兰色姆“本体论批评”研究
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摘要
新批评是英、美文学理论界乃至整个西方理论界中的一个重要流派,其理论影响相当深远,它的一些基本论点和方法已在西方文坛,尤其是美国文学批评和文学教学方法和教学实践中留下了无可消除的印记。兰色姆是美国新批评的领导人物和主要理论缔造者,他的本体论思想是新批评派的最重要的理论起点和源头。兰色姆的本体论新批评理论的形成和发展有三个阶段:“逃亡者”时期、重农运动时期及《肯庸评论》时期。“逃亡者”时期兰色姆开始了对“物性”、“世界”和“诗歌本质”的思考从而设定了其本体论思想的起点;重农运动时期,兰色姆构建了以重农主义为起点的本体论美学和本体论诗歌理论;《肯庸评论》时期兰色姆放弃了重农主义在社会、经济等方面的诉求,将其学术视界聚焦于文学批评领域,不断充实其批评理论,构建起了一个独特的“文学共和国”,开始了对美国文学界长达二十多年的统治。
     兰色姆的本体论是他的美学思想、诗歌理论和批评理论的基础。他的本体论并非是中国传统学界所认为的自相矛盾的理论,也不仅仅是某些学者提出的“方法论”,而是建立在感性直观基础之上的现代本体论。传统本体论是“实体本体论”和“逻辑本体论”,在不断进行反思的过程中,它所存在的弊端就能显现出来。现代本体论颠覆了传统本体论,摧毁了“实体”对于本体存在的束缚,让本体向人的世界敞开。但是,对传统本体论的挑战也使现代本体论中产生了“自我相关性”的悖论,即存在者作为存在的一部分对包涵其自身的存在加以观照。现代本体论从各个角度试图努力解决这一问题,兰色姆的本体论就是走出这个困境的途径之一。兰色姆本体论对世界本体的追问不是指向其终极绝对的存在,更不是对那种抽象的概念化的真理的追求,而是借助艺术的超越特性以人的感性直观洞悉此在在世语境下的世界本体。兰色姆心中的世界是流动的,充满鲜活个体的,具有特殊性的和偶然性的异质性、差异化的存在,是一个不断生成的有机体。
     兰色姆的本体论新批评理论的形成受到众多哲学家影响,从亚里士多德到康德、克罗齐、柏格森、叔本华等。在非理性主义的引导下,兰色姆对科学主义和工具理性发起了攻击。兰色姆认为柏拉图主义先行预设了抽象本质。他反对柏拉图式主义,并将理性对人类社会的破坏作用归罪于柏拉图式的、抽象的、掠食性的认知方式。兰色姆认为由于现代性的遮蔽,世界本体早已迷失,自然的躯体残缺不全。理性的“祛魅”打破了传统社会的自足性和整体性,建立在宗教基础之上的价值观、道德观和统一的世界图景分崩离析,社会文化处于分裂状态。现代性由于其自身的悖论与分裂无法解决现代社会面临的困境,只有艺术、审美才能遏制现代性所带来的工具理性和科学主义对世界的统治和破坏,帮助人们借助感性直观的认知方法洞悉世界的全貌,发现世界的本体,了解世界的存在状态,走向人们曾拥有的浑融的宇宙,重获纯真的自由。兰色姆的美学思想就是建立在这个理论前提之下。兰色姆提出了“第三契机”理论以恢复现代社会中人类失去的纯真和原本浑融的生存状态。第三契机不是简单地退回到简单、原始的社会生活,而是在现代社会丰富的物质基础之上的,在精神层面的艺术审美回归,进入了“第三维度”。
     兰色姆的新批评本体论是语言本体论的一种,但是,这种划分的根据不是新批评理论的形式主义属性。实际上,新批评与俄国形式主义和其他形式主义存在着本质的区别。兰色姆本体论的语言本体论的属性在于其诗歌的语言超出了传统的语言工具性和指称性,通过诗歌语言的隐喻性观照世界的本体。兰色姆的本体论是在再现本体论美学和表现本体论美学之间走出的一条全新的道路,是将诗歌视作存在本身和世界本体的理论。从这种意义上,兰色姆的本体论的确是一种语言本体论美学。
     兰色姆的本体论诗歌理论认为真正的诗歌应具有玄学诗的特征,由构架和肌质组成。诗歌的构架包含着逻辑内容,而肌质则是具有文学性的、不规则的、超出逻辑框架的内容。诗歌是独立自足的整体。诗歌依靠张力将这些异质性的组成部分结合成为一个有机的整体。更重要的是诗歌的这种特征使之与世界形成同构的自足性。正是以诗歌的这种异质性,才使被理性所破坏的世界本体得以复原,恢复了其丰富的、差异的和无限的本真面貌。兰色姆的本体论批评理论反对心理主义批评、道德主义批评,反对历史传记研究式批评,主张以文本为中心的本体论批评。兰色姆极力限制科学的领域和影响,划清科学、艺术与道德的界限。兰色姆的本体论批评既是一种文学批评,又是一种哲学批评;既是审美批评又是社会批评;既是文本批评又是文化批评;既是形式批评又是价值批评。兰色姆的本体论批评是在工业化社会困境中产生的,必然对工业化进程中的中国的文化理论建设有一定的借鉴作用。
The New Criticism was an important theoretical school in the literature of Britain,America and even the whole western world. As one of the most important schools of20th century in the west, it had such a profound impact that some of its major advocatesand methods have left inerasable marks in literary criticism of western countries,especially in America. As the leader and the theoretical founder of the New Criticism, J.C. Ransom established an ontological theory which proved to be the origin of varioustheories of the New Critics. The formation and development of Ransom’s ontologicalNew Critical theories can be divided into three periods: the “Refugee” period, theAgrarianism period and the Kenyon Review period. In the “Refugee” period, Ransombegan to develop his concern on “thinginess,”“world” and “nature of poetry” whichnaturally set a starting point for his meditation about ontology; during the Agrarianismperiod, Ransom constructed his ontological aesthetics and ontological poetics based onhis Agrarianism; in the Kenyon Review period, Ransom started to abandon his Agrarianappeals in social and economical aspects and to concentrate his academic concern onliterary criticism. He gradually consolidated and reinforced his theory to found a literaryrepublic, which governed American literary world for as long as20years.
