中国小型渔业及其管理研究初探
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摘要
长期以来,国内外政府和学者都把目光集中在大、中型渔业上,而忽视了处于劣势地位的小型渔业。不管是渔业统计还是渔业管理措施,重点都在大、中型渔业,使得人们对于小型渔业的了解甚少,致使一些现有的渔业管理措施不适用于小型渔业。然而,小型渔业涉及渔船和渔民众多,管理好该类渔业对保护渔业资源有至关重要的作用。鉴于小型渔业的重要性和目前所处的困境,开展小型渔业及其管理方面的研究显得尤为重要。本文拟通过研究国外小型渔业的情况以及国内小型渔业的现状,为中国构建小型渔业管理体系、促进渔业可持续发展提出建议。
为了达成上述目标,本文采用文献分析法和现场调研法,通过查阅大量中英文文献资料和实地调研潍坊市海洋渔业,系统总结了国外小型渔业的定义及相关概念,阐述了日本、欧洲、南非等不同发展程度国家小型渔业的概况,尝试给出了中国小型渔业的定义:即不使用渔船、使用非机动渔船或使用主机功率不满44.1kW的机动渔船在内陆、沿岸或近海从事捕捞作业的渔业,但主要管理对象是使用44.1kW(含)以下机动渔船进行海洋捕捞的渔业活动。日本、欧洲、南非对小型渔业的管理方法主要是赋予其特定渔业权,中国小型渔业的管理是包含在渔业管理措施的大框架中,因而有些措施并不适合。本文以我国小型渔业为重点,在梳理中国渔业管理措施的基础上,研究中国现有小型渔业管理措施的效果和问题,提出构建中国小型渔业管理体系的初步设想和政策建议。
然而,由于目前对中国小型渔业的研究还很少,以及由于笔者时间、精力等的限制,仅选取了潍坊市寿光羊口镇的小型渔业进行了重点调研,调研结果还并不能完全代表中国其它沿海地区的情况。因此,笔者的尝试性研究提出的建议可能存在诸多不合理或不完善的地方。
Fisheries are of great importance to human beings, not only supplying food and nutrients, but also providing job opportunities. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries. 90% of the world’s fisheries catches are from oceans and seas, of which most are based near the coast. This is not only because harvesting from coastal areas is more time and energy-saving than in the open ocean, but also because there are much more fish near the coastal shelf. Meanwhile, as the fishermen become older, coastal areas are more suitable places for them to fish than open seas. Therefore, coastal fisheries are vitally important for human beings, especially for the elderly fishers. However, just due to its characteristics of having abundant fish and being easy to get access to, coastal fisheries are more likely to be overexploited.
Compared with large and medium scale fisheries, small-scale fisheries have always been paid less attention to by governments and fisheries experts around the world. The focus of fisheries statistics and management approaches is large and medium scale fisheries, which leads to scant information about small-scale fisheries and inappropriate management methods. However, small-scale fisheries are vitally important because this type of fisheries involves a large number of fishing vessels and fishermen. Therefore, considering the importance and difficulties of small-scale fisheries, it is very meaningful to conduct studies on this type of fisheries and its management approaches. This thesis mainly reviews the status quo of small-scale fisheries in China and other countries, and constructs small-scale fisheries management system, so as to offer some suggestions for Chinese small-scale fisheries management.
This thesis mainly adopts two types of research methods, i.e., reviewing literature and conducting surveys. The author reads large quantities of Chinese and English materials, including journal articles, reports, thesis, etc; meanwhile, the author conducts surveys of the marine fisheries in Weifang City, Shandong Province, including collecting annual reports and summaries, and interviewing fisheries management bodies and fishermen.
This thesis firstly gives a systematical conclusion of small-scale fisheries’definitions and relative concepts. The author suggests that small-scale fisheries in China can be defined as the fishing and its auxiliary activities done by fishermen who use no boats, non-motorized boats or motorized boats less than 44.1kW in China’s inland, coastal or offshore waters. Then this thesis reviews small-scale fisheries in Japan, European countries and South Africa, where fishing right is the most important approach in small-scale fisheries management; and then it studies the effect and problems of Chinese small-scale fisheries management approaches, which are involved in the framework of general fisheries management systems; and finally the author tries to construct a management system for Chinese small-scale fisheries.
However, there are still some aspects to be further improved. On the one hand, because of the insufficient studies on China’s small-scale fisheries, some suggestions offered by this thesis may not be so appropriate and practical; on the other hand, surveys are only conducted in one of the city in Shandong Province, focusing on Yangkou County in Weifang City. Both need to be improved in further studies.
