集《茅于美词集》,包括《夜珠词》(词152首、诗19首)和《海贝词》(词174首、诗10首)。一共有词作326首,诗作29首。此外还有研究专著《易.卜生和他的戏剧》、《中西诗歌比较研究》、《漱玉撷英(李清照词英译)》等,她还主编了《世界名诗鉴赏全库》(英美诗歌部分),写有《桥影依稀话至亲》,翻译多部文学作品。在《茅于美词集》中,其导师吴宓、缪钺及文坛前辈夏承焘等都对其极尽赞美之词。
其出生于20世纪的中国,女性在独立人格、经济地位及受教育程度等问题上都取得了一定的权利。茅于美词就在这样的背景下写出,由于其生活阅历和情感阅历不断丰富,其词也呈现逐渐变化的趋势。从题材内容上来说,由早期的春花秋月、无端闲情逐步过渡到日常生活的琐细小事与家人之间的融融温情。这也是普通人成长成熟的一个过程。从审美上看,其早期词芳菲旖旎充满了清丽色彩,而行文的含蓄又给她的作品披上了一层朦胧面纱。然而随着其生活的展开,失恋的挫折、回国的压力、境遇的泥泞,她的作品中再也没有鲜明的情感抒发了,所有的感情都积淀成一种风浪之后的宁静和淡泊。她关注的再也不是花的芬芳美好而是其果实的多少了。家庭作为她此时生活的中心,频频出现在作品里。词作也随之呈现出一种平淡之境。茅于美300多首词作从她17岁到64岁,把词人大半生颠簸流离中的心境一一说来,几乎算得上她的自传了。本文试从其两部词集《夜珠词》到《海贝词》的逐步变化来探讨其人、其词,以还原一个最真实的现代女性词人。
Mao yumei(1920-1998)was born in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province and she is the eldest daughter of Mao yisheng. She once studied in Southwest University, Zhejiang University and Tsinghua University. Wu bi and Miu yue once guided her study. In 1947 she went to Washington University for her English literature graduate's diploma. After her returning in 1950,she worked in Publication Administration Bureau, People's Publishing house,the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and latter was appointed Professor of Comparative Literature in People's University of China. She migrated to US in her old age and was died on May 13,1998. One month before her death, she wrote one poem to exhorted the family members to bring back her bone ash and scattered it into nearby of the Qiantang River bridge.
The work "Mao yumei's poetry" is her mainly work. It includes "yezhu poetry" and "haibei poetry". There are 355 poetry altogether. In addition, there is also research work and translating work. Wu bi, Miu yue and Xia chengtao as the leader of literature give her poetry much appreciation.
Mao yumei was born in the 20th century of China. Women in independent personality, economic status and level of education have been obtained the corresponding rights. Her works were written under such background. Because of her life experience and emotional experience being enriched, the work also showed a gradual change. From the subject, it is from early beautiful scenery and leisure transits to the trivial daily life and the warmth of family members. This is also a mature process. From the aesthetic point of view, the-early work is full of elegant feeling and the implicit formulation gave her work covered with a hazy veil. However, with the start of her lives, she no longer wrote the distinctive emotional expression, and all the feelings are accumulated into calm and indifferent feeling after storm. The family as the center of her life at this time, frequently appears in the works. Her work appears a plain style with the change of subject. Her works from her 17-year-old to 64 years almost regarded her autobiography. This paper explores the gradual change from "yezhu poetry" to "haibei poetry" in order to restore one of the most realistic modern women poets.