     Ransom’s ontology is the foundation of his aesthetics, poetics and literary criticism.His ontology is not a paradox as what the traditional Chinese scholars have summarized.It is not only a methodology as some scholar has understood. Actually, Ransom’sontology is a modern ontology based on the sensible intuition. The traditional ontology isin itself a “noumenon ontology” and a “logic ontology.” A careful introspection willreveal its problematic nature. Modern ontology overthrows the traditional ontology andthus smashes the fetter of noumenon’ on the actual “being” so that the “being” is open tothe human world. However, the challenge against traditional ontology creates a paradoxof “self-correlation,” which means that “das seiende” as a part of being is introspectingthe “being.” Different ontological theories are trying to solve the problem from variousaspects, Ransom’s theory is one of them. Ransom’s ontology is neither pointing at theultimate absolute noumenon nor the abstract conceptualized truth in his pursuit of the ontological world. He takes the advantage of the transcendence of arts to discern theontological world by the sensible intuition from the perspective of Dasein of AnwesenThe world is flowing, full of live individuals, characterized by particularity, contingencyand heterogeneity. It is a generating organism.
     The formation of Ransom’s ontological new critical theory was derived fromdifferent philosophers from Aristotle to Immanuel Kant, Bendetto Croce, Henri Bergson,Arthur Schopenhauer and so on. Driven by irrationalism, Ransom launched a battleagainst scienticism and instrumental rationality. Ransom believed that Platonismpresupposed an abstract essence. He was strongly against Platonism, and attributed theharmful effects of rationality to the Platonic, abstract and predatory cognitive way.Ransom believed that obscured by the modernity, the ontological world has been lost andthe “world’s body” has been broken. The disenchantment of rationality has ruined theautonomy and integrity. The value, morality and integral world image based upon thereligion fell apart to pieces. Modernity, due to the inborn paradox and fission cannotsolve the problems faced by the modern society. Only arts and aesthetics can cease thedamage that instrumental rationality and scienticism have done to the world and thereforehelp people to know the whole image of the world, to find the world’s being, and tounderstand the existential status of the world by sensible intuition. In this way, peoplecan return to the original harmonious world and the freedom of innocence people used tohave. Ransom takes this philosophy as the premise of his aesthetics. Ransom creates atheory of “the Third Moment” to advocate that people should restore the innocence andharmony in the modern society. The Third Moment is not a stage same as the simpleprimitive social life, but to restore the innocence and harmony in the spiritual sphereupon the modern material affluence to enter the third dimension.
