两层采煤地面变形模拟研究
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摘要
矿业为我国国民经济的快速发展提供了基础保证，其重要性为人们所广泛认可。但矿区开采带来的环境问题却是一个世界难题，同时，开采后留下的采空区一旦失稳，将会引起地貌改变、地表塌陷，对地上建筑、地表耕地等构成巨大威胁。因此，采空区的稳定性问题一直倍受学者关注，而其中，采空区引起地表塌陷的研究占有重要地位。
本文以吉林省东源煤矿为例，研究了矿区在多层开采的条件下地表塌陷的特征，评价了煤层开采后的对地表的影响，主要研究内容及成果有：
（1）在充分了解研究区域工程地质条件的前提下，对采空区引起的地表塌陷进行了概率积分法计算，绘制了东源煤矿采空区的影响范围图，通过计算可知，在19b及21煤层开采的条件下，矿区的最大塌陷值可达3.05m，这与实际监测最大塌陷值2.215m相比有一定差距，说明若采用概率积分法对多层煤层开采下地表塌陷值的叠加计算与实际情况有所不同；
（2）采用FLAC3D软件对东源煤矿开采区域进行数值模拟，模拟结果显示，该方法在地表最大位移值与塌陷变形特征等方面与实际情况有较大相符性，客观说明了矿区地表塌陷的机理与特征，证明了数值模拟方法在采空区塌陷问题中应用的可行性；
（3）在以上研究基础上，采用已选取的物理力学参数，对该地区两层煤层开采时，开采宽度、厚度、煤层倾角、开采长度、埋深因素对地表塌陷的影响进行分析，拟合出以上变量影响下地表塌陷最大值的表达公式，该公式对于附近矿区两层煤层开采时，地表塌陷的评价提供依据。
采空区地表塌陷的研究尚存不足，多层煤层开采时地表塌陷规律的研究仍然较少，本文以东源煤矿为例，结合实际监测数据，对其塌陷变形进行了一些探讨，为矿区地质灾害评价提供参考。
As an important underpinning industry of nation’s economy, mining plays animportant role in supporting the sustainable development of our country. But theenvironmental problems with mining industry are severely concerned. The instabilityof goaf area will largely change the landform and contribute to the surface depressions,which are potential threats to ground buildings. Therefore scholars pay much attentionto the goaf stability, especially the ground subsidence in goaf area.
Based on monitoring data from Dongyuan mining area, the surface subsidence inmultiple coal seam conditions has been studied, and the influences from exploitationto the strata deformation are also discussed. The major contents and results are asfollowings:
(1) On the premise of fully study on the engineering geological conditions, theprobability calculus method is utilized in the evaluation of surface subsidence, and thefigure of influence scope in gob area is drawn. The results shows that, with theexploitation of19b and21coal seams, the maximum ground depression value reachesto3.05m, which has a certain gap comparing with the monitoring data,2.215m. Therehas a theoretical uncertainty in the calculation of probability calculus method inmultiple coal bed area.
(2) Numerical simulation method has been taken with FLAC3D software in theevaluation of Dongyuan gob area. The results indicating that in terms of the maximumsurface subsidence and the regularities of strata deformation, numerical simulationresult has a high similarity with the actual situation, demonstrating the effectivenessin the evaluation of gob area’s depression with numerical simulation method.
(3) On the basis of the above research, with chosen physical and mechanicalparameters, effective factors, such as the length and width of exploitation, dip angle ofcoal seam, thickness of coal seams, buried depth, etc. have been considered in theinfluence of surface subsidence study. Finally a expression formula has been given tocalculate the maximum ground depression with the several factors, which will have asignificant influence on the evaluation of ground depression in the multiple coal seam regions.
The research of surface subsidence in gob area still has some flaws, and in thecondition of multiple coal seam areas, theoretical calculation method is largely limited.Based on the monitoring data of Dongyuan mining area, the mechanism of surfacedeformation is discussed, and the results may contribute to the evaluation ofgeological hazard in mining area.
本文以吉林省东源煤矿为例，研究了矿区在多层开采的条件下地表塌陷的特征，评价了煤层开采后的对地表的影响，主要研究内容及成果有：
（1）在充分了解研究区域工程地质条件的前提下，对采空区引起的地表塌陷进行了概率积分法计算，绘制了东源煤矿采空区的影响范围图，通过计算可知，在19b及21煤层开采的条件下，矿区的最大塌陷值可达3.05m，这与实际监测最大塌陷值2.215m相比有一定差距，说明若采用概率积分法对多层煤层开采下地表塌陷值的叠加计算与实际情况有所不同；
（2）采用FLAC3D软件对东源煤矿开采区域进行数值模拟，模拟结果显示，该方法在地表最大位移值与塌陷变形特征等方面与实际情况有较大相符性，客观说明了矿区地表塌陷的机理与特征，证明了数值模拟方法在采空区塌陷问题中应用的可行性；
（3）在以上研究基础上，采用已选取的物理力学参数，对该地区两层煤层开采时，开采宽度、厚度、煤层倾角、开采长度、埋深因素对地表塌陷的影响进行分析，拟合出以上变量影响下地表塌陷最大值的表达公式，该公式对于附近矿区两层煤层开采时，地表塌陷的评价提供依据。
采空区地表塌陷的研究尚存不足，多层煤层开采时地表塌陷规律的研究仍然较少，本文以东源煤矿为例，结合实际监测数据，对其塌陷变形进行了一些探讨，为矿区地质灾害评价提供参考。
As an important underpinning industry of nation’s economy, mining plays animportant role in supporting the sustainable development of our country. But theenvironmental problems with mining industry are severely concerned. The instabilityof goaf area will largely change the landform and contribute to the surface depressions,which are potential threats to ground buildings. Therefore scholars pay much attentionto the goaf stability, especially the ground subsidence in goaf area.