茅于美有作品集《茅于美词集》,包括《夜珠词》(词152首、诗19首)和《海贝词》(词174首、诗10首)。一共有词作326首,诗作29首。此外还有研究专著《易.卜生和他的戏剧》、《中西诗歌比较研究》、《漱玉撷英(李清照词英译)》等,她还主编了《世界名诗鉴赏全库》(英美诗歌部分),写有《桥影依稀话至亲》,翻译多部文学作品。在《茅于美词集》中,其导师吴宓、缪钺及文坛前辈夏承焘等都对其极尽赞美之词。
其出生于20世纪的中国,女性在独立人格、经济地位及受教育程度等问题上都取得了一定的权利。茅于美词就在这样的背景下写出,由于其生活阅历和情感阅历不断丰富,其词也呈现逐渐变化的趋势。从题材内容上来说,由早期的春花秋月、无端闲情逐步过渡到日常生活的琐细小事与家人之间的融融温情。这也是普通人成长成熟的一个过程。从审美上看,其早期词芳菲旖旎充满了清丽色彩,而行文的含蓄又给她的作品披上了一层朦胧面纱。然而随着其生活的展开,失恋的挫折、回国的压力、境遇的泥泞,她的作品中再也没有鲜明的情感抒发了,所有的感情都积淀成一种风浪之后的宁静和淡泊。她关注的再也不是花的芬芳美好而是其果实的多少了。家庭作为她此时生活的中心,频频出现在作品里。词作也随之呈现出一种平淡之境。茅于美300多首词作从她17岁到64岁,把词人大半生颠簸流离中的心境一一说来,几乎算得上她的自传了。本文试从其两部词集《夜珠词》到《海贝词》的逐步变化来探讨其人、其词,以还原一个最真实的现代女性词人。
Mao yumei(1920-1998)was born in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province and she is the eldest daughter of Mao yisheng. She once studied in Southwest University, Zhejiang University and Tsinghua University. Wu bi and Miu yue once guided her study. In 1947 she went to Washington University for her English literature graduate's diploma. After her returning in 1950,she worked in Publication Administration Bureau, People's Publishing house,the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and latter was appointed Professor of Comparative Literature in People's University of China. She migrated to US in her old age and was died on May 13,1998. One month before her death, she wrote one poem to exhorted the family members to bring back her bone ash and scattered it into nearby of the Qiantang River bridge.
The work "Mao yumei's poetry" is her mainly work. It includes "yezhu poetry" and "haibei poetry". There are 355 poetry altogether. In addition, there is also research work and translating work. Wu bi, Miu yue and Xia chengtao as the leader of literature give her poetry much appreciation.
Mao yumei was born in the 20th century of China. Women in independent personality, economic status and level of education have been obtained the corresponding rights. Her works were written under such background. Because of her life experience and emotional experience being enriched, the work also showed a gradual change. From the subject, it is from early beautiful scenery and leisure transits to the trivial daily life and the warmth of family members. This is also a mature process. From the aesthetic point of view, the-early work is full of elegant feeling and