     Ransom’s ontological New Criticism is a language ontology, but the conclusionshould not be stablished upon a supposition that the New Criticism is a formalism.Actually, the New Criticism has some essential distinctions from Russian formalism andother formalist theories. The real quality that makes Ransom’s ontology a languageontology is his poetic language goes beyond a tool for communication and a sign to referin the traditional understanding. His poetic language is a metaphorical “being” of theworld. His ontology is different from representational ontology aesthetics and expressive ontology aesthetics, but an aesthetics in between, which regards the poetic language as“being” itself. It is in this sense that Ransom’s ontology falls into the category oflanguage ontology.
     Ransom’s ontological poetics advocates that a real poetry should be of the featuresof metaphysical poetries, which is composed of “structure” and “texture.” The structurecontains the logical substance of poetry, while the texture is the body of the literary,irregular substance that overflows from the structure. Poetry is an autonomy. By tension,poetry integrates these heterogeneous elements into an organic whole. What is moreimportant is that this pattern of poetry resembles the autonomous organization of theworld, which forms a perfect isostructural composition between poetry and the world. Itis the heterogeneity of poetry that restores that whole body of the world from thedestruction of the rationality. The world again shows its abundant heterogeneous andinfinitive body. Ransom’s ontological literary criticism opposes the psychologicalcriticism, ethical criticism and historical and biographic criticism. He proposes a criticalmethod centered on the text. Ransom’s critical theory limits science to its domain anddraws a line between science, arts and ethics. His ontological criticism is both a literarycriticism and a philosophical criticism; both an aesthetic criticism and a social criticism;both a textual criticism and a cultural criticism; both a form criticism and a valuecriticism. Ransom’s ontological criticism is generated in the dilemma of industrializedsociety, which is of some significance to the construction of cultural theory for theindustrializing China.
引文
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    ⑥赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:13
    ⑦盛宁.二十世纪美国文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:74-75
    ⑧赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:12-13
    ①罗筠筠.新批评派美学.现代西方美学[C].程孟辉主编.北京:人民美术出版社,2008:181
    ①Stewart, J.L The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:15
    ②王腊宝.译序.新批评[M].约翰克罗兰色姆.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:10
    ①王腊宝.译序.新批评[M].约翰克罗兰色姆.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:10
    ②王腊宝.译序.新批评[M].约翰克罗兰色姆.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:11
    ③Stewart, J.L The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:16
    ④“蓝色血液”在英文中意为“贵族”
    ①Stewart, J.L The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:36
    ②Stewart, J.L The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:14
    ①Stewart, J.L The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:92
    ①肖明翰.美国南方文艺复兴与现代主义[J].当代外国文学,1996(04):174-196
    ②Stewart, J.L The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:115
    ③Stewart, J.L The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:117
    ①Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:175
    ②Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:129
    ③Ransom, J.C. The South: Old or New[J]. Sewanee Review, April1928,VolXXXVI,2:26-34
    ①Rubin, L.D. Jr. Introduction. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. Baton Rouge: LouisianaState University Press,1980: xxiii
    ②Tate, A. Remarks on the Southern Religion. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. BatonRouge: Louisiana State University Press,1980:155
    ③Ransom, J.C. Introduction: A Statement of Principles. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C].Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1980: xxxvii-xlvii
    ①Rubin, L.D.Jr. Introduction. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. Baton Rouge: LouisianaState University Press,1980: xxix
    ②Rubin, L.D.Jr. Introduction. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. Baton Rouge: LouisianaState University Press,1980: xxix
    ③Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:147
    ④Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:147
    ①诺曼·托马斯是美国最著名的社会学家,曾6次代表美国社会党参加总统竞选。
    ②美国当时最著名的女社会活动家、作家、社会学家。
    ③Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:175
