静止图象压缩算法研究
摘要
本文主要研究高保真静止图象压缩算法，包括嵌入式零树编码算法和JPEG2000。其中对嵌入式零树编码算法的研究有其现实意义和理论价值，SPIHT和LZC是较有影响的经典算法，但由于对存储空间的需求较大，在硬件实现上有一定的难度。本文在SPIHT的基础上提出了一种适于硬件实现的无列表零树编码算法，该算法结构简单，存储空间开销小，而且重建图象质量仅略逊于SPIHT。本文还对LZC进行了改进，使之通过使用移位和加操作省去两个状态表，节约了硬件资源。同时，本文还对静止图象压缩标准JPEG2000的核心算法进行了C语言实现，包括EBCOT算法、小波提升算法、MQ算术编码器等。
This paper deals with the algorithms of still image compression with high fidelity, including embedded zerotree coding and JPEG2000. The study on the algorithm of embedded zerotree coding has applicable and theoretical value. SPIHT and LZC are two classical algorithms of it, which is difficult to hardware implementation for its large space of storage. Based on SPIHT, no lists zerotree coding algorithm (NLS) has been put forward to be applicable for hardware implementation. Simple in structure, small in storage space, the NLS algorithm is very close to SPIHT in the quality of reconstructing image. Some improvements have maded to save hardware resource by using shifting and adding operations which are instead of two static maps. The core algorithm of still image compression standard JPEG2000 are simulated with Watcom C, including the algorithm of EBCOT, the lifting wavelet transform and MQ arithmetic coder.
This paper deals with the algorithms of still image compression with high fidelity, including embedded zerotree coding and JPEG2000. The study on the algorithm of embedded zerotree coding has applicable and theoretical value. SPIHT and LZC are two classical algorithms of it, which is difficult to hardware implementation for its large space of storage. Based on SPIHT, no lists zerotree coding algorithm (NLS) has been put forward to be applicable for hardware implementation. Simple in structure, small in storage space, the NLS algorithm is very close to SPIHT in the quality of reconstructing image. Some improvements have maded to save hardware resource by using shifting and adding operations which are instead of two static maps. The core algorithm of still image compression standard JPEG2000 are simulated with Watcom C, including the algorithm of EBCOT, the lifting wavelet transform and MQ arithmetic coder.
引文
[1] 章毓晋．图象工程(上册)，清华大学出版社．
[2] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 FCD 14992,1999
[3] ITU-T Rec , H.261 ,Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at P*64kbit/s ,Rev.2, 1993
[4] JPEG2000 Image Coding System, ISO/ITU-T FCD 15444-1,2000
[5] Richard Clark, "An introduction to JPEG2000 and watermarking", http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg.html
[6] O.Rioul and M. Vetterli, "Wavelet and singal processing," IEEE Signal Process.Mag., vol.8, no.4, 1991,pp.14-38
[7] A.Gaire,and J.Morlet, "Decomposition of hardy functions into square integrable wavelets of constant shape." SIAM j. Math. Anal, vol.15, no.4, July 1993, pp. 1157-1166
[8] I.Dqubechies, "Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets,''Commun. On Pure and Appl.Math,vol.XLI,1988,pp.909-996
[9] S.GMallat, "A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: the Wavelet Representation," IEEE Trans. On Pattern Anal. Mach.Intell., vol.11,no.7,July 1989,pp.674-693
[10] A.Cohen,I.Daubechies, and J.C.Feauveau,"Biorthogonal bases of compactly supported wavelets,"Commun. On Pure and Appl. Math, Vol.XLLLV. 1992, pp.485-560
[11] C.K.Chui, 《Wavelet analysis and its application》 ,Academic Press,INC,1992