the implicit formulation gave her work covered with a hazy veil. However, with the start of her lives, she no longer wrote the distinctive emotional expression, and all the feelings are accumulated into calm and indifferent feeling after storm. The family as the center of her life at this time, frequently appears in the works. Her work appears a plain style with the change of subject. Her works from her 17-year-old to 64 years almost regarded her autobiography. This paper explores the gradual change from "yezhu poetry" to "haibei poetry" in order to restore one of the most realistic modern women poets.
引文
1戴平，《一缕诗魂随浪去》,人民日报1999.4.9
2高素素,《女子问题之大解决》,《新青年》,第3卷第3号,1917.5.1
罗家伦《妇女解放》,《新潮》,第2卷第1号，1919.10.30
梁华兰,《女子教育》,《新青年》,第3卷第1号，1917.3.1
5茅于美,《茅于美词集》,湖南人民出版社,1985年9月。如无特殊说明，以下所引茅词,均出于此词集。
6李长伟、吴海光,《试昕建国初期思想改造运动对高校知识分子的影响》,《山东大学学报》(社科版)2007年8月
7茅于美,《桥影依稀话至亲》,西南交通大学出版社,1993
8茅青，《我们家的人和事》,江苏文艺出版社,2009.4第6页
9杨顺仁,《囚歌》,四川人民出版社,1978第41页
10詹姆斯·卢格,《人生发展心理学》,学林出版社,1996.3第767页
11唐圭璋,《词话丛编》，中华书局,1986年第4052页
12刘熙载,《艺概》,上海古篇出版社,1978，12第116页
13丁宁《还轩词》,安徽文艺出版社,1985年8月第131页。如无特殊说明,以下所引丁词,均出于此词集。
14沈祖棻,《沈祖棻诗词集》.江苏古籍出版社,1994.8如无特殊说明,以下所引沈词,均出于此词集。
[1]谢无量.中国妇女文学史.中华书局1916
[2]陈东原.中国妇女生活史.商务印书馆1937
[3]邓乔彬.词学.华东师范大学出版社19811993
[4]龙沐勋.词学季刊.民智书局发行1933--1936
[5]丁宁.还轩词.安徽文艺出版社1985.8
[6]茅于美.茅于美词集.湖南人民出版社1985.9
[7]胡文楷.历代妇女著作考.上海古籍出版社1985
[8]刘永济.词论.上海古籍出版社1981
[9]夏承焘.天风阁学词日记.浙江古籍出版社1984
[10]夏承焘.夏承焘词集.湖南人民出版社1981
[11]谭正璧.中国女性文学史话.白花文艺出版社1984
[12]缪钺.诗词散论.上海古籍出版社1982
[13]艾治平.古典诗词艺术探幽.湖南人民出版社1981
[14]缪钺,叶嘉莹.灵谿词说.上海古籍出版社1987
[15]梁乙真.中国妇女文学史纲.中国书店1990
[16]张中行.张中行近作集.长江文艺出版社1996
[17]叶嘉莹.迦陵论词丛稿.河北教育出版社1997
[18]杨海明.唐宋词风格论.上海社会科学院出版社1986
[19]苏者聪.宋代女性文学.武汉大学出版社1997
[20]唐圭璋.词话丛编.中华书局1986
[21]李复波.词话丛编索引.中华书局1991
[22]叶嘉莹.中国词学的现代观.岳麓书社1992
[23]施蛰存主编.词籍序跋萃编.中国社会科学出版社1994
[24]谢桃坊.中国词学史.巴蜀书社1993
[25]方智范等.中国词学批评史.华东师范大学2005
[26]杨海明.唐宋词美学.江苏教育出版社1998
[27]吴惠娟.唐宋词审美观照.学林出版社1999
[28]张惠民.宋代词学审美理想.人民文学出版社1995
[29]史双元.宋词与佛道思想.今日中国出版社1992
[30]陈振濂.宋词流派的美学研究.江苏教育出版社1994
[31]艾治平.婉约词派的流变.辽宁大学出版社1994
[32]辛广伟,迟洪江主编.梦里寻她千百度—宋人情词观赏.北京师范大学出版社1993
[33]钱鸿瑛.词的艺术世界.上海文艺出版社1992
[34]杨海明.唐宋词史.天津古籍出版社1998
[35]邓红梅.女性词史.山东教育出版社2000.7
[36]邓红梅.闺中吟——传统女性的精神自画像.河北人民出版社2001
[37]黄拔荆.中国词史.福建人民出版社2003
[38]张中行.负暄三话.中华书局2006
[39]刘梦芙.二十世纪名家词述评.安徽文艺出版社2006.12
[40]黄嫣梨.清代四大女词人—转型中的清代知识女性.汉语大词典出版社2002
[41]王兆鹏.唐宋词史论.人民文学出版社2000
[42]沈松勤.唐宋词社会文化学研究.浙江大学出版社2000
[43]杨海明.唐宋词与人生.河北人民出版社2002