    ④霍布森是19世纪末、20世纪初非常有影响的“伦敦经济学派”的发起人,他对于资本主义和帝国主义的恶性循环和周期性经济危机做了大量的研究。曾发表《贫穷问题》Problems of Poverty (1891),《现代资本主义进化》Evolution of Modern Capitalism (1894),《失业问题》Problem of the Unemployed (1896),《约翰·罗斯金:社会改革家》John Ruskin: Social Reformer (1898),《南非战争》War in South Africa (1900),《侵略主义心理》Psychology of Jingoism (1901),《工业体系》 The Industrial System (1909),《走向国际政府》Towards InternationalGovernment (1914),《理性主义与失业》Rationalism and Unemployment(1931),《集权主义的起源》The Origin ofTotalitarianism (1951)等大量著作。
    ⑤Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:175
    ①Ransom, J.C. The South is a Bulwark [J]. Scriber’s Magazine, May1936:299-303
    ②Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:217
    ③Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:217
    ④Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:221
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:vii
    ②兰色姆的“特殊”原文是“particularity”,即差异性,特殊性,与一致性相对。
    ③散文,英文为“prose”。兰色姆时代的散文与诗歌等文学题材相对。
    ①赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:12
    ②盛宁.二十世纪美国文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:76.这里的“科学化”并非是实证主义科学,而是近似于科学的准确,反对以主义感受为文学批评标准。韦勒克在其《近代文学批评史》中曾特地强调兰色姆的批评理论绝非采用科学的方法。
    ③赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:10
    ④赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:11
    ⑤Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:228
    ①Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:228
    ②Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:189
    ③Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:192
    ④这时,泰特已经离开北卡,到普林斯顿任教。
    ⑤沃伦和布鲁克斯1935年创办了《南方评论》,并任主编,到40年代已经在文学界具有很大的影响力。
    ①Tate, A. The Present Function of Criticism [J]. The Southern Review, Autumn1940, Vol.VI:236
    ②Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:280
    ③Ransom, J.C. Art and the Human Economy [J]. Kenyon Review,1945VII:683-688
    ④Ransom, J.C. Art and the Human Economy [J]. Kenyon Review,1945VII:685,686
    ①张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:105,106
    ②Ransom, J.C. The Social Role of Art and Philosophy [J]. Confluence, December1952, Vol.I:86-92
    ③Ransom, J.C. Poems and Essays [C]. New York: Vintage Books,1955:116
    ①Genovese, E.D. The Slaveholders’ Dilemma: Freedom and Progress in Southern Conservative Thought. Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1992:1820-1860
    ①Rubin, L.D. Jr. Introduction. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. Baton Rouge: LouisianaState University Press,1980:xl
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:36
    ③惠特曼.世界登上了花园.草叶集[M].赵萝蕤译.上海:上海译文出版社,1991:153
    ④Francis,S. Gnostic Newt [J]. Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture, April1995, Vol.XIX:8-9
    ⑤Malvasi,M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:4
    ①Rubin, L.D. Jr. Introduction(1962). I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1980: xxviii
    ①Malvasi,M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:6
    ②Malvasi,M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:7
    ①Malvasi,M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:7-8
    ②Ransom, J.C. Introduction: A Statement of Principles. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C].Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1980:22
    ①Ransom, J.C. Introduction: A Statement of Principles. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C].Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1980:22
    ②宋伟.后理论时代的来临:当代社会转型中的批评理论重构[M].北京:文化艺术出版社,2011:6
    ③Rubin, L.D.Jr. Introduction. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. Baton Rouge: LouisianaState University Press,1980: xxix
    ④Malvasi,M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:10
    ⑤Malvasi,M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:10
    ①Malvasi,M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:11
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:221-224
    ②Quinlan, K. John Crowe Ransom’s Secular Faith[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1989:3
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:122
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:120-121
    ③Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:180
    ④Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:181
    ①兰色姆几乎每次着手写作重要文章或著作时,都会将自己的思路在信中讲给泰特听。因此,从他写给泰特的信中,我们可以最直接地了解到兰色姆著作的初衷和宗旨。
    ②Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:181
    ③Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:181
    ④Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy [M].1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:12
    ⑤Malvasi, M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:36
    ①Malvasi, M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:36
    ②Malvasi, M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:36
    ③Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:28
    ①Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:32.