[12] R.Coifman and W.V.Wickerhauser, "Entropy-based algorithm for best basis selection,"IEEE Trans. On Inform. Theory, Vol.38,no.5,1992,pp.713-718
[13] M.Vetterli and C.Herley, "Wavelets and Filter Banks:Theory and design,'' IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing ,Vol.40,no.9,Sept.1992,pp.2207-2232．
[14] A.Laine,J.Fan, W.Yang, "Wavelet for contrast enhancement of digital mammo-graphy.'IEEE Eng. In Medicine and Biology, September/October, 1995 ,pp.536-560
[15] N.Jayant.J. Johnston and R.Safranek. "Signal Compression Based on Models of Human Perception", Pore. of IEEE,vol.81 ,no. 10,Oct. 1993, pp. 1386-1422
[16] "Wavelet scalar quantization fingerprint image compression standard: Criminal Justice Information Services", FBI, Mar. 1993
[17] Wim Sweldens, "The Lifting Scheme: A new Philosophy in Biorthogonal Wavelet
Constructions",ftp.math.sc.edu/pub/imi-95
[18]Wim Sweldens,"The Lifting Scheme:A Contraction of Second Generation Wavelets",SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis,May.1995
[19]Shapiro J M,"Embedded image coding using zerotree of wavelet coefficients",IEEE Trans.Signal Processing,1993,41(12):344～3462
[20]Amir Said,William A.Pearlman, "A New, Fast, and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees",IEEE, Trans.On Image Procesing,Vol.5,No.9,September,1996
[21]Wen-Kuo Lin,Nell Burgess,"Listless Zerotree Coding for Color Images",IEEE,1998
[22]Wen-kuo Lin,Brian Wai-Him Ng, Neil Burgess,"Reduced Memory Zerotree Coding Algorithm for Hardware Implementation",IEEE,1999
[23]程正兴，《小波分析算法与应用》，西安交通大学出版社
[24]蔡献峰，静止图象压缩编码研究。西安：西安电子科技大学硕士论文．1999．
[25]张正阳，高性能图象编码研究。西安：西安电子科技大学博士论文．1999．
[26]Frederick W.Wheeler,William A.Pearlman,"SPIHT Image Compression Without Lists"
[27]Charilaos Christopoulos,Athanassios Skodras,Touradj Ebrahimi,"The JPEG2000 Still image coding system:an overview",IEEE Transactions on consumer Vol.46,No.4, PP.1103-1127
[28]D.Taubman,"High performance scalable image compression with EBCOT",IEEE Trans.on Image Processing,June,2000
[29]David Taubman,Erik Ordentlich,Marcelo Weinberger,"Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000",Hewlett-Packard Company,2001
[30]吴乐南，《数据压缩的原理与应用》，电子工业出版社
[31]Greg Roelofs,"A basic introduction to PNG features",http://libpng.org/pub/png/pngintro.html
[32]S.G.Mallat,"A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition:the Wavelet Representation,"IEEE Trans.On Pattern Anal.Mach.Intel.vol.11, no.7,July 1989,pp.674-693
[33]S.G.Mallat,"Multiresolution approximation and wavelet orthonomal bases of L2(R) Trans.on American Math.Society,vol.315,no.1,Sept.1989
[34]Xiaolin Wu,Nasir Memon,"Callc-A context based adaptive lossless image codec"
[35]何耀华，赵亦工，“适于硬件实现的零树编码算法”，《计算机工程与应用》，2001年
[36]何耀华，赵亦工，“新一代静止图象压缩标准—JPEG2000”，《计算机与信息技术》，2001年11期：35～38页
[2] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 FCD 14992,1999
[3] ITU-T Rec , H.261 ,Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at P*64kbit/s ,Rev.2, 1993
[4] JPEG2000 Image Coding System, ISO/ITU-T FCD 15444-1,2000
[5] Richard Clark, "An introduction to JPEG2000 and watermarking", http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg.html
[6] O.Rioul and M. Vetterli, "Wavelet and singal processing," IEEE Signal Process.Mag., vol.8, no.4, 1991,pp.14-38
[7] A.Gaire,and J.Morlet, "Decomposition of hardy functions into square integrable wavelets of constant shape." SIAM j. Math. Anal, vol.15, no.4, July 1993, pp. 1157-1166