为了达成上述目标,本文采用文献分析法和现场调研法,通过查阅大量中英文文献资料和实地调研潍坊市海洋渔业,系统总结了国外小型渔业的定义及相关概念,阐述了日本、欧洲、南非等不同发展程度国家小型渔业的概况,尝试给出了中国小型渔业的定义:即不使用渔船、使用非机动渔船或使用主机功率不满44.1kW的机动渔船在内陆、沿岸或近海从事捕捞作业的渔业,但主要管理对象是使用44.1kW(含)以下机动渔船进行海洋捕捞的渔业活动。日本、欧洲、南非对小型渔业的管理方法主要是赋予其特定渔业权,中国小型渔业的管理是包含在渔业管理措施的大框架中,因而有些措施并不适合。本文以我国小型渔业为重点,在梳理中国渔业管理措施的基础上,研究中国现有小型渔业管理措施的效果和问题,提出构建中国小型渔业管理体系的初步设想和政策建议。
然而,由于目前对中国小型渔业的研究还很少,以及由于笔者时间、精力等的限制,仅选取了潍坊市寿光羊口镇的小型渔业进行了重点调研,调研结果还并不能完全代表中国其它沿海地区的情况。因此,笔者的尝试性研究提出的建议可能存在诸多不合理或不完善的地方。
Fisheries are of great importance to human beings, not only supplying food and nutrients, but also providing job opportunities. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries. 90% of the world’s fisheries catches are from oceans and seas, of which most are based near the coast. This is not only because harvesting from coastal areas is more time and energy-saving than in the open ocean, but also because there are much more fish near the coastal shelf. Meanwhile, as the fishermen become older, coastal areas are more suitable places for them to fish than open seas. Therefore, coastal fisheries are vitally important for human beings, especially for the elderly fishers. However, just due to its characteristics of having abundant fish and being easy to get access to, coastal fisheries are more likely to be overexploited.
Compared with large and medium scale fisheries, small-scale fisheries have always been paid less attention to by governments and fisheries experts around the world. The focus of fisheries statistics and management approaches is large and medium scale fisheries, which leads to scant information about small-scale fisheries and inappropriate management methods. However, small-scale fisheries are vitally important because this type of fisheries involves a large number of fishing vessels and fishermen. Therefore, considering the importance and difficulties of small-scale fisheries, it is very meaningful to conduct studies on this type of fisheries and its management approaches. This thesis mainly reviews the status quo of small-scale fisheries in China and other countries, and constructs small-scale fisheries management system, so as to offer some suggestions for Chinese small-scale fisheries management.
This thesis mainly adopts two types of research methods, i.e., reviewing literature and conducting surveys. The author reads large quantities of Chinese and English materials, including journal articles, reports, thesis, etc; meanwhile, the author conducts surveys of the marine fisheries in Weifang City, Shandong Province, including collecting annual reports and summaries, and interviewing fisheries management bodies and fishermen.
This thesis firstly gives a systematical conclusion of small-scale fisheries’definitions and relative concepts. The author suggests that small-scale fisheries in China can be defined as the fishing and its auxiliary activities done by fishermen who use no boats, non-motorized boats or motorized boats less than 44.1kW in China’s inland, coastal or offshore waters. Then this thesis reviews small-scale fisheries in Japan, European countries and South Africa, where fishing right is the most important approach in small-scale fisheries management; and then it studies the effect and problems of Chinese small-scale fisheries management approaches, which are involved in the framework of general fisheries management systems; and finally the author tries to construct a management system for Chinese small-scale fisheries.
However, there are still some aspects to be further improved. On the one hand, because of the insufficient studies on China’s small-scale fisheries, some suggestions offered by this thesis may not be so appropriate and practical; on the other hand, surveys are only conducted in one of the city in Shandong Province, focusing on Yangkou County in Weifang City. Both need to be improved in further studies.