    ②Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:140
    ③逻各斯在古希腊哲学当中指理性,理念。而在《新约》中我们找到了逻各斯即为耶稣的证据。《约翰福音》说:“太初有道,道与神同在,道就是神。……道成了肉身,住在我们中间,充充满满地有恩典,有真理。我们也见过他的荣光,正是父独生子的荣光。”因此,逻各斯又成了上帝口中的话以及三位一体的圣子耶稣。这样,耶稣也就成为了理性的化身。
    ④Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:162
    ⑤Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:167
    ①Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:177
    ②Malvasi, M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:38
    ①Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:320
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:123
    ①赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:7
    ②朱刚.二十世纪西方文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006:52
    ③Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom[M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:17
    ④赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:58
    ①朱刚.二十世纪西方文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006:52
    ②杨冬.文学理论:从柏拉图到德里达[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009:3
    ①杨冬.文学理论:从柏拉图到德里达[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009:5
    ①朱光潜.朱光潜全集第12卷[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,1991:109
    ①转引自汝信主编.西方美学史[C]第1卷.北京:中国社会科学出版,2005:107.可参照王太庆译,柏拉图对话集·会饮篇.北京:商务印书馆,2004:337
    ②鲍桑葵.美学史.转引自汝信,夏森.西方美学史论丛[C].上海:上海人民出版社1982:19
    ③Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:115
    ④Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:113
    ⑤Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:130
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:123
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:123
    ③Tate, A. For John Ransom at Seventy-five.转引自Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom[M]. The Hague, Paris:Mouton,1971:36
    ④杨冬.文学理论:从柏拉图到德里达[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009:5
    ⑤柏拉图.理想国.柏拉图文艺对话集[C].朱光潜译.北京:人民文学出版社,1980:76
    ①亚里士多德.诗学[M].陈中梅译注.北京:商务印书馆,1996:81
    ②亚里士多德.诗学[M].陈中梅译注.北京:商务印书馆,1996:177,180
    ③韦勒克.批评的概念[M].张金言译.杭州:中国美术学院出版社,1999:321
    ①雷纳韦勒克.近代文学批评史(第六卷)[M].杨自伍译.上海:上海译文出版社,2009:282
    ②康德.判断力批判[M].宗白华译.北京:商务印书馆,1985:14
    ③张瑜.文学本体论新论[M].上海:上海三联书店,2010:161
    ①康德.道德形而上学原理[M].苗力田译.上海:上海人民出版社,1986:102
    ②康德.判断力批判[M].宗白华译.北京:商务印书馆,1985:17
    ③康德.判断力批判[M].宗白华译.北京:商务印书馆,1985:18
    ④康德.判断力批判[M].宗白华译.北京:商务印书馆,1985:47
    ①李泽厚.批判哲学的批判:康德述评[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007:389-390
    ②康德.判断力批判[M].宗白华译.北京:商务印书馆,1985:57
    ③康德.判断力批判[M].宗白华译.北京:商务印书馆,1985:74
    ④李泽厚.批判哲学的批判:康德述评[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007:395
    ①Rubin, L.D.Jr. Introduction. I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition[C]. Baton Rouge: LouisianaState University Press,1980: xxix
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:221-224
    ③Malvasi, M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:35
    ①Ransom, J.C. Poetry: Ⅱ. The Final Cause [J]. The Kenyon Review, Autumn1947,Vol.9, No.4:640-658
    ②Malvasi, M.G. The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and DonaldDavidson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1997:261
    ③樊波.移情学派.现代西方美学[C].程孟辉.北京:人民美术出版社,2008:86
    ①刘放桐.中译本序言:关于柏格森的反理性主义和直觉主义[M].形而上学导言.柏格森.刘放桐译.北京:商务印书馆,1963:iii
    ②刘放桐.中译本序言:关于柏格森的反理性主义和直觉主义[M].形而上学导言.柏格森.刘放桐译.北京:商务印书馆,1963:iv
    ③雷纳韦勒克.近代文学批评史(第六卷)[M].杨自伍译.上海:上海译文出版社,2009:282
    ④Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965
    ⑤雷纳韦勒克.近代文学批评史(第六卷)[M].杨自伍译.上海:上海译文出版社,2009:283
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:324-325
    ②Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom[M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:34
    ①叔本华.作为意志和表象的世界[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982:25
    ②叔本华.作为意志和表象的世界[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982:218-219
    ①汪民安.文化研究关键词[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2007:184
    ①Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:259
    ①Ransom, J.C. Poetry: Ⅱ. The Final Cause [J]. The Kenyon Review, Autumn1947,Vol.9, No.4:655-656
    ②Ransom, The World’s Body, ix.