[8] I.Dqubechies, "Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets,''Commun. On Pure and Appl.Math,vol.XLI,1988,pp.909-996
[9] S.GMallat, "A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: the Wavelet Representation," IEEE Trans. On Pattern Anal. Mach.Intell., vol.11,no.7,July 1989,pp.674-693
[10] A.Cohen,I.Daubechies, and J.C.Feauveau,"Biorthogonal bases of compactly supported wavelets,"Commun. On Pure and Appl. Math, Vol.XLLLV. 1992, pp.485-560
[11] C.K.Chui, 《Wavelet analysis and its application》 ,Academic Press,INC,1992
[12] R.Coifman and W.V.Wickerhauser, "Entropy-based algorithm for best basis selection,"IEEE Trans. On Inform. Theory, Vol.38,no.5,1992,pp.713-718
[13] M.Vetterli and C.Herley, "Wavelets and Filter Banks:Theory and design,'' IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing ,Vol.40,no.9,Sept.1992,pp.2207-2232．
[14] A.Laine,J.Fan, W.Yang, "Wavelet for contrast enhancement of digital mammo-graphy.'IEEE Eng. In Medicine and Biology, September/October, 1995 ,pp.536-560
[15] N.Jayant.J. Johnston and R.Safranek. "Signal Compression Based on Models of Human Perception", Pore. of IEEE,vol.81 ,no. 10,Oct. 1993, pp. 1386-1422
[16] "Wavelet scalar quantization fingerprint image compression standard: Criminal Justice Information Services", FBI, Mar. 1993
[17] Wim Sweldens, "The Lifting Scheme: A new Philosophy in Biorthogonal Wavelet
Constructions",ftp.math.sc.edu/pub/imi-95
[18]Wim Sweldens,"The Lifting Scheme:A Contraction of Second Generation Wavelets",SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis,May.1995
[19]Shapiro J M,"Embedded image coding using zerotree of wavelet coefficients",IEEE Trans.Signal Processing,1993,41(12):344～3462
[20]Amir Said,William A.Pearlman, "A New, Fast, and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees",IEEE, Trans.On Image Procesing,Vol.5,No.9,September,1996
[21]Wen-Kuo Lin,Nell Burgess,"Listless Zerotree Coding for Color Images",IEEE,1998
[22]Wen-kuo Lin,Brian Wai-Him Ng, Neil Burgess,"Reduced Memory Zerotree Coding Algorithm for Hardware Implementation",IEEE,1999
[23]程正兴，《小波分析算法与应用》，西安交通大学出版社
[24]蔡献峰，静止图象压缩编码研究。西安：西安电子科技大学硕士论文．1999．
[25]张正阳，高性能图象编码研究。西安：西安电子科技大学博士论文．1999．
[26]Frederick W.Wheeler,William A.Pearlman,"SPIHT Image Compression Without Lists"
[27]Charilaos Christopoulos,Athanassios Skodras,Touradj Ebrahimi,"The JPEG2000 Still image coding system:an overview",IEEE Transactions on consumer Vol.46,No.4, PP.1103-1127
[28]D.Taubman,"High performance scalable image compression with EBCOT",IEEE Trans.on Image Processing,June,2000
[29]David Taubman,Erik Ordentlich,Marcelo Weinberger,"Embedded Block Coding in JPEG2000",Hewlett-Packard Company,2001
[30]吴乐南，《数据压缩的原理与应用》，电子工业出版社
[31]Greg Roelofs,"A basic introduction to PNG features",http://libpng.org/pub/png/pngintro.html
[32]S.G.Mallat,"A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition:the Wavelet Representation,"IEEE Trans.On Pattern Anal.Mach.Intel.vol.11, no.7,July 1989,pp.674-693
[33]S.G.Mallat,"Multiresolution approximation and wavelet orthonomal bases of L2(R) Trans.on American Math.Society,vol.315,no.1,Sept.1989
[34]Xiaolin Wu,Nasir Memon,"Callc-A context based adaptive lossless image codec"
[35]何耀华，赵亦工，“适于硬件实现的零树编码算法”，《计算机工程与应用》，2001年
[36]何耀华，赵亦工，“新一代静止图象压缩标准—JPEG2000”，《计算机与信息技术》，2001年11期：35～38页