引文
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[2] McGoodwin JR. Crisis in the world’s fisheries: people, problems and policies. CA, United States of America: Stanford University Press, 1990. 1~248
[3] Kent G.. Fisheries, food security, and the poor. Food Policy, 1997, 22(5): 393~404
[4] Viswanathan K.K., Nielsen J.R., Degnbol P., Ahmed M., Hara M., Abdullah N.M.R.. Fisheries co-management policy brief: findings from a worldwide study. Malaysia: Worldfish Center, 2003. 1~26
[5] Berkes F., Mahon R., McConney P., Pollnac R., Pomeroy R.. Managing small-scale fisheries: alternative directions and methods. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 2001. 1~309
[6] FAO Advisory Committee on Fisheries Research (ACFR). Report on the second session of the Working Party on small-scale fisheries. FAO Report No.735, Bangkok, 2003. 1~21
[7] McGoodwin J.R.. Understanding the cultures of fishing communities: a key to fisheries management and food security. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No.401, Rome, 2001. 1~287
[8] Satia B.P.. Ten years of integrated development of artisanal fisheries in West Africa: origin, evolution and lessons learned. FAO Technical Report No.50, Rome, 2002. 1~37
[9] FAO. Promoting the contribution of the sustainable livelihoods approach and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in poverty alleviation. FAO Fisheries Report No.678, Rome, 2002. 1~22
[10]王萍,梁振林.渔业与《反垄断法》关系研究.中国渔业经济,2008,26(5):44~49
[11] Panayotou, T.. Small-s1cale Fisheries in Asia: Socioeconomic Analysis and Policy. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 1985. 11~12
[12] FAO, World Fish, World Bank. Small-scale capture fisheries—A global overview with emphasis on developing countries: a preliminary report of the Big Numbers Project. FAO, WorldFish, 2008. 5~6
[13] Jackie Sunde, Carsten Pedersen. Defining the traditional small-scale fisheries sector in South Africa. Discussion Paper presented to Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism of South Africa. 2007. 1~7
[14] Patrick McConney, Anthony Charles. Managing small-scale fisheries: moving towards people-centred perspectives. In: R. Quentin Grafton, Ray Hilborn, Dale Squires, Maree Tait and Meryl Williams (eds.) Handbook of marine fisheries conservation and management. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. 532~545
[15] SEAFDEC. Regional framework for fishery statistics of Southeast Asia. Bangkok: Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2008. 1~33
[16] Hiroyuki Matsuda, Mitsutaku Makino et al.. Fishery management in Japan. Ecological Research, 2010, (25):899-907
[17]马毅.我国弱势捕捞渔民权益保障问题研究:[硕士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2009
[18]中国农业部.渔业捕捞许可管理规定. 2002
[19]李福秀.日本的海洋渔业.海洋渔业,1997,(3):142
[20]乐家华,刘丽燕.日本渔业的双重管理模式及发展方向.渔业经济研究,2008(6):35
[21]乐家华,李晟.日本的渔业权制度.安徽农业科学,2009,27(9):4284~4286
[22]杨立敏.从日本渔业协同组合论我国渔民合作组织的构建——以海洋渔业资源管理为例:[博士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2007
[23] Guyader Olivier, Berthou Patrick et al.. Small-s cale c oastal fi sheries in Europe. France: French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, 2007. 284~312
[24]李嘉莉.南非海洋渔业资源保护及其借鉴意义.中国水产,2007,(9):20~21
[25] Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism of South Africa. Draft policies for the allocation and management of medium-term small-scale commercial fishing rights and for the allocation and management of medium-term subsistence fishing rights. 2006 http://www.greengazette.co.za/docs/2006/11/Gazettes/National/20061117%20-%20Government%20Gazette%20No%2029391%20of%2017-Nov-2006,%20Volume%20497.pdf
[26] Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Republic of South Africa. Draft policy for the small-scale fisheries sector in South Africa. 2010. http://www.info.gov.za/view/ DownloadFileAction?id=131201
[27]朱玉贵.我国海洋渔业捕捞能力管理——现行实践、局限性及改正方向:[硕士学位论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,2006
[28]中国农业部渔业局.海洋捕捞渔民转产转业专项资金使用管理规定.2003
[29]江苏省海洋与渔业局.江苏省海洋捕捞减船操作规程.2004
[30]山东省海洋与渔业局.山东省海洋捕捞渔民转产转业专项资金使用管理办法.2003
[31]青岛市海洋与渔业局.青岛开发区建立全省首例小型渔船报废补助制度.2005 http://www.hssd.gov.cn/readnews.asp?id=6372
[32]唐建业.渔业船舶报废制度的效果分析.中国渔业经济,2006,(4):26~28
[33]吴子彦.基于可持续发展的我国海洋渔业资源有效管理研究:[硕士学位论文].长春:吉林大学,2009
[34]徐勇,冯琳.青岛南姜村休渔期内渔船进出.http://news.sohu.com/59/11/news202191159. shtml, 2010-09-17
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