    ③Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:261
    ④Tate, A. For John Ransom at Seventy-five.转引自Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom[M]. The Hague, Paris:Mouton,1971:36
    ①Ransom, J.C. Humanism at Chicago. Poems and Essays[C]. New York: Vintage,1955:92
    ②Ransom, J.C. Flux and Blur in Contemporary Art [J]. Sewanee Review, September1929,Vol. XXXVII:363
    ③贝内代托·克罗齐.美学或艺术和语言哲学[M].黄文捷译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:55
    ④贝内代托·克罗齐.美学或艺术和语言哲学[M].黄文捷译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:55
    ①贝内代托·克罗齐.美学或艺术和语言哲学[M].黄文捷译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:55-56
    ②贝内代托·克罗齐.美学或艺术和语言哲学[M].黄文捷译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:56
    ③贝内代托·克罗齐.美学或艺术和语言哲学[M].黄文捷译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:58
    ④贝内代托·克罗齐.美学或艺术和语言哲学[M].黄文捷译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1992:4
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    ②Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:136
    ①Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:258
    ②Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:189
    ③Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:189
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968: vii
    ①Ransom, J.C. God without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy.1930. Rpt. Hamden, Conn: ArchonBooks,1965:270
    ②赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:26
    ③张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:106
    ④王腊宝.译序.新批评[M].约翰克罗兰色姆.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:11-12
    ①王腊宝.译序.新批评[M].约翰克罗兰色姆.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:12
    ②牛津现代高级英汉双解词典.北京:商务印书馆,1993:1149,1196
    ③王腊宝.译序.新批评[M].约翰克罗兰色姆.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:12
    ④约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:12
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:164-165
    ①兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:107
    ①Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom [M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:21
    ②Ransom, J.C. Criticism Inc [J]. Virginia Quarterly Review, Autumn1937,Vol. XIII:586-602;这篇文章被收录在Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:327-350
    ①Ransom, J. C. The Logical Critic. The New Criticism [M]. Westport: Greenwood Press,1979:211-275
    ②Ransom, J. C. The Inorganic Muses [J]. Kenyon Review, Spring1943, Vol.V:278-300
    ③Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom [M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:70-71
    ④Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:349
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:347-348
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:349
    ③李卫华.价值评判与文本细读—“新批评”之文学批评理论研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006:69
    ④朱刚.二十世纪西方文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006:51
    ①Ransom, J.C. Editorial [J]. The Fugitive, October1922, Vol. I转引自Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: TheFugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:262
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968
    ③李卫华.价值评判与文本细读—“新批评”之文学批评理论研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2006:71
    ④约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:170
    ①张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:108
    ②兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:55
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:123
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:123
    ③兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:58
    ④兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:53
    ⑤赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:51
    ①兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:54-55
    ②兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:56-57
    ③Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:124
    ④兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:56
    ①兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:56
    ②兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:57
    ③Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:126
    ①Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:181
    ②新约.约翰福音.1:1.
    ③Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:181
    ④宋伟.审美视界[M].沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,2002:46
    ⑤Ransom,J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:68
    ⑥Ransom,J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:68
    ①Ransom,J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:115-116
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:116
    ③朱立元.当代西方文艺理论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:22
    ④朱立元.当代西方文艺理论[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:24
    ⑤Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:117-118
    ⑥Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:59
    ①赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:42
    ②朱刚.二十世纪西方文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006:52
    ③Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:117
    ④Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:57
    ⑤兰色姆这里的现代诗人指的就是事物诗诗人或唯美主义诗人.