[44](美)詹姆斯·O·卢格著.人生发展心理学.学林出版社1996.3
[45]侯外庐主编.中国思想通史.人民出版社1959
[46]郭沫若.郭沫若全集.科学出版社2002
[47]范文澜.中国通史.人民出版社2008
[48]蔡文锦.著名女词人丁宁年谱.文教资料1994.10
[49]吴万平.丁宁及其还轩词.艺谭季刊1984.1
[50]刘梦芙.怀枫词人丁宁及其词.词学第十一辑1993
[51]邓红梅.女性词综论.文学评论2002.1
[52]胡明.关于中国古代的妇女文学.文学评论1995.3
[53]杨家洛.图书年鉴.辞典馆1935
[54]平心.全国总书目.生活书店1935
[55]上海图书馆编.中国丛书综录.上海古籍出版社2007
[56]周行健主编.华夏妇女名人词典.华夏出版社1988
[57]马兴荣,吴熊和,曹济平主编.中国词学大辞典.浙江教育出版社1986
[58]宋绪连,钟振振主编.宋词艺术技巧辞典.吉林文史出版社1998
2高素素,《女子问题之大解决》,《新青年》,第3卷第3号,1917.5.1
罗家伦《妇女解放》,《新潮》,第2卷第1号，1919.10.30
梁华兰,《女子教育》,《新青年》,第3卷第1号，1917.3.1
5茅于美,《茅于美词集》,湖南人民出版社,1985年9月。如无特殊说明，以下所引茅词,均出于此词集。
6李长伟、吴海光,《试昕建国初期思想改造运动对高校知识分子的影响》,《山东大学学报》(社科版)2007年8月
7茅于美,《桥影依稀话至亲》,西南交通大学出版社,1993
8茅青，《我们家的人和事》,江苏文艺出版社,2009.4第6页
9杨顺仁,《囚歌》,四川人民出版社,1978第41页
10詹姆斯·卢格,《人生发展心理学》,学林出版社,1996.3第767页
11唐圭璋,《词话丛编》，中华书局,1986年第4052页
12刘熙载,《艺概》,上海古篇出版社,1978，12第116页
13丁宁《还轩词》,安徽文艺出版社,1985年8月第131页。如无特殊说明,以下所引丁词,均出于此词集。
14沈祖棻,《沈祖棻诗词集》.江苏古籍出版社,1994.8如无特殊说明,以下所引沈词,均出于此词集。
[1]谢无量.中国妇女文学史.中华书局1916
[2]陈东原.中国妇女生活史.商务印书馆1937
[3]邓乔彬.词学.华东师范大学出版社19811993
[4]龙沐勋.词学季刊.民智书局发行1933--1936
[5]丁宁.还轩词.安徽文艺出版社1985.8
[6]茅于美.茅于美词集.湖南人民出版社1985.9
[7]胡文楷.历代妇女著作考.上海古籍出版社1985
[8]刘永济.词论.上海古籍出版社1981
[9]夏承焘.天风阁学词日记.浙江古籍出版社1984
[10]夏承焘.夏承焘词集.湖南人民出版社1981
[11]谭正璧.中国女性文学史话.白花文艺出版社1984
[12]缪钺.诗词散论.上海古籍出版社1982
[13]艾治平.古典诗词艺术探幽.湖南人民出版社1981
[14]缪钺,叶嘉莹.灵谿词说.上海古籍出版社1987
[15]梁乙真.中国妇女文学史纲.中国书店1990
[16]张中行.张中行近作集.长江文艺出版社1996
[17]叶嘉莹.迦陵论词丛稿.河北教育出版社1997
[18]杨海明.唐宋词风格论.上海社会科学院出版社1986
[19]苏者聪.宋代女性文学.武汉大学出版社1997
[20]唐圭璋.词话丛编.中华书局1986
[21]李复波.词话丛编索引.中华书局1991
[22]叶嘉莹.中国词学的现代观.岳麓书社1992
[23]施蛰存主编.词籍序跋萃编.中国社会科学出版社1994
[24]谢桃坊.中国词学史.巴蜀书社1993
[25]方智范等.中国词学批评史.华东师范大学2005
[26]杨海明.唐宋词美学.江苏教育出版社1998
[27]吴惠娟.唐宋词审美观照.学林出版社1999
[28]张惠民.宋代词学审美理想.人民文学出版社1995
[29]史双元.宋词与佛道思想.今日中国出版社1992
[30]陈振濂.宋词流派的美学研究.江苏教育出版社1994
[31]艾治平.婉约词派的流变.辽宁大学出版社1994
[32]辛广伟,迟洪江主编.梦里寻她千百度—宋人情词观赏.北京师范大学出版社1993
[33]钱鸿瑛.词的艺术世界.上海文艺出版社1992
[34]杨海明.唐宋词史.天津古籍出版社1998
[35]邓红梅.女性词史.山东教育出版社2000.7
[36]邓红梅.闺中吟——传统女性的精神自画像.河北人民出版社2001
[37]黄拔荆.中国词史.福建人民出版社2003
[38]张中行.负暄三话.中华书局2006
[39]刘梦芙.二十世纪名家词述评.安徽文艺出版社2006.12
[40]黄嫣梨.清代四大女词人—转型中的清代知识女性.汉语大词典出版社2002
[41]王兆鹏.唐宋词史论.人民文学出版社2000
[42]沈松勤.唐宋词社会文化学研究.浙江大学出版社2000
[43]杨海明.唐宋词与人生.河北人民出版社2002
[44](美)詹姆斯·O·卢格著.人生发展心理学.学林出版社1996.3
[45]侯外庐主编.中国思想通史.人民出版社1959
[46]郭沫若.郭沫若全集.科学出版社2002
[47]范文澜.中国通史.人民出版社2008
[48]蔡文锦.著名女词人丁宁年谱.文教资料1994.10
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