Based on monitoring data from Dongyuan mining area, the surface subsidence inmultiple coal seam conditions has been studied, and the influences from exploitationto the strata deformation are also discussed. The major contents and results are asfollowings:
(1) On the premise of fully study on the engineering geological conditions, theprobability calculus method is utilized in the evaluation of surface subsidence, and thefigure of influence scope in gob area is drawn. The results shows that, with theexploitation of19b and21coal seams, the maximum ground depression value reachesto3.05m, which has a certain gap comparing with the monitoring data,2.215m. Therehas a theoretical uncertainty in the calculation of probability calculus method inmultiple coal bed area.
(2) Numerical simulation method has been taken with FLAC3D software in theevaluation of Dongyuan gob area. The results indicating that in terms of the maximumsurface subsidence and the regularities of strata deformation, numerical simulationresult has a high similarity with the actual situation, demonstrating the effectivenessin the evaluation of gob area’s depression with numerical simulation method.
(3) On the basis of the above research, with chosen physical and mechanicalparameters, effective factors, such as the length and width of exploitation, dip angle ofcoal seam, thickness of coal seams, buried depth, etc. have been considered in theinfluence of surface subsidence study. Finally a expression formula has been given tocalculate the maximum ground depression with the several factors, which will have asignificant influence on the evaluation of ground depression in the multiple coal seam regions.
The research of surface subsidence in gob area still has some flaws, and in thecondition of multiple coal seam areas, theoretical calculation method is largely limited.Based on the monitoring data of Dongyuan mining area, the mechanism of surfacedeformation is discussed, and the results may contribute to the evaluation ofgeological hazard in mining area.
引文
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[2]张俊英.采空区地基评价与处理技术[J].矿山测量，2001，6，48一49
[3]滕永海、张俊英.老采空区地基稳定性评价[J].煤炭学报，V22(5):504一508
[4]穆满根.采空区地表移动变形的时间影响参数[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1003-8035(2009)03-0056-03
[5]张晓君.采空区顶板大面积冒落的数值模拟[J]. IM&P化工矿物与加工,1008-7524(2007)09-0017-02
[6]张娇、姜谙男、易南概、赵德孝.东坪金矿采空区开挖过程的三维有限元数值模拟[J].中国矿业,1004-4051(2006)11-0081-04
[7]赵延林、王卫军、赵伏军、万文.多层采空区隔离顶板安全性强度折减法[J].煤炭学报,0253－9993(2010)08－1257－06
[8]高磊、施斌等.多层采空区条件下的高速公路路堑边坡稳定性数值分析[J].防灾减灾工程学报,1672-2132(2009)04-0387-05
[9]李成友、刘洪福.多层采空区调查中瞬变电磁法的应用[J].物探与化探,1000-8918(2007)S0-0108-03
[10]穆满根、汪吉林、吴圣.多层复杂采空区上建筑物稳定性数值模拟分析[J].煤炭科学技术,0253-2336(2009)04-0098-05
[11]朱云辉、唐明云、夏仕伯.复杂条件下综采采空区自燃“三带”划分数值模拟[J].科技导报,10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2011.12.010
[12]穆满根.高层建筑地基多层采空区探查研究[J].岩土工程界
[13]叶章、刘鸿福.高密度电阻率法在探测多层采空区中的应用[J].科技情报开发与经济,1005-6033(2008)21-0130-03
[14]孙占法.荷载作用下老采空区“三带”变形规律的数值模拟研究[J].华北科技学院学报,1872-7169(2010)03-0017-06
[15]滕继奎、张勃夫.珲春经济开发区环境地质问题研究[J].吉林地质
[16]蒋复量、李向阳等.基于RS—ANN的某矿山井下开采防水安全岩柱厚度的确定[J].南华大学学报(自然科学版),1673-0062(2010)03-0033-O7
[17]闫学太、陈三伟、张发义.基于上覆两层采空区的公路桥煤柱条带开采[J].煤炭科学技术,0253-2336(2006)11-0022-02
[18]崔奎.吉林省挥春市黄松甸子砾岩型金矿床开采技术条件[J].吉林地质
[19]王磊、郭广礼.老采空区地表残余沉降预计与应用[J].采矿与安全工程学报,1673-3363(2011)02-0283-05
[20]曾开华、张国锋、杨晓杰.门头沟多层采空区地基稳定性及变形预测研究[J].中国矿业,1004-4051(2010)10-0087-04
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