    ⑥Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:58
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:69
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:113
    ③Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:113
    ④Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:72
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:240
    ②Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:241
    ③Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:241
    ④Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:208
    ⑤Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:11
    ①Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:120
    ②兰色姆.诗歌:本体论札记.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:61
    ③张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:108
    ④罗筠筠.新批评派美学.现代西方美学[C].程孟辉主编.北京:人民美术出版社,2008:191
    ⑤张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:108
    ①张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:108
    ②Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:278
    ③Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body[M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:140
    ①Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:164
    ②Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:266
    ③Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:161
    ④Stewart, J.L. The Burden of Time: The Fugitives and Agrarians [M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1965:31
    ①Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:161-62
    ②Ransom, J.C. Selected Letters, ed. Thomas Daniel Young. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1985:165
    ①Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom [M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:98
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:6
    ③约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:22-23
    ①兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:95
    ②Ransom,“Criticism as Pure Speculation,” The Intent of the Critic, ed. Donald Stauffer (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press,1941:95).译文的部分字句参照了兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:86
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:52
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:52
    ③约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:52
    ④约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:52
    ⑤约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:52
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:52
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:42
    ③约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:42
    ④维姆萨特,比尔兹利.感受谬见.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:227
    ⑤兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:92
    ①兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:92
    ②兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:92
    ③兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:91
    ④兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:89
    ⑤约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:128
    ⑥兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:89
    ⑦兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:91
    ⑧约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:52
    ①Ransom, J.C. Criticism, Inc. Praising It New: The Best of the New Criticism, ed. Garrick Davis. Athens: SwallowPress/Ohio University Press,2008:49
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:130
    ③兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:90
    ④兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:90
    ⑤兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:91
    ⑥兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:91
    ⑦兰色姆.纯属思考推理的文学批评.新批评文集[C].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:91
    ⑧约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:81
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:86
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:81
    ③约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:86
    ④约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:82
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:82
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:82
    ③约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:82
    ④约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:86
    ⑤约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:86
    ⑥维姆萨特,比尔兹利.意图谬见.新批评文集[M].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:208
    ⑦维姆萨特,比尔兹利.意图谬见.新批评文集[M].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:219
    ⑧维姆萨特,比尔兹利.意图谬见.新批评文集[M].赵毅衡编选.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988:221
    ①朱刚.二十世纪西方文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2006:222
    ②M.H.艾布拉姆斯.镜与灯:浪漫主义文论及批评传统[M].郦稚牛等译.北京:北京大学出版社,1989:5-35
    ③Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom [M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:14
    ①Ransom, J.C. The New Criticism [M]. Westport: Greenwood Press,1979:XI,XII
    ②Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom [M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:15
    ③Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom [M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:15
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:1
    ②赵毅衡.重访新批评[M].天津:百花文艺出版社,2009:67
    ③盛宁.二十世纪美国文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:78
    ①约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:98
    ②约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:96
    ③约翰克罗兰色姆.新批评[M].王腊宝译.北京:文化艺术出版社,2010:129
    ④Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:177
    ⑤Magner, J.E. John Crowe Ransom [M]. The Hague, Paris: Mouton,1971:103
    ⑥Ransom, J.C. The World’s Body [M]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,1968:177
    ①Ransom, J.C. The Concrete Universal. Poems and Essays [C]. New York: Vintage Books,1955:160
    ①张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:93
    ①盛宁.二十世纪美国文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:91
    ②雷纳·韦勒克.近代文学批评史(第六卷)[M].杨自伍译.上海:上海译文出版社,2009:299
    ③盛宁.二十世纪美国文论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:78
    ④杨冬.文学理论:从柏拉图到德里达[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2009:244
    ①张德兴.语义学与新批评派.当代西方文艺理论[C].朱立元主编.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005:92
    ②宋伟.现代性历史境况中的中西方美学问题[J].文艺争鸣,2011(9):7
    ①埃德蒙德·胡塞尔.张庆熊译.欧洲科学危机和超验现象学[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2005:7
    ①张伟.文艺理论研究中的知识论前提反思与生存本体论建构[J].文艺研究,2007(5):30
    ②宋伟.现代性历史境况中的中西方美学问题[J].文艺争鸣,2011(9):9
    [1] Bennett, J. R. After and Beyond “New criticism”[J]. Style,1992, Vol.26, Issue4
    [2] Bloom, H. The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry [M]. New York: OxfordUniveristy Press